User:40bus/Japanese

Gairaigo in hiragana[edit]

はんばあがあ (hanbāgā)
こばると (kobaruto)
しゃったあちゃんす (shattā chansu)
こうひいしょっぷ (kōhī shoppu)
にゅうす (nyūsu)

Kanji readings[edit]

Honshu: 本州 (Honshū) → Motosu
Hokkaido: 北海道 (Hokkaidō) → Kitaumimichi
Shikoku: 四国 (Shikoku) → Yokuni
Kyushu: 九州 (Kyūshū) → Kokonosu

Extended hiragana[edit]

	いぃ yi		いぇ ye
ウァ wa*	ウィ wi	ウゥ wu*	ウェ we	ウォ wo
		ウュ wyu
ゔぁ va	ゔぃ vi	ゔ vu⁑	ゔぇ ve	ゔぉ vo
ゔゃ vya		ゔゅ vyu	ゔぃぇ vye	ゔょ vyo
			きぇ kye
			ぎぇ gye
クァ kwa	クィ kwi		クェ kwe	クォ kwo
クヮ kwa
グァ gwa	グィ gwi		グェ gwe	グォ gwo
グヮ gwa
			しぇ she
			じぇ je
	すぃ si
	ずぃ zi
			ちぇ che
つぁ tsa	つぃ tsi		つぇ tse	つぉ tso
		つゅ tsyu
	ティ ti	とぅ tu
		てゅ tyu
	でぃ di	どぅ du
		でゅ dyu
			にぇ nye
			ひぇ hye
			びぇ bye
			ぴぇ pye
ふぁ fa	ふぃ fi		ふぇ fe	ふぉ fo
ふゃ fya		ふゅ fyu	ふぃぇ fye	ふょ fyo
		ほぅ hu
			みぇ mye
			りぇ rye
ら゜ la	リ゜ li	ル゜ lu	レ゜ le	ロ゜ lo
リ゜ャ lya		リ゜ュ lyu	リ゜ェ lye	リ゜ョ lyo
ヷ va⁂	ヸ vi⁂		ヹ ve⁂	ヺ vo⁂

Words with extended katakana[edit]

ツェッピット (tseppitto)
ミェリャター (myeryatā)
ツァッケン (tsakken)

Super-extended katakana[edit]

ツャ tsya

ツュ tsyu

ツィェ tsye

ツョ tsyo

Even More Katakana[edit]

Notes[edit]

^ Prior to the e/ye merger in the mid-Heian period, a different character (𛀀) was used in position e.
^ ^a ^b Theoretical combinations yi and wu are unused . Some katakana were invented for them by linguists in the Edo and Meiji periods in order to fill out the table, but they were never actually used in normal writing.
^ The combination ye existed prior to the mid-Heian period and was represented in very early katakana, but has been extinct for over a thousand years, having merged with e in the 10th century. The ye katakana (エ) was adopted for e (displacing 𛀀, the character originally used for e); the alternate katakana 𛄡 was invented for ye in the Meiji period for use in representations of Old and Early Classical Japanese so as to avoid confusion with the modern use of エ for e.
^ ^a ^b ^c The characters in positions wi and we are obsolete in modern Japanese, and have been replaced by イ (i) and エ (e). The character wo, in practice normally pronounced o, is preserved in only one use: as a particle. This is normally written in hiragana (を), so katakana ヲ sees only limited use. See Gojūon and the articles on each character for details.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e The ヂ (di) and ヅ (du) kana (often romanised as ji and zu) are primarily used for etymologic spelling , when the unvoiced equivalents チ (ti) and ツ (tu) (usually romanised as chi and tsu) undergo a sound change (rendaku) and become voiced when they occur in the middle of a compound word. In other cases, the identically-pronounced ジ (ji) and ズ (zu) are used instead. ヂ (di) and ヅ (du) can never begin a word, and they are not common in katakana, since the concept of rendaku does not apply to transcribed foreign words, one of the major uses of katakana.

Possible spellings[edit]

I eat apples (Watashi wa ringo o tabemasu)[edit]

私は林檎を食べます

[oldE-1] Prior to the e/ye merger in the mid-Heian period, a different character (𛀀) was used in position e.

[unused-2] Theoretical combinations yi and wu are unused . Some katakana were invented for them by linguists in the Edo and Meiji periods in order to fill out the table, but they were never actually used in normal writing.

[extinct-3] The combination ye existed prior to the mid-Heian period and was represented in very early katakana, but has been extinct for over a thousand years, having merged with e in the 10th century. The ye katakana (エ) was adopted for e (displacing 𛀀, the character originally used for e); the alternate katakana 𛄡 was invented for ye in the Meiji period for use in representations of Old and Early Classical Japanese so as to avoid confusion with the modern use of エ for e.

[obsolete-4] The characters in positions wi and we are obsolete in modern Japanese, and have been replaced by イ (i) and エ (e). The character wo, in practice normally pronounced o, is preserved in only one use: as a particle. This is normally written in hiragana (を), so katakana ヲ sees only limited use. See Gojūon and the articles on each character for details.

[etymologic-5] The ヂ (di) and ヅ (du) kana (often romanised as ji and zu) are primarily used for etymologic spelling , when the unvoiced equivalents チ (ti) and ツ (tu) (usually romanised as chi and tsu) undergo a sound change (rendaku) and become voiced when they occur in the middle of a compound word. In other cases, the identically-pronounced ジ (ji) and ズ (zu) are used instead. ヂ (di) and ヅ (du) can never begin a word, and they are not common in katakana, since the concept of rendaku does not apply to transcribed foreign words, one of the major uses of katakana.

[n 1]

[n 2]

[n 3]

[n 4]

[n 5]

	Monographs (gojūon)								Digraphs (yōon)
	a	i	u	e	o	ä	ö	ü	ya	yu	yo
∅	ア a [a]	イ i [i]	ウ u [ɯ]	エ e [e]^{[n 1]}	オ o [o]	甘 ä [æ]	气 ö [ø]	斗 ü [y]
K	カ ka [ka]	キ ki [ki]	ク ku [kɯ]	ケ ke [ke]	コ ko [ko]	キャ kya [kʲa]	キュ kyu [kʲɯ]	キョ kyo [kʲo]
S	サ sa [sa]	シ shi [ɕi]	ス su [sɯ]	セ se [se]	ソ so [so]	シャ sha [ɕa]	シュ shu [ɕɯ]	ショ sho [ɕo]
T	タ ta [ta]	チ chi [t͡ɕi]	ツ tsu [t͡sɯ]	テ te [te]	ト to [to]	チャ cha [t͡ɕa]	チュ chu [t͡ɕɯ]	チョ cho [t͡ɕo]
N	ナ na [na]	ニ ni [ɲi]	ヌ nu [nɯ]	ネ ne [ne]	ノ no [no]	ニャ nya [ɲa]	ニュ nyu [ɲɯ]	ニョ nyo [ɲo]
H	ハ ha [ha]	ヒ hi [çi]	フ fu [ɸɯ]	ヘ he [he]	ホ ho [ho]	ヒャ hya [ça]	ヒュ hyu [çɯ]	ヒョ hyo [ço]
M	マ ma [ma]	ミ mi [mi]	ム mu [mɯ]	メ me [me]	モ mo [mo]	ミャ mya [mʲa]	ミュ myu [mʲɯ]	ミョ myo [mʲo]
Y	ヤ ya [ja]	^{[n 2]}	ユ yu [jɯ]	エ [𛄡] ye [je] / [e]^{[n 3]}	ヨ yo [jo]
R	ラ ra [ɾa]	リ ri [ɾi]	ル ru [ɾɯ]	レ re [ɾe]	ロ ro [ɾo]	リャ rya [ɾʲa]	リュ ryu [ɾʲɯ]	リョ ryo [ɾʲo]
W	ワ wa [ɰa]	ヰ wi [ɰi] / [i]^{[n 4]}	^{[n 2]}	ヱ we [ɰe] / [e]^{[n 4]}	ヲ wo [ɰo] / [o]^{[n 4]}

	Monographs with diacritics: gojūon with (han)dakuten					Digraphs with diacritics: yōon with (han)dakuten
	a	i	u	e	o	ya	yu	yo
G	ガ ga [ɡa]	ギ gi [ɡi]	グ gu [ɡɯ]	ゲ ge [ɡe]	ゴ go [ɡo]	ギャ gya [ɡʲa]	ギュ gyu [ɡʲɯ]	ギョ gyo [ɡʲo]
Z	ザ za [za]	ジ ji [(d)ʑi]	ズ zu [(d)zɯ]	ゼ ze [ze]	ゾ zo [zo]	ジャ ja [(d)ʑa]	ジュ ju [(d)ʑɯ]	ジョ jo [(d)ʑo]
D	ダ da [da]	ヂ ji [(d)ʑi]^{[n 5]}	ヅ zu [(d)zɯ]^{[n 5]}	デ de [de]	ド do [do]	ヂャ ja [(d)ʑa]^{[n 5]}	ヂュ ju [(d)ʑɯ]^{[n 5]}	ヂョ jo [(d)ʑo]^{[n 5]}
B	バ ba [ba]	ビ bi [bi]	ブ bu [bɯ]	ベ be [be]	ボ bo [bo]	ビャ bya [bʲa]	ビュ byu [bʲɯ]	ビョ byo [bʲo]
P	パ pa [pa]	ピ pi [pi]	プ pu [pɯ]	ペ pe [pe]	ポ po [po]	ピャ pya [pʲa]	ピュ pyu [pʲɯ]	ピョ pyo [pʲo]

	Final nasal monograph	Polysyllabic monographs
	n	iu	koto	shite	toki	tomo	nari
*	ン n [ɴ m n ɲ ŋ ɰ̃]	iu [jɯː]	ヿ koto [koto]	shite [ɕite]	/ toki [toki]	tomo [tomo]	nari [naɾi]
*						゙ domo [domo]

	Functional graphemes
	sokuonfu	chōonpu	odoriji (monosyllable)	odoriji (polysyllable)
*	ッ (indicates a geminate consonant)	ー (after long vowel)	ヽ (reduplicates and unvoices syllable)	〱 (reduplicates and unvoices syllable)
*			ヾ (reduplicates and voices syllable)	〱゙ (reduplicates and voices syllable)
*			ヽ゚ (reduplicates and voices syllable)	〱゚ (reduplicates and voices syllable)