User:A.X.Wiki.Editor/Eshnunna

Coordinates: 33°29′3″N 44°43′42″E / 33.48417°N 44.72833°E / 33.48417; 44.72833
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Eshnunna
A.X.Wiki.Editor/Eshnunna is located in Iraq
A.X.Wiki.Editor/Eshnunna
Shown within Iraq
Alternative nameTell Asmar
LocationIraq
Coordinates33°29′3″N 44°43′42″E / 33.48417°N 44.72833°E / 33.48417; 44.72833
Typesettlement
History
FoundedLate 4th Millennium BC
PeriodsBronze Age
CulturesEarly Dynastic, Akkadian, Ur III, Isin-Larsa, Old Babylonian
Site notes
Excavation dates1930 to 1936, late 1990s
ArchaeologistsHenri Frankfort, Seton Lloyd, Thorkild Jacobsen
ConditionRuined
OwnershipPublic
Public accessYes

Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar in Diyala Governorate, Iraq) was an ancient Sumerian (and later Akkadian) city and city-state in central Mesopotamia 12.6 miles northwest of Tell Agrab and 15 miles northwest of Tell Ishchali. Although situated in the Diyala Valley north-west of Sumer proper, the city nonetheless belonged securely within the Sumerian cultural milieu. It is sometimes, in archaeological papers, called Ashnunnak or Tuplias.

The tutelary deity of the city was Tishpak (Tišpak) though other gods, including Sin, Adad, and Inanna of Kititum were also worshiped there. The personal goddesses of the rulers were Belet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban.

History[edit]

Early Bronze[edit]

Inhabited since the Jemdet Nasr period, around 3000 BC, Eshnunna was a major city during the Early Dynastic period of Mesopotamia. It is known, from cuneiform records and excavations, that the city was occupied in the Akkadian period though its extent was noticeably less than it reached in Ur III times.[1] Areas of the Northern Palace date to this period and show some of the earliest examples of widespread sewage disposal engineering including toilets in private homes.[2]

Extent of Eshnunna's influence c. 1764 BC (in light blue).

The first known rulers of the city were a series of vassal governors under the Third dynasty of Ur. The last Ur III tablet found dated to the eighth month of the third year of Shu-Sin which is believed to mark the end of Ur control over Eshnunna. Eshnunna also stopped using the Ur calendar the next month.[3][4]

Middle Bronze[edit]

After the fall of the Ur III empire there was a period of chaos in Akkad with numerous city-states vying for power. For a time Eshnunna was under the control of Subartu. Ishbi-Erra (in his 9th year, circa 2010 BC) of the southern Mesopotamia city of Isin defeated them and installed Nurahum as the new king of Eshnunna.[5] About the time of the middle 19th century BC Babylon, under Sumu-la-El, and Eshnunna, under Ipiq-adad II, rose to fill the void. The boundary of control between the two city-states was fluid running somewhere about Tell ed-Der. Ipiq-adad II, like his son Naram-Sin, was deified.[6]

Sumerian male worshiper, in alabaster with shell eyes. It is of the twelve statues found in the Tell Asmar Hoard.

Dadusha, ruler of Esnunna, entered into a treaty with Shamshi-Adad I and conducted joint military operations with his Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia.[7] By then the geopolitical situation had grown very complicated, as shown by a record found at Mari at the time of Dadusha's successor:

"No king is truly powerful just on his own: ten to fifteen kings follow Hammurabi of Babylon, as many follow Rim-Sin of Larsa, as many follow Ibal-pi-El of Eshnunna, and as many follow Amut-pi-El of Qatna; but twenty kings follow Yarim-Lim of Yamhad"[8]

Mari (under Zimri-Lim) itself was also a power to the west, and Elam from the east often took an interest. To complicate thing even further, Eshnunna, besides at least 12,000 of their own troops, were joined by "an expeditionary force of Elamite troops" while "an army of 10000 Gutians under the command of their princess, Nawaritum, had 'their faces set toward Larsa'". The Gutians were then captured by the Elamites, after which they joined with their forces and Eshnunna. There are indications that Eshnunna was at that time a vassal of Elam under its ruler Siwe-Palar-Khuppak(r. 1778-1745 BC). If so this put the entire conflict into an Elam vs Babylon context.[9]

In 1762 BC, in Year 31 of Hammurabi of Babylon, the Babylonians occupied the city of Eshnunna. He returned the titular deity of Assur which had been removed when Eshnunna captured the city of Assur.[10]

Late Bronze[edit]

In the 12th century BC the Elamite ruler Shutruk-Nakhunte conquered Eshnunna and carried back a number of statues, ranging from the Akkadian period to the Old Babylonian period, to Susa.[11][12]

Because of its promise of control over lucrative trade routes, Eshnunna could function somewhat as a gateway between Mesopotamian and Elamite culture. The trade routes gave it access to many exotic, sought-after goods such as horses from the north, copper, tin, and other metals and precious stones. In a grave in Eshnunna, a pendant made of copal from Zanzibar was found.[13] A small number of seals and beads from the Indus Valley civilization were also found.[14]

Archaeology[edit]

Old-Babylonian plaque of a nude female, from Tell Asmar, Iraq

The remains of the ancient city are now preserved in the tell, or archaeological settlement mound, of Tell Asmar, some 50 miles northeast of Baghdad and 15 km in a straight line east of Baqubah. It was first located by Henri Pognon in 1892 but he neglected to report the location before he died in 1921.[15] It was refound, after antiquities from the site began to appear in dealers shops in Baghdad, and excavated in six seasons between 1930 and 1936 by an Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago team led by Henri Frankfort with Thorkild Jacobsen, Pinhas Delougaz, Gordon Loud, and Seton Lloyd.[16][17][18][19][20][21] The expedition's field secretary was Mary Chubb.[22]

The primary focuses of the Chicago excavations were the palace and the attached temple (28 meters by 28 meters with 3 meter wide walls) of Su-Sin (termed by the excavators The Palace of the Rulers and The Gimilsin Temple respectively). The palace was built during the time of Ur III ruler Shugi and the Temple by governor Ituria to the deified Ur III ruler Su-Sin during his reign. The palace was partially destroyed during the reign of Bilalama but was eventually fully restored. The remaining excavation efforts were directed to the Abu Temple whose beginnings went back to the Early Dynastic I period and which had undergone a series of major changes over the centuries. A large Southern Building was discovered, believed to be from the time of Ipiq-Adad II, of which only the foundations remained. A number of private houses and a palace from the Akkadian period were also excavated. Much effort was also put into the search for E-sikil, temple of Tishpak, without success. In records written in Sumerian the temple is dedicated to Ninazu while those in Akkadian refer to Tishpak.[4][1]

Despite the length of time since the excavations at Tell Asmar, the work of examining and publishing the remaining finds from that dig continues to this day. [23] These finds include, terracotta figurines, toys, necklaces, cylinder seals, and roughly 200 clay sealings and around 1,750 cuneiform tablets (about 1000 of which came from the palace). Because only inexperienced laborers were available many of the tablets were damaged or broken during the excavation. A project to clean, bake, and catalog all the tablets did not occur until the 1970s.[24] The tablets from the Akkadian period were published in 1961.[25] While most of the Eshnunna tablets are of an administrative nature 58 are letters which are rare in this time period. The letters are written in an early form of the Old Babylonian dialect of the Akkadian language, termed "archaic Old Babylonian". They are roughly in two groups a) earlier primarily from the reigns of Bilalama, Nur-ahum and Kirikiri and b) later primarily from the reigns of Usur-awassu, Ur-Ninmar, and Ipiq-Adad I.[4][26]

In the late 1990s, Iraqi archaeologists worked at Tell Asmar. The results from that excavation have not yet been published.[27][28]

Stele of Dadusha

Square Temple of Abu[edit]

Head of a statue from Tell Asmar, excavated by the Oriental Institute in 1933. The Sulaymaniyah Museum

During the Early Dynastic period, the Abu Temple at Tell Asmar (Eshnunna) went through a number of phases. This included the Early Dynastic Archaic Shrine, Square Temple, and Single-Shrine phases of construction.[29] They, along with sculpture found there, helped form the basis for the three part archaeological separation of the Early Dynastic period into ED I, ED II, and ED III for the ancient Near East.[30] A cache of 12 gypsum temple sculptures, in a geometric style, were found in the Square Temple; these are known as the Tell Asmar Hoard. They are some of the best known examples of ancient Near East sculpture. The group, now split up, show gods, priests and donor worshipers at different sizes, but all in the same highly simplified style. All have greatly enlarged inlaid eyes, but the tallest figure, the main cult image depicting the local god, has enormous eyes that give it a "fierce power".[31][32][33]

Laws of Eshnunna[edit]

Main article: Laws of Eshnunna

"If a man begat sons, divorced his wife and married another, that man shall be uprooted from the house and property and may go after whom he loves. His wife (on the other hand) she claims the house."[34]

The Laws of Eshnunna consist of two tablets, found at Shaduppum (Tell Harmal) and a fragment found at Tell Haddad, the ancient Mê-Turan.[35] They were written sometime around the reign of king Dadusha of Eshnunna and appear to not be official copies. When the actual laws were composed is unknown. They are similar to the Code of Hammurabi.[36][37]

List of rulers of Eshnunna[edit]

Rulers from the Early Dynastic period and governors under the Akkadian empire are currently unknown. Eshnunna was ruled by vassal governors under Ur III for a time, then was independent under its own rulers for several centuries, and finally controlled by vassal governors under Babylon after the cities capture by Hammurabi. Rulership is unknown afterwards though the city did survive at least until the 12th century BC.[38]

Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated dates Comments, notes, and references on mentions
Urguedinna Uncertain; these rulers may have r. c. 2247 – c. 2030 BC[39] These four ruled as governors temp. Shulgi from the third dynasty of Ur.[40][41]
Bamu
Kallamu
Lugal-Kuzu
Ituria r. c. 2030 BC Governor under Shu-Sin from the third dynasty of Ur; known only from Shu-Sin temple dedication.
Ilushuilia r. c. 2026 BC Was deified.
Nurakhum r. c. 2010 BC temp. of Ibbi-Sin from the third dynasty of Ur and Ishbi-Erra from the first dynasty of Isin.
Kirikiri Uncertain; these rulers may have r. c. 2010 – c. 1950 BC
Bilalama He was the son of Kirikiri and his daughter (ME-ku-bi) married Tan-Ruhuratir of Elam.
Isharramashu Uncertain; may have r. c. 1950 – c. 1940 BC
Usurawassu r. c. 1940 BC
Anum-muttabil Uncertain; these rulers may have r. c. 1940 – c. 1895 BC
Abimadar
Azuzum
Urninmarki
Urningizzida
Ipiq-Adad I temp. of Sumu-abum from the first dynasty of Babylon and Abdi-Erah of Tutub.
Abdi-Erah
Shiqlanum
Sarriia r. c. 1895 BC
Warassa Uncertain; these rulers may have r. c. 1895 – c. 1870 BC
Belakum
Ibal-pi-El I r. c. 1870 BC Recorded building a throne "inlaid with gold and Meluhha pearls".
Ipiq-Adad II r. c. 1857 – c. 1817 BC Reigned for at least 36 years and defeated the Elamites during his fourth year. First ruler from Eshnunna to call himself king. He was deified.
Naram-Suen r. c. 1816 – c. 1798 BC He was the son of Ipiq-Adad II and temp. of Shamshi-Adad I of Assyria. He was deified.
Dannum-tahaz r. c. 1797 – c. 1792 BC Approximate position.
Ibni-Erra Uncertain; these rulers may have r. c. 1792 – c. 1790 BC
Ibbi-Suen
Dadusha r. c. 1790 – c. 1780 BC He was the son of Ipiq-Adad II and temp. of Shamshi-Adad I of Assyria.[42]
Ibal-pi-el II r. c. 1779 – c. 1765 BC temp. of Zimri-Lim (r. c. 1775 – c. 1761 BC of Mari and killed by Siwe-Palar-Khuppak of Elam who captured Eshnunna, in 5th year of reign Shamshi-Adad I dies, son of Dadusha
Silli-Suen r. c. 1763 – c. 1756 BC Treaty with Hammurabi (c. 1792 – c. 1750), in year 4 of reign married daughter of Hammurabi[43]
Iqishi-Tishpak r. c. 1756 – c. 1742 BC
Iluni r. c. 1742 – c. 1736 BC Vassal under Babylon, temp. of Samsu-iluna.
Anni r. c. 1736 BC
Ahu-šina r. c. 1700 BC

Excavation photographs[edit]

  • Dancers Eshnunna Louvre
    Dancers Eshnunna Louvre
  • Plaque of Ishtar from Eshnunna
    Plaque of Ishtar from Eshnunna
  • Sumerian Statues from Eshnunna and Khafajah
    Sumerian Statues from Eshnunna and Khafajah
  • Statuette of male worshiper from Tell Asmar - Early Dynastic period 2600-2350 BC
    Statuette of male worshiper from Tell Asmar - Early Dynastic period 2600-2350 BC
  • Plaque_with_female_and_male_figures, Tell Asmar Single-Shrine Temple III - Early Dynastic period, 2500-2330 BC, alabaster, shell and bitumen
    Plaque_with_female_and_male_figures, Tell Asmar Single-Shrine Temple III - Early Dynastic period, 2500-2330 BC, alabaster, shell and bitumen
  • Plaques with nude females from Tell Asmar, baked clay, (left)_city wall area, Isin-Larsa period, 2000-1800 BC, (right) Ishchali, 2000-1600 BC
    Plaques with nude females from Tell Asmar, baked clay, (left)_city wall area, Isin-Larsa period, 2000-1800 BC, (right) Ishchali, 2000-1600 BC
  • God with ax attacks eagle while Shamash and Worshipper stand behind
    God with ax attacks eagle while Shamash and Worshipper stand behind
  • Statue of a Sumerian seated worshiper from Tell Asmar
    Statue of a Sumerian seated worshiper from Tell Asmar
  • Tablet_OIM_A7837
    Tablet_OIM_A7837
  • Sumerian Status from Tell Asmar - part of Tell Asmar Hoard
    Sumerian Status from Tell Asmar - part of Tell Asmar Hoard
  • Pendants from Tell Asmar North Palace - Early Dynastic period - lapis lazuli, silver, and carnelian
    Pendants from Tell Asmar North Palace - Early Dynastic period - lapis lazuli, silver, and carnelian
  • Copper Straw from Tell Asmar North Palace Area - Akkadian period
    Copper Straw from Tell Asmar North Palace Area - Akkadian period

See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eshnunna.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b [1] Thorkild Jacobsen, "Philological Notes on Eshnunna and Its Inscriptions", Assyriological Studies 6, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934
  2. ^ George, A. R. "On Babylonian Lavatories and Sewers.", Iraq, vol. 77, 2015, pp. 75–106
  3. ^ Frankfort, Henri (1948). Kingship and the Gods: A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion as the Integration of Society and Nature. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-26011-2.
  4. ^ a b c Reichel, Clemens. "Centre and Periphery–The Role of the ‘Palace of the Rulers’ at Tell Asmar in the History of Ešnunna (2,100–1,750 BCE)." Journal of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 11 (2018): 29-53
  5. ^ [2] Reichel, C. 2008. "The King is Dead, Long Live the King: The Last Days of the Šu-Sîn Cult at Ešnunna and its Aftermath.", In: N. Brisch (ed.), Religion and Power. Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond, 133-155. OIS 4, Chicago.
  6. ^ Van Koppen, Frans, and Denis Lacambre. "Sippar and the Frontier between Ešnunna and Babylon. New Sources for the History of Ešnunna in the Old Babylonian Period." Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux 41 (2009): pp. 151-177
  7. ^ Jordi Vidal. "‘Kill Them All!’ Some Remarks on the Annihilation of the Ya’ilanum Tribe (1781 B.C.E.)." Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 133, no. 4, 2013, pp. 683–89
  8. ^ Sasson, Jack M. “The King and I a Mari King in Changing Perceptions." Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 118, no. 4, 1998, pp. 453–70
  9. ^ Lewy, Hildegard. "The Historical Background of the Correspondence of Baḫdi-Lim." Orientalia, vol. 25, no. 4, 1956, pp. 324–52
  10. ^ Richardson, Seth. "Axes Against Ešnunna." Orientalia, vol. 74, no. 1, 2005, pp. 42–50
  11. ^ Blocher, Felix. "Thoughts about the Audience-Hall of Naramsin at Tell Asmar-Ešnunna." Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern history and archaeology presented to Mirjo Salvini on the occasion of his 80th birthday, pp. 90-97, 2019
  12. ^ Harper, Prudence; Aruz, Joan; Tallon, Frangoise (1993). The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  13. ^ Carol Meyer et al., "From Zanzibar to Zagros: A Copal Pendant from Eshnunna," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 289–298, 1991
  14. ^ Henri Frankfort, "The Indus civilization and the Near East." Annual Bibliography of Indian Archaeology for 1932, Leyden, VI, pp. 1–12, 1934
  15. ^ J. B. Istas editor, "Le Muséon", Volume 11, Société des lettres et des sciences (Louvain, Belgium), 1892
  16. ^ [3] Henri Frankfort, Thorkild Jacobsen, and Conrad Preusser, "Tell Asmar and Khafaje: The First Season's Work in Eshnunna 1930/31", Oriental Institute Communication 13, 1932
  17. ^ [4] Henri Frankfort, "Tell Asmar, Khafaje and Khorsabad: Second Preliminary Report of the Iraq Expedition", Oriental Institute Communication 16, 1933
  18. ^ [5] Henri Frankfort, "Iraq Excavations of the Oriental Institute 1932/33": Third Preliminary Report of the Iraq Expedition, Oriental Institute Communication 17, 1934
  19. ^ [6] Henri Frankfort with a chapter by Thorkild Jacobsen, "Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933/34: Fourth Preliminary Report of the Iraq Expedition", Oriental Institute Communication 19, 1935
  20. ^ [7] Henri Frankfort, "Progress of the Work of the Oriental Institute in Iraq, 1934/35: Fifth Preliminary Report of the Iraq Expedition'", Oriental Institute Communication 20, 1936
  21. ^ [8] Henri Frankfort, Seton Lloyd, and Thorkild Jacobsen with a chapter by Günter Martiny, "The Gimilsin Temple and the Palace of the Rulers at Tell Asmar", Oriental Institute Publication 43, 1940
  22. ^ Chubb, Mary (7 November 1961). "Rebuilding The Tower Of Babel". The Times. No. 55232.
  23. ^ [9] Lise A. Truex, "3 Households and Institutions: A Late 3rd Millennium BCE Neighborhood at Tell Asmar", Iraq (Ancient Eshnunna), Special Issue: Excavating Neighborhoods: A Cross‐Cultural Exploration, American Anthropological Association, vol. 30, iss. 1, July 2019
  24. ^ [10] "Clay Sealings And Tablets From Tell Asmar", The Oriental Institute News and Notes, no. 159, pp. 1-5, Oriental Institute of Chicago, Fall 1998
  25. ^ [11] I.J. Gelb, "Sargonic Texts from the Diyala Region", Materials for the Assyrian Dictionary, vol. 1, Chicago, 1961
  26. ^ [12] R. M. Whiting Jr., "Old Babylonian Letters from Tell Asmar", Assyriological Studies 22, Oriental Institute, 1987
  27. ^ "Rescuing Iraqi Archeological Reports". Archived from the original on 2015-10-09.
  28. ^ Rumaidhy, S., et al. "Iraqi Excavations in the Diyala Region: Tell Asmar (Eshnunna) and Tell Muqtadiya." (forthcoming)
  29. ^ [13] Evans, Jean M. "A Reconsideration of the So-Called Single-Shrine Temple at Tell Asmar." in From Sherds to Landscapes: Studies on the Ancient Near East in Honor of McGuire Gibson 71 (2021): 91-105
  30. ^ "The Square Temple at Tell Asmar and the Construction of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia ca. 2900-2350 B.C.E", Jean M Evans, American Journal of Archaeology, Boston, Oct 2007, Vol. 111, Iss. 4; pg. 599
  31. ^ Frankfort, Henri, "The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient", Pelican History of Art, 4th ed 1970, pp. 46-49, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), ISBN 0140561072; the group are now divided between the Metropolitan Museum, New York, Oriental Institute, Chicago, and the National Museum of Iraq (with the god).
  32. ^ [14] Henri Frankfort, "Sculpture of the Third Millennium B.C. from Tell Asmar and Khafajah, Oriental Institute Publication 44, 1939"
  33. ^ [15] Henri Frankfort, "More Sculpture from the Diyala Region", Oriental Institute Publications 60, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1943
  34. ^ Falkowitz, Robert S. "Paragraph 59 of the ‘Laws of Ešnunna.’" Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 72, no. 1, 1978, pp. 79–80
  35. ^ In Al-Rawi, Sumer 38 (1982, pp 117-20); the excavations are surveyed in Iraq 43 (1981:177ff); Na'il Hanoon, in Sumer 40 pp 70ffIraq 47 (1985)
  36. ^ The Laws of Eshnunna, Reuven Yaron, BRILL, 1988, ISBN 90-04-08534-3
  37. ^ Rosen, Bruce L. "Some Notes on Eshnunna Laws 20 and 21 and a Legal Reform in the Laws of Hammurapi." Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 71, no. 1, 1977, pp. 35–38
  38. ^ Maria deJong Ellis, "Notes on the Chronology of the Later Eshnunna Dynasty", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 61–85, 1985
  39. ^ Martin, Richard. Discoveries in Anatolia, 1930-31.
  40. ^ Michalowski, Piotr. "Chapter 6. The Royal Letters in Their Historical Setting 2: Great Walls, Amorites, and Military History: The Puzur-Šulgi and Šarrum-bani Correspondence (Letters 13–14 and 19–20)". The Correspondence of the Kings of Ur: An Epistolary History of an Ancient Mesopotamian Kingdom, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 122-16
  41. ^ Allred, Lance. "The Tenure of Provincial Governors: Some Observations". From the 21st Century B.C. to the 21st Century A.D.: Proceedings of the International Conference on Neo-Sumerian Studies Held in Madrid, 22–24 July 2010, edited by Steven J. Garfinkle and Manuel Molina, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 115-124
  42. ^ Bloch, Yigal. "The Conquest Eponyms of Šamšī-Adad I and the Kaneš Eponym List." Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 73, no. 2, 2014, pp. 191–210
  43. ^ Matthew Rutz, and Piotr Michalowski. "The Flooding of Ešnunna, the Fall of Mari: Hammurabi’s Deeds in Babylonian Literature and History." Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 68, 2016, pp. 15–43

Sources[edit]

  • Chubb, Mary (1999). City In the Sand (2nd ed.). Libri. ISBN 1-901965-02-3.
  • Civil, M., “A School Exercise from Tell Asmar”. Studia Orientalia Electronica, vol. 46, pp. 39–42, Apr. 2015
  • Reichel C. 2003, A Modern Crime and an Ancient Mystery: The Seal of Bilalama, in: Selz G. J. (ed.), Festschrift für Burkhart Kienast zu seinem 70. Geburtstage dargebracht von Freunden, Schülern und Kollegen, Alter Orient und Altes Testament 274, Münster, pp. 355–389.
  • [16] Pinhas Delougaz, "Pottery from the Diyala Region", Oriental Institute Publications 63, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1952, ISBN 0-226-14233-7
  • [17] Pinhas Delougaz, Harold D. Hill, and Seton Lloyd, "Private Houses and Graves in the Diyala Region", Oriental Institute Publications 88, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1967
  • [18] Pinhas Delougaz and Seton Lloyd with chapters by Henri Frankfort and Thorkild Jacobsen, "Pre-Sargonid Temples in the Diyala Region", Oriental Institute Publications 58, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1942
  • I. J. Gelb, "A Tablet of Unusual Type from Tell Asmar", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 219–226, 1942
  • Gentili, Paolo. “CHOGHA GAVANEH: AN OUTPOST OF EŠNUNNA ON THE ZAGROS MOUNTAINS?” Egitto e Vicino Oriente, vol. 35, 2012, pp. 165–73
  • [19] Max Hilzheimer, translated by Adolph A. Brux, "Animal Remains from Tell Asmar", Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 20, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1941
  • Lambert, W. G. “Narām-Sîn of Ešnunna or Akkad?” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 106, no. 4, 1986, pp. 793–95
  • Romano, Licia, "Who was Worshipped in the Abu Temple at Tell Asmar?", KASKAL 7, pp. 51–65, 2010
  • Gary A. Rendsburg, "UT 68 and the Tell Asmar Seal", Orientalia, NOVA SERIES, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 448–452, 1984
  • Claudia E. Suter, "The Victory Stele of Dadusha of Eshnunna: A New Look at its Unusual Culminating Scene", Ash-sharq Bulletin of the Ancient Near East Archaeological, Historical and Societal Studies, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1–29, 2018
  • Tetlow, Elisabeth Meier (2004-12-28). Women, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: Volume 1: The Ancient Near East. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-8264-1628-5.
  • R. M. Whiting Jr., "An Old Babylonian Incantation from Tell Asmar", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, vol. 75, pp. 179 – 187, 1985
  • R. M. Whiting Jr., "Four seal impressions from Tell Asmar", Archiv für Orientforschung, vol. 34, pp. 30 – 35, 1987

External links[edit]


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