User:Abyssal/Portal:Ichthyosauromorpha
The Ichthyosauromorpha PortalIntroductionThe Ichthyosauromorpha are an extinct clade of marine reptiles consisting of the Ichthyosauriformes and the Hupehsuchia, living during the Mesozoic. The node clade Ichthyosauromorpha was first defined by Ryosuke Motani et al. in 2014 as the group consisting of the last common ancestor of Ichthyosaurus communis and Hupehsuchus nanchangensis, and all its descendants. Their synapomorphies, unique derived traits, include: the presence of an anterior flange on the humerus and radius; the lower end of the ulna being as wide as or wider than the upper end, the forelimb being as long as or longer than the hindlimb, the hand having at least three quarters of the length of the upper arm and lower arm combined, the fibula extending behind the level of the thighbone, and the transverse process of the vertebral neural arch being reduced or absent. The Ichthyosauromorpha were previously thought to have likely originated in China during the upper Lower Triassic period, about 248 million years ago. However, a 2023 study recorded the fossils of a derived marine ichthyosauromorph (an ichthyopterygian) in earliest Triassic rocks of Spitsbergen, Norway, just 2 million years after the Permian–Triassic extinction event. The presence of such a derived ichthyosauromorph so early in the Triassic indicates that the ichthyosauromorphs (and possibly ichthyosauriformes, depending on divergence estimates) originated during the Permian and were thus survivors of the mass extinction as opposed to ecological successors that evolved following it. One branch consists of the Hupehsuchia, and the other of the Ichthyosauriformes, of which Cartorhynchus was a basal member. Other ichthyosauriforms were the Ichthyopterygia, containing the Ichthyosauria and allies. The last ichthyosaurs probably became extinct in the middle Cretaceous. Their relationships with other reptiles are unresolved, due to their highly derived morphology and presumed ancient origins, even in their earliest known representatives, though they are usually considered to be diapsids. A 2022 study on the early evolution of reptiles classified the Ichthyosauromorpha as basal archosauromorphs, forming a clade with the other marine reptile groups Thalattosauria and Sauropterygia as sister to the rest of the Archosauromorpha. A 2023 study describing the Triassic marine reptile Prosaurosphargis found a similar placement, albeit instead placing the three marine reptile groups within an expanded Archelosauria. (Full article...)  Mary Anning searched for fossils in the area's Blue Lias cliffs. Her discoveries included the first ichthyosaur skeleton correctly identified; the first two plesiosaur skeletons found; the first pterosaur skeleton located outside Germany; and important fish fossils. Her observations played a key role in the discovery that coprolites, known as bezoar stones at the time, were fossilised faeces. She also discovered that belemnite fossils contained fossilised ink sacs like those of modern cephalopods. Anning did not fully participate in the scientific community of 19th-century Britain, who were mostly Anglican gentlemen. She struggled financially for much of her life. Her family was poor, and her father, a cabinetmaker, died when she was eleven. She became well known in geological circles in Britain, Europe, and America. Nonetheless, as a woman, she was not eligible to join the Geological Society of London and she did not always receive full credit for her scientific contributions. After her death in 1847, her unusual life story attracted increasing interest. (see more...) SubcategoriesSelected image
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