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| Teochew Romanization Pe̍h-ūe-jī | |
|---|---|
 Bible in Teochew Romanised, printed for the British and Foreign Bible Society by the English Presbyterian Mission Press, 1915 | |
| Script type | (modified) |
| Creator | John Campbell Gibson William Duffus |
Time period | c. 1875 — ? |
| Languages | Swatow dialect and Teochew dialect |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | Pe̍h-ōe-jī
|
| Romanization of Sinitic languages |
|---|
| Mandarin |
| Wu |
| Yue |
| Min |
| Gan |
| Hakka |
| Xiang |
| Polylectal |
| See also |
Teochew Romanization, also known as Swatow Church Romanization, or in local name Pe̍h-ūe-jī (白話字), is an orthographically similar to Pe̍h-ōe-jī, and used to write Chaoshan dialect (including Teochew dialect and Swatow dialect). It was introduced by John Campbell Gibson and William Duffus, two British missionary, in Swatow in 1875.
History[edit]
The romanization of Teochew could be traced back to 1840s. The earliest attempt to write the language in Latin script was done by a Baptist missionary William Dean in his publication First Lessons in the Tie-chiw Dialect in 1841 in Bangkok[1], however its tonal system was said in-complete. [2]
The first complete orthographic system was done by John Campbell Gibson and William Duffus, two Presbyterianism missionaries, in 1875. The orthography was generally based on the Pe̍h-ōe-jī system, another work of presbyterian for Amoy dialect. The first translation of Bible, Gospel of Luke, in Swatow romanization was published in 1876.[2][3] It has been said that the vernacular orthographic system are much more easier for those illiterate person to learn in their own mother tongue.
Other systems done by Baptist missionaries like Adele Marion Fielde (1883) & Josiah Goddard (1888) were generally used as phonetic notation instead of an orthography. [2][3]
By the effort of churches in practicing of the Teochew romanization, the number of users growing and came to high tide in 1910s. However, starting in 1920s, Chinese government promoted the education in Mandarin and more people enable to read and write in Chinese characters. Therefore, the promotion of romanization vernacular become less necessary.[2][3] Until 1950s, there was estimate about thousand users of Teochew romanization.[4]
Spelling schemes[edit]
Alphabet[edit]
There are total 18 of basic Latin alphabets employed in the orthography.
| Capital letters | A | B | CH | CHH | E | G | H | I | J | K | KH | L | M | N | ᴺ | NG | O | P | PH | S | T | TH | TS | TSH | U | Ṳ | Z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowercase letters | a | b | ch | chh | e | g | h | i | j | k | kh | l | m | n | ⁿ | ng | o | p | ph | s | t | th | ts | tsh | u | ṳ | z |
Initial[edit]
| Lateral | Nasal | Stop | Affricate | Fricative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unaspirated | Aspirated | Unaspirated | Aspirated | |||||
| Bilabial | Voiceless | p [p] 邊 (pian) |
ph [pʰ] 頗 (phó) |
|||||
| Voiced | m [m] 門 (mûn) |
b [b] 文 (bûn) |
||||||
| Alveolar | Voiceless | t [t] 地 (tī) |
th [tʰ] 他 (tha) |
ts [ts] 之 (tsṳ) |
tsh [tsʰ] 出 (tshut) |
s [s] 思 (sṳ) | ||
| Voiced | l [l] 柳 (liú) |
n [n] 挪 (nô) |
z [dz] 而 (zṳ̂) |
|||||
| Alveolo-palatal | Voiceless | ch [tɕ] 貞 (cheng) |
chh [tɕʰ] 刺 (chhì) |
s [ɕ] 時 (sî) | ||||
| Voiced | j [dʑ] 入 (ji̍p) |
|||||||
| Velar | Voiceless | k [k] 球 (kiû) |
kh [kʰ] 去 (khṳ̀) |
|||||
| Voiced | ng [ŋ] 俄 (ngô) |
g [ɡ] 語 (gṳ́) |
||||||
| Glottal | Voiceless | h [h] 喜 (hí) | ||||||
Finals[edit]
| Vowels | Coda-ending | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Types
|
Articulation | Simple | Nasal | Glottal Stop | Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | |||||
| Backness | Height | Simple | Nasal | Nasal | Stop | Nasal | Stop | Nasal | Stop | |||
| Front | Open | a [a] 膠 (ka) |
aⁿ [ã] 柑 (kaⁿ) |
ah [aʔ] 甲 (kah) |
ahⁿ [ãʔ] 垃 (na̍hⁿ) |
am [am] 甘 (kam) |
ap [ap̚] 鴿 (kap) |
an [an] 干 (kan) |
at [at̚] 結 (kat) |
ang [aŋ] 江 (kang) |
ak [ak̚] 覺 (kak) | |
| Mid | e [e] 家 (ke) |
eⁿ [ẽ] 更 (keⁿ) |
eh [eʔ] 格 (keh) |
ehⁿ [ẽʔ] 脈 (me̍hⁿ) |
eng [eŋ] 經 (keng) |
ek [ek̚] 革 (kek) | ||||||
| Close | i [i] 枝 (ki) |
iⁿ [ĩ] 天 (thiⁿ) |
ih [iʔ] 砌 (kih) |
ihⁿ [ĩʔ] 碟 (tihⁿ) |
im [im] 金 (kim) |
ip [ip̚] 急 (kip) |
in [in] 斤 (kin) |
it [it̚] 吉 (kit) |
||||
| Back | Mid | o [o] 高 (ko) |
oⁿ [õ] 望 (mōⁿ) |
oh [oʔ] 閣 (koh) |
ohⁿ [õʔ] 瘼 (mo̍hⁿ) |
ong [oŋ] 公 (kong) |
ok [ok̚] 國 (kok) | |||||
| Close | u [u] 龜 (ku) |
uh [uʔ] 嗝 (kuh) |
un [un] 君 (kun) |
ut [ut̚] 骨 (kut) |
||||||||
| ṳ [ɯ] 車 (kṳ) |
ṳh [ɯʔ] 嗻 (tsṳ̍h) |
ṳn [ɯn] 巾 (kṳn) |
ṳt [ɯt̚] 乞 (khṳt) |
ṳng [ɯŋ] 扛 (kng) |
||||||||
| Front | Closing | ai [ai] 皆 (kai) |
aiⁿ [ãĩ] 愛 (àiⁿ) |
|||||||||
| Backward | au [au] 交 (kau) |
auⁿ [ãũ] 好 (hàuⁿ) |
auh [auʔ] 樂 (ga̍uh) |
auhⁿ [ãuʔ] 鬧 (nauhⁿ) |
||||||||
| Front | Opening | ia [ia] 佳 (kia) |
iaⁿ [ĩã] 京 (kiaⁿ) |
iah [iaʔ] 揭 (kiah) |
aihⁿ [ãiʔ] 捱 (nga̍ihⁿ) |
iam [iam] 兼 (kiam) |
iap [iap̚] 劫 (kiap) |
ian [ian] 堅 (kian) |
iat [iat̚] 潔 (kiat) |
iang [iaŋ] 姜 (kiang) |
iak [iak̚] 龠 (iak) | |
| ie [ie] 蕉 (chie) |
ieⁿ [ĩẽ] 薑 (kieⁿ) |
ieh [ieʔ] 借 (chieh) |
ien [ien] 堅 (kien) |
iet [iet̚] 潔 (kiet) |
||||||||
| Backward | io [io] 蕉 (chio) |
ioⁿ [ĩõ] 薑 (kioⁿ) |
ioh [ioʔ] 借 (chioh) |
iong [ioŋ] 恭 (kiong) |
iok [iok̚] 鞠 (kiok) | |||||||
| Close | iu [iu] 鳩 (khiu) |
iuⁿ [ĩũ] 幼 (iùⁿ) |
||||||||||
| Forward | Closing | oi [oi] 雞 (koi) |
oiⁿ [õĩ] 間 (koiⁿ) |
oih [oiʔ] 夾 (koih) |
||||||||
| Back | ou [ou] 孤 (kou) |
ouⁿ [õũ] 虎 (hóuⁿ) |
||||||||||
| Forward | Opening | ua [ua] 柯 (kua) |
uaⁿ [ũã] 官 (kuaⁿ) |
uah [uaʔ] 割 (kuah) |
uam [uam] 凡 (huâm) |
uap [uap̚] 法 (huap) |
uan [uan] 關 (kuan) |
uat [uat̚] 決 (kuat) |
uang [uaŋ] 光 (kuang) |
uak [uak̚] 廓 (kuak) | ||
| ue [ue] 瓜 (kue) |
ueⁿ [ũẽ] 果 (kúeⁿ) |
ueh [ueʔ] 郭 (kueh) |
uehⁿ [uẽʔ] 襪 (gu̍ehⁿ) |
uen [uen] 關 (kuen) |
uet [uet̚] 決 (kuet) |
ueng [ueŋ] 榮 (ueng) |
uek [uek̚] 獲 (hu̍ek) | |||||
| Close | ui [ui] 規 (kui) |
uiⁿ [ũĩ] 跪 (kũiⁿ) |
||||||||||
| Backward | Close-up | iau [iau] 驕 (kiau) |
iauⁿ [ĩãũ] 掀 (hiauⁿ) |
iauh [iauʔ] 躍 (iauh) |
iauhⁿ [iãuʔ] 躍 (iauhⁿ) |
|||||||
| iou [iou] 驕 (kiou) |
iouⁿ [ĩõũ] 掀 (hiouⁿ) |
iouh [iouʔ] 躍 (iouh) |
iouhⁿ [iõuʔ] 躍 (iouhⁿ) |
|||||||||
| Forward | uai [uai] 乖 (kuai) |
uaiⁿ [ũãĩ] 檨 (suāiⁿ) |
uaihⁿ [uãiʔ] 轉 (ua̍ihⁿ) |
|||||||||
| Syllabic consonant | ngh [ŋʔ] 夗 (n̍gh) |
m [m] 唔 (m̃) |
ng [ŋ] 黃 (n̂g) |
|||||||||
| hng [ŋ̊ŋ̍] 園 (hn̂g) |
||||||||||||
Generally practices in Swatow dialect
Generally practices in Teochew dialect
Generally practices in Kityang dialect
| ||||||||||||
Nowadays, in most part of Chaoshan cities, almost all alveolar-codas (-n/-t) have turned become velar (-ng/-k), therefore, they are unseen in 1960's Peng'im system. However, these codas are still practiced by native speakers in few border townships like Fenghuang (鳳凰), Sanrao (三饒), and Nan'ao.
Tones[edit]
There are 8 tones in Teochew and mark as below,
| Number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese Tone names (modern) |
Dark-level 陰平 (Im-phêⁿ) |
Dark-rising 陰上 (Im-siãng) |
Dark-departing 陰去 (Im-khṳ́) |
Dark-entering 陰入 (Im-ji̍p) |
Light-level 陽平 (Iôⁿ-phêⁿ) |
Light-rising 陽上 (Iôⁿ-siãng) |
Light-departing 陽去 (Iôⁿ-khṳ́) |
Light-entering 陽入 (Iôⁿ-ji̍p) |
| Chinese Tone names (alternative)[5] |
Upper-even 上平 (Chiẽⁿ-phêⁿ) |
Upper-high 上上 (Chiẽⁿ-siãng) |
Upper-going 上去 (Chiẽⁿ-khṳ́) |
Upper-entering 上入 (Chiẽⁿ-ji̍p) |
Lower-even 下平 (Ẽ-phêⁿ) |
Lower-high 下上 (Ẽ-siãng) |
Lower-going 下去 (Ẽ-khṳ́) |
Lower-entering 下入 (Ẽ-ji̍p) |
| Chinese Tone names (traditional)[6][7] |
Upper-level 上平 (Chiẽⁿ-phêⁿ) |
Rising 上聲 (Siãng-siaⁿ) |
Upper-departing 上去 (Chiẽⁿ-khṳ́) |
Upper-entering 上入 (Chiẽⁿ-ji̍p) |
Lower-level 下平 (Ẽ-phêⁿ) |
Lower-departing 下去 (Ẽ-khṳ́) |
Departing 去聲 (Khù-siaⁿ) |
Lower-entering 下入 (Ẽ-ji̍p) |
| Pitches | ˧ (33) | ˥˨ (52) | ˨˩˧ (213) | ˨ (2) | ˥ (55) | ˧˥ (35) | ˩ (11) | ˦ (4) |
| Tone types | Mid level | High falling | Low dipping | Low stop | Top level | High rising | Bottom level | High stop |
| Diacritics | none | Acute accent | Grave accent | none | Circumflex | Tilde | Macron | Overstroke |
| Example | hun 分 | hún 粉 | hùn 訓 | hut 忽 | hûn 雲 | hũn 混 | hūn 份 | hu̍t 佛 |
| Sandhi | 1 | 6 | 2 or 5 | 8 | 7 or 3 | 3 or 7 | 7 or 3 | 4 |
Both first and fourth tones are unmarking but both could be differenced by their coda-endings. Those ending with stop consonants such as -p, -t, -k, and -h are belong to the fourth, and those simple and nasal vowels, or ending in nasal consonants (-m, -n, -ng), are belong to the first.
References[edit]
- ^ Dean, William (1841). First Lessons in the Tie-chiw Dialect. Bangkok.
- ^ a b c d Snow, Don; Nuanling, Chen (2015-04-01). "Missionaries and written Chaoshanese". Global Chinese. 1 (1): 5–26. doi:10.1515/glochi-2015-1001. ISSN 2199-4382.
- ^ a b c Klöter, Henning; Saarela, Mårten Söderblom (6 October 2020). Language Diversity in the Sinophone World: Historical Trajectories, Language Planning, and Multilingual Practices. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-20148-2.
- ^ "關於白話字-中國南方白話字發展". 台灣白話字文獻館 (in Traditional Chinese). 國立台灣師範大學. Retrieved 2021-09-25.
- ^ Fielde, Adele Marion (1883). A pronouncing and defining dictionary of the Swatow dialect, arranged according to syllables and tones. Shangai: American Presbyterian Mission Press.
- ^ Lim, Hiong Seng (1886). Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular. Singapore. p. 40.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Lechler, Rudolf; Williams, Samuel Wells; Duffus, William (1883). English-Chinese Vocabulary of the Vernacular Or Spoken Language of Swatow. Swatow: English Presbyterian Mission Press.