User:Adrià Ardèvol/sandbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The brontosaurus is thin at one end.[1] Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.[2]

  1. ^ Elk (1972, p. 5)
  2. ^ Elk 1972, p. 6
  • Elk, Anne (November 16, 1972). Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses.


Overview[edit]

Rebellion is the action or process of resisting control, authority, or convention. In a political framework, rebellion is the act of resisting an established political order, generally embodied by the state. The current page offers a superficial introduction, a quick overview of the "types of rebellion", and a link to the list of revolutions and rebellion. I propose to rebuild the article, focusing on the causes behind political rebellion. For starers, there are two sections that need to be updated immediately, "introduction", and "definition" (today "types of rebellion").

Introduction[edit]

The definition of rebellion needs to include a link with political violence. The second paragraph of the current introduction seems irrelevant, as it does not introduce any greater topic.

Definition[edit]

A typology of political rebellion is hazardous, and would warrant an enquiry of its own. I propose to transform the current subheading "types of rebellion" to a more abstract introduction to the concept of rebellion itself. James Fearon's Rationalist Explanation for War[1] is a good, basic, framework to understand political violence. Christopher Blattman and Edward Miguel review the existing literature in their paper Civil War, and notably succintly summarize the dominant theories that explain political violence. A sub heading in this section should briefly introduce the concept of civil war, and be link with the other main article. I will also include Roger Peterson's three level of insurgency[2]: 1) unarmed, unorganized opposition to the regime, 2) direct support or participation to local armed groups, and 3) Membership in a mobile armed organization.

Next Steps : Causes of Rebellion[edit]

From then on, the structure will have to be created. I am not sure exactly how to proceed, as a giant sub-heading on the causes and goals of rebellion seems out of line. There is, broadly, several "schools of thought" that offer different theories to explain the sources of insurgency:

- The "Marxist" argument, reinforced by Jeffrey Paige's Agrarian Revolution[3], which holds that rebellion is essentially a class-based struggle, and that the end goal of revolt revolve around the rigidity of the landlords that do not want to compromise with peasants.

- An udpated view of this argument is based on Mancur Olson's "commons" approach, where rebellion is seen as a very costly activity, and thus desirable only if it provides of selective incentives. Samuel Popkin argues in The Rational Peasant[4] that there is a political economy at work in deciding whether a peasant will join the struggle. He sees the peasant as a rational player. This analysis stresses heavily the material, meaning economic, incentives of rebellion.

- Another view holds that the peasant obeys to a particular moral economy, seeing rebellion as a product of a complex, horizontal ethical structure. James C. Scott's Moral Economy of the Peasant[5] is the main work supporting this theory. This view stresses the local value system that is violated by a coercive power. Inherent to this view is that rebellion provides peasants with collective, not selective goods. Barrington Moore is also classified in this category, despite focusing extensively on the importance of shared national identity that is used as a way to solve the collective action problem[6].

- Concomitantly, James C. Scott also notes different manners of resisting a central, coercive government in Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (James C. Scott) [7], showing that everyday, ongoing rebellion may not be public, but it is rather a "hidden transcript" that nevertheless has very real effects.

- Mason and Krane[8] argue that the indiscriminate terror of the central government leaves peasant with no other choice but to rebel, since it does not "cost" anything. This view is echoed by Goodwin's No Other Way Out[9].

Next Considerations[edit]

I would like to include a section on the state, offering a typology of state/peasant relationships. Jean-Francois Bayard's work comes particularly to mind, as well as James C. Scott's Seeing Like a State.

A section on the conduct and processes of rebellion also seems necessary, based on J. Weinstein's Politics of Insurgency[10]. The goal here is to move away from the agrarian-centric approach of the earlier section.

Additional Readings[edit]

Peasant and Peasant Societies: Selected Readings (Theodor Shanin) [11]

Peasantry as a Political Factor (Theodor Shanin) [12]

Making the Commons Work: Theory, Practice, and Policy (Ed. Daniel W. Bromley) [13]

Moral Economy School --> What are the ethics and informal norms that govern peasant society?

- Domination and the Art of Resistance : Hidden Transcripts (James C. Scott) [14]

- Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century (E. P. Thompson) [15]

Political Economy School --> How do individual peasants maximize their utility?

- Allocation Efficiency in Traditional Indian Agriculture (David Hopper) [16]

- Theory of the Optimizing Peasant (Michael Lipton) [17]

Capitalism and Agrarian Communities --> What is the impact of imposed market-based structures on peasant societies?

- Transforming Traditional Agriculture (Theodore W. Schultz) [18]

- The Great Transformation : The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Karl Polyani) [19]

- Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies (Robert H. Bates) [20]

State-Building and Agrarian Communities --> What is the role of peasant societies in creating and/or legitimizing a coercive "stationary bandit"?

- Democracy, Development, and the Countryside (Ashutoh Varshney) [21]

- Peasants into Frenchmen (Eugen Weber) [22]

- Art of Not Being Governed  : An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia (James C. Scott) [23]

Peasant Revolts --> What happens if peasants are not happy with the stationary bandit?

- Primitive Rebels (Eric Hobswam) [24]

- Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century (Eric Wolf) [25]

- Nighrwatch: The Politics of Protest in the Andes (Orin Starn) [26]

Impact on Development Politics --> How should we view peasant societies in poor countries today?

- The Anti-Politics Machine: Development, Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho (James Ferguson) [27]

- Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity (Timothy Mitchell) [28]

- Engineering Nature: Water, Development, & the Global Spread of American Environmental Expertise (Jessica B. Teisch)

- World Development Report: Agriculture for Development (World Bank) [29]

- Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (James C. Scott) [30]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Fearon, James D. (1995-01-01). "Rationalist explanations for war". International Organization. 49 (3): 379–414. doi:10.1017/S0020818300033324.
  2. ^ Petersen, Roger D. (2001-05-07). Resistance and Rebellion: Lessons from Eastern Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139428163.
  3. ^ Paige, Jeffrey M. (1978-04-01). Agrarian Revolution. Free Press. ISBN 9780029235508.
  4. ^ The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. University of California Press. 1979-06-11. ISBN 9780520039544.
  5. ^ Scott, James C. (1977-09-10). The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300185553.
  6. ^ Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Reprint ed.). Beacon Press. 1993-09-01. ISBN 9780807050736.
  7. ^ Scott, James C. (1987-09-10). Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (Reprint ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300036411.
  8. ^ Mason, T. David; Krane, Dale A. (1989-01-01). "The Political Economy of Death Squads: Toward a Theory of the Impact of State-Sanctioned Terror". International Studies Quarterly. 33 (2): 175–198. doi:10.2307/2600536. JSTOR 2600536.
  9. ^ No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945-1991 (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2001-06-04. ISBN 9780521629485.
  10. ^ Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2006-10-09. ISBN 9780521677974.
  11. ^ Peasants and Peasant Societies: Selected Readings (2 ed.). Blackwell Pub. 1987-12-01. ISBN 9780631156192.
  12. ^ Shanin, Teodor (1966-03-01). "The Peasantry as a Political Factor". The Sociological Review. 14 (1): 5–10. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.1966.tb01148.x. ISSN 1467-954X.
  13. ^ Blomquist, William A. (1992-11-01). Bromley, Daniel W. (ed.). Making the Commons Work: Theory, Practice, and Policy. ICS Press. ISBN 9781558152175.
  14. ^ Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (Revised ed.). Yale University Press. 1992-07-29. ISBN 9780300056693.
  15. ^ Thompson, E.P (1971). "The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century". Past and Present. 50: 76–136. doi:10.1093/past/50.1.76.
  16. ^ Hopper, W. David (Aug 1965). "Allocation Efficiency in a Traditional Indian Agriculture". Journal of Farm Economics. 47 (3): 611–624. doi:10.2307/1236276. JSTOR 1236276.
  17. ^ Lipton, Michael (Aug 1968). "The Theory of the Optimizing Peasant". Journal of Development Studies.
  18. ^ Schultz, Theodore W. (1983-06-01). Transforming Traditional Agriculture. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226740751.
  19. ^ The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (2 ed.). Beacon Press. 2001-03-28. ISBN 9780807056431.
  20. ^ Bates, Robert H. (2014-04-12). Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies (First Edition, 1, Updated and Expanded with a New Preface ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 9780520282568.
  21. ^ Democracy, Development, and the Countryside: Urban-Rural Struggles in India. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1998-09-18. ISBN 9780814402504.
  22. ^ Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914 (1 ed.). Stanford University Press. 1976-06-01. ISBN 9780804710138.
  23. ^ Scott, James C. (2010-11-30). The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300169171.
  24. ^ Hobsbawm, Eric (1965-10-17). Primitive Rebels. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393003284.
  25. ^ Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century (First ed.). University of Oklahoma Press. 1999-09-15. ISBN 9780806131962.
  26. ^ "Amazon.com: Nightwatch: The Politics of Protest in the Andes (Latin America Otherwise) eBook: Orin Starn: Books". www.amazon.com. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
  27. ^ The Anti-Politics Machine: Development, Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. University of Minnesota Press. 1994-02-01. ISBN 9780816624379.
  28. ^ Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity. University of California Press. 2002-11-01. ISBN 9780520232624.
  29. ^ Bank, World (2007-01-01). World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development. World Bank Publications. ISBN 9780821368091.
  30. ^ Scott, James C. (1999-02-08). Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300078152.
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