San Justo tornado
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|
 Plan of the city of San Justo. The striped part shows the area most affected by the tornado. | |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Formed | 10 January 1973 |
| Duration | 10 minutes |
| F5 tornado | |
| on the Fujita scale | |
| Highest winds | > 418 km/h (260 mph) |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 63 |
| Injuries | 350 |
| Damage | ~$60,000 (~$410,000 in 2024 USD) |
| Areas affected | San Justo, Santa Fe, Argentina |
Part of the tornadoes of 1973 | |
The San Justo tornado was an extremely powerful F5 tornado which struck San Justo, a town in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, on January 10, 1973. At least 63 people were reported dead and 350 were reported injured as it cut a 330-yard-wide (300 m) swath through the town. It was the most violent tornado ever recorded in South America, and also the entire Southern Hemisphere. This tornado was widely considered to have been an F5 on the Fujita Scale, and in 2017, it received its official F5 rating. The tornado had an economic cost of about $60,000 and was the deadliest tornado in Argentina's history.[1]
The tornado[edit]
After a morning of intense heat, at noon huge cumulonimbus clouds were seen coming. Due to the high relative humidity content and extreme instability, around 13:00 local time, the clouds produced some isolated rainfalls. Then, at about 14:15 local time, a tornado touched down right next to the General Belgrano Railroad tracks, in an open field. According to eyewitnesses, the ground was shaking, "as if several jet planes were landing over the houses".
The tornado quickly became extremely violent, reaching F5 intensity a few minutes later. The tornado tore through San Justo, wrecking multiple factories and over 500 homes, leveling some homes entirely. "Like ping pong balls”, vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and mangled beyond recognition, and grass was reportedly ripped from the ground. A newspaper image showed a vehicle motor that was embedded into a concrete wall by the tornado. A tractor was found in a wooded area 500 m (1,600 ft) away from the dealership where it originated. The tornado reached a maximum width of 300 m (980 ft), and abruptly dissipated seven minutes after reaching F5 intensity. The tornado traveled for 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi), killed 63 people along its path, and caused millions of pesos in damage.
The tornado is said to have changed color multiple times, an unusual phenomenon. The tornado began with a unique violet color, and then turned red when it devastated brick homes, picking up brick dust along its path. A trailer was buried in a 2-metre-wide (6.6 ft) ditch. The tornado threw cows over 30 m (98 ft) in the air and passed over a lagoon, sucking up all the water that was inside of it. The tornado destroyed a ton of wooden planks, and turned them into flying projectiles, which caused most of the fatalities.[2]
After the tornado[edit]
The supercell that spawned the tornado continued to produce very violent rain for another hour, and then rescue efforts were started immediately afterwards. The local San Justo Hospital was turned into a morgue, with bodies waiting to be identified. Radio communications were cut, and San Justo was left without electricity for some time. The tornado left over 2000 people homeless due to the extreme house damage. Dr. Ted Fujita studied this tornado, and called it "the worst tornado ever recorded in the world outside the borders of the United States."[3] This is the only recorded F5 tornado in the Southern Hemisphere.
In 2018, a group of sanjustinos made a documentary film entitled Vorágine about the experience of 3 relatives of tornado casualties. The film was directed by Fernando Molinas and produced by Imanol Sánchez.[4]
References[edit]
- ^ Viento Asesino (motion picture) (in Spanish). Argentina: unknown. June 19, 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Grazulis 2001a, p. 260
- Grazulis 2001b, p. 3
- Grazulis, Thomas P.; Grazulis, Doris (2000). "Woldwide Tornadoes--Argentina". The Tornado Project. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: Environmental Films. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
- Mariano Balbi; Pablo Barbieri (2017). "Enfoque Científico del Riesgo – Evaluación del potential de Tornados en Argentina" [Scientific Approach to Risk – Assessment of the Potential For Tornadoes in Argentina] (PDF). Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Buenos Aires [Annals of the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- Prociv, Kathryn (25 July 2013). "From domestic to international: Tornadoes around the world". United States Tornadoes. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
- "Se cumplen 40 años del tornado que azotó a San Justo". www.ellitoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-02-09.
- Viento Asesino (motion picture) (in Spanish). Argentina: unknown. June 19, 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
- ^ de Schwarzkopf, Altinger; Luisa, Maria; Migliardo, Romualdo Carlos (December 1975). "Estudio de los tornados en la Argentina". Geoacta (in Spanish). 7 (2): 93–102 – via Repositario institucional de la UNLP.
- ^ Vorágine - El tornado de San Justo (motion picture) (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-03-08.
Sources[edit]
- Agee, Ernest M.; Childs, Samuel (June 1, 2014). "Adjustments in Tornado Counts, F-Scale Intensity, and Path Width for Assessing Significant Tornado Destruction". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 53 (6). American Meteorological Society: 1494–1505. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0235.1.
- Brooks, Harold E. (April 2004). "On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity". Weather and Forecasting. 19 (2): 310–19. Bibcode:2004WtFor..19..310B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2.
- Cook, A. R.; Schaefer, J. T. (August 2008). "The Relation of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to Winter Tornado Outbreaks". Monthly Weather Review. 136 (8): 3121–3137. Bibcode:2008MWRv..136.3121C. doi:10.1175/2007MWR2171.1.
- Edwards, Roger; LaDue, James G.; Ferree, John T.; Scharfenberg, Kevin; Maier, Chris; Coulbourne, William L. (May 1, 2013). "Tornado Intensity Estimation: Past, Present, and Future". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (5). American Meteorological Society: 641–653. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00006.1.
- Grazulis, Thomas P. (May 1984). Violent Tornado Climatography, 1880–1982. OSTI (Technical report). NUREG. Washington, D.C.: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. OSTI 7099491. CR-3670.
- — (November 1990). Significant Tornadoes 1880–1989. Vol. 2. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-02-3.
- — (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
- — (2001a). The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3538-0.
- — (2001b). F5-F6 Tornadoes. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films.