Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip

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Map of proposed new settlements in the Gaza Strip, presented at the "Settlement Brings Security" conference in January 2024
Settlement area in the Gaza Strip (March 1999)

Israel had dismantled its settlements in Gaza in its unilateral withdraw from the area in 2005 after 28 years of occupation, and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has stated that there is no current intention of permanently occupying Gaza or displacing any civilians living in the area.[1] In the context of the Israel-Hamas war, however, some Israelis have proposed expulsion of or creating conditions leading to the exodus of Palestinians from the area and a new wave of resettlement of the Gaza Strip.[2][3]

Background

See also: Israeli settlement, Israeli disengagement from Gaza, and International law and Israeli settlements
Residents protest against the evacuation of the Israeli community Kfar Darom. Sign translation: "Kfar Darom will not fall twice!". August 2005.

Israeli settlement are civilian communities built by Israel throughout the Israeli-occupied territories, populated almost exclusively by Jewish identity or ethnicity on lands that have been occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War in 1967.[4][5] The expansion of settlements often involves the confiscation of Palestinian land and resources, leading to displacement of Palestinian communities and tension and conflict. Settlements are often protected by the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) and are frequently flashpoints for violence against Palestinians.[6] Human Rights Watch and other observer organization volunteer regularly file reports on Israeli settler violence, referring to stoning and shooting incidents involving Israeli settlers against Palestinians.[7]

The disengagement of Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip was first proposed by Prime Minister Ariel Sharon in 2003, and approved by the Knesset in 2005.[8] It was implemented in August 2005, with compensation packages offered to those that would voluntarily leave their homes but others were forcibly evicted by IDF forces.[9] The year of the disengagement would see the removal of 8,475 settlers from Gaza, while in that same year the number of new settlers in the West Bank increased by 15,000.[10]

The international community considers the establishment of Israeli settlements in the Israeli-occupied territories illegal on one of two bases: that they are in violation of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, or that they are in breach of international declarations.[a][b][c][d][e] The United Nations, international human rights organizations and many legal scholars regard the Gaza Strip to still be under military occupation by Israel, while Israeli disputes this.[11]

Protests, gathering and movements against the disengagement and removal of settlers began shortly after the announcement of disengagement and have continued throughout the years. In October 2004, 100,000 Israelis marched in cities throughout Israel to protest the plan under the slogan "100 cities support Gush Katif and Samaria".[12] In 2014, activists started a Facebook group Returning to Gush Katif (i.e. the Jewish-Israeli Gaza settlements) a group now renamed Home - Returning to the Gaza Strip (Hebrew: הביתה - חוזרים לחבל עזה, romanized: Habayta - Khozrim le’evel ’Aza).[13] By December 2023 it had more than 10,000 followers.[14]

Proposed military settlements

In late January 2024, an unnamed Israeli military officer reported that Netanyahu and others in the government had requested that military members begin to establish "permanents bases" in the Gaza Strip.[15] Reportedly, the orders were given verbally and individually to a select few.[16] Some military officials anonymously spoke out against the proposed settlements, claiming that they would be sitting ducks and would require a security partnership with authorities such as the Palestinian Authority.[17] Israel Foreign Minister Israel Katz also floated in January 2024 that in event of a two state solution between Israel and Palestine an artificial island could be created off the coast of the Gaza Strip that Israel would control.[18]

Conferences

By November 2023, a campaign known as "Returning Home" had already kickstarted. On November 22, a conference took place[citation needed] in Ashdod where various grassroots organizations convened. The event featured addresses not only from far-right politicians such as Otzma Yehudit MK Limor Son Har-Melech but also from two from Netanyahu's conservative Likud party, Ariel Kallner and Tally Gotliv. Son Har-Melech stated that there was "no escape from returning and fully controlling the Gaza Strip" and that full control was "extensive and flourishing settlement" unlike the Gush Katif settlements that were concentrated. While Gotliv called for an wall and tower in the northern part of Gaza immediately.[19] Another speaker, Yossi Dagan, had led an influential lobby in the Likud Central Committee. Dagan was a prominent settler activist who had to withdraw from a settlement in a small area of the West Bank that was de-settled in 2005 around the same time as Gaza.[14]

In November 2023, 11 leading right-wing organizations launched the "Coalition of Organizations for the Return to the Gaza Strip and All the Settlements of Northern Samaria" in a series of secret meetings.[20] The new coalition plans to call on Israelis to join settlement nuclei (gar’inim) that will rebuild the former Jewish communities of Gush Katif, starting with the northern Gaza Strip and northern Samaria.[citation needed]

In December 2023, hundreds of settlement activists gathered in central Israel for another conference titled "Practical Preparation for Returning to Gaza."[14]

"Settlement Brings Security" Conference, January 2024

On January 28, 2024, a conference known as "Settlement Brings Security" (Hebrew: התיישבות מביאה ביטחון, romanized: Hitiashvút Mevi’á Bitakhón) was held in Jerusalem, sponsored by the right-wing Nachala Israeli settler organization. Amidst the war in the Gaza Strip, twelve Israeli cabinet ministers, including several from Prime Minister's Likud party, took part in the conference.[21] The director of Nachala, Daniella Weiss, referenced the 7 October attacks and the ongoing war for the need of the conference and resettlement, stating to reporters: "It's the end of the presence of Arabs in Gaza. It's the end....Instead of them, there will be many, many Jews that will return to the settlements, that will build new settlements."[1] In response to Israel's far-right national security minister Itamar Ben-Gvir stating that the Palestinians living in Gaza should "go away from here", some attendees shouted "Only eviction!"[22]

The conference advocated for building new Israeli settlements in Gaza and encouraging the displacement of Palestinians living there.[23][24][25] About 5,000 mostly religious Israelis attended including a large presence of children and teenagers.[26]

Cabinet ministers' participation and its implications

11 of the 37 sitting cabinet ministers attended the conference, in addition to 15 ruling-coalition MKs.[26][27] The presence of so many members of the government marked the elevation of the resettlement movement from the fringe of politics to new prominence, as former advisor to prime ministers Alon Pinkas wrote:[28]

"Even if you've seen one before, it's not the same. This was not a fringe opposition group: it was the government of Israel in all its political splendor, unabashedly showing its true colors. This was the governing coalition in an orgy of anti-state and antidemocratic euphoria."

— Alon Pinkas, former advisor to prime ministers Ehud Barak and Shimon Peres in An Orgy of Jewish Supremacy and Antidemocratic Euphoria, Encouraged by Netanyahu, published in Ha'aretz, 29 January 2024

The 11 cabinet ministers who attended the conference are listed in the table:

Name Position Party Capacity
Itamar Ben-Gvir Minister of National Security Otzma Yehudit keynote speaker
Bezalel Smotrich Minister of Finance National Religious Party–Religious Zionism keynote speaker
Yitzhak Goldknopf Minister of Construction
Leader of the Haredi political party Agudat Yisrael
Leader of the political alliance United Torah Judaism 		United Torah Judaism speaker
Shlomo Karhi Minister of Communications Likud attendee
Haim Katz Minister of Tourism Likud attendee
Idit Silman Minister of Environmental Protection Likud attendee
May Golan Minister of Social Equality and Promotion of the Status of Women Likud attendee
Amichai Chikli Minister of Diaspora Affairs and Social Equality Likud attendee
Yitzhak Wasserlauf Minister of Development of the Periphery, Negev and Galilee Otzma Yehudit attendee
Amihai Eliyahu Minister of Heritage Otzma Yehudit attendee
Orit Strook Minister of Settlements and National Mission [he; ru] National Religious Party–Religious Zionism attendee

An additional prominent speaker was Daniella Weiss, leader of the far-right Israeli Orthodox Zionist settlement movement.

Map of proposed settlements presented at Jan. 2024 Nachala conference.

Map of proposed settlements

Translated copy of the map presented at January 2024 Gaza resettlement conference showing Gaza City after ethnic cleansing with proposed new Hebrew neighborhood names. Translation is approximate.

The conference room was decorated with a giant map showing prospective settlements in the place of existing Palestinian towns[29] and cities as well as 15 re-established ones that existed before Israeli disengagement from Gaza in 2005. 6 were new, including large Jewish-Israeli-only settlements which were to be built on the current sites of the two largest cities in the Strip: Gaza City (2017 population 590,481) and Khan Younis (2017 pop. 205,125), in addition to Rafah (pre-war pop est.: 280,000, but which at the time of the conference had over a million refugees and residents living there).[25][30]

The new settlements named were:[25]

  • Core of Gaza City (Hebrew: גרעין של העיר עזה, romanized: gar’in ha’ir ’Aza
  • Yishai would be built on the outskirts of the ruins of Beit Hanoun in northern Gaza
  • Gates of Gaza (Hebrew: שערי חבל עזה, romanized: Sharey abl ’Aza) settlement in Khan Yunis
  • Hessed La'alafim south of Rafah, to be reserved for Haredi settlement
  • Maoz on the southern Gaza coast

The map showed Stars of David in the centers of these 3 major cities and labeled the pushpins pointing to the stars as "cores", but the map itself did not specify whether the light green area surrounding the Jewish-Israeli "cores" would be populated by Palestinians or not, although cabinet ministers frequently promoted the need to coerce Palestinians to leave their country.[31]

Map of a Hebrew Gaza City

Organizers also presented[32] a map of a new Gaza City, also published in the Wall Street Journal,[33] with new Hebrew names for the neighborhoods and the significance of the new names. The following table summarizes the material shown on that map:

As mentioned on the map
"New" Hebrew name Color "Former" Arabic name Meaning of "new" Hebrew name
Romanized Hebrew Literal meaning Romanized Arabic Literal meaning
Agripion אגריפיון (Place name) Light yellow Al-Shati الشاطئ “the beachside camp” "Herod the Great gave the place this name when he founded it."
Netzakh Israel נצח ישראל "Israel Eternity" Violet Al-Awda العودة “Return” (as in “Right of Return”) The translation of the name is the neighborhood of the returnees and therefore it is appropriate to call the neighborhood Netzah Israel in the city of Ot
Gavish גָבִישׁ "Crystal" Burnt yellow Al-Nasser النصر "Named after the ruler of Egypt Jamel Abd al-Nasser in the 1950s" "… General of the Southern Command in the Six Day War, Yeshayahu Gavish"
Najara נַאגָּ֗ארָה (Last name of rabbi) Orange Ash-Sheikh Radwan الشيخ رضوان "It is not known who Sheikh Radwan is and there are different traditions for Muslims and Christians." "… Name of the famous rabbi of Gaza, Rabbi Israel Najara"
King David דוד המלך
(pron. Mélekh Davíd) 		Dark Yellow Ar-Rimal الرمال "The Sands" "Location of ancient synagogue of Ot, where the famous mosaic of King David is found"
Dereg דֶרֶג "Echelon" Grey Ad-Daraj الدرج "Named after the many steps in the neighborhood" "There was a well-known Jewish community there in the 19th century"
Hagdud Ha'ivri הגדוד העברי "Hebrew Regiment" Purple At-Tuffah التفاح "’The Apple‘, named after the apple trees that grew there in the neighborhood" "There is an English Cemetery where the soldiers of the Hebrew Regiment killed during the occupation of Gaza are buried."
Shadi 'Aza שעדי "Heroes of Gaza" Darky murky grey Shejaiya الشجاعية "’Courage‘, meaning ’neighborhood of the brave‘, from Muslims who fought the Crusaders near Gaza." "Attributed to the IDF fighters who fought in the city."
Tzabar צבר Prickly pear; also Jew born in Israel Yellow-green Al-Sabra الصبرة prickly pear "Translation of Arabic name"
Old City העיר העתיקה
(pron. Ha'ir ha'atiká) 		Yellow Old City
(Al-Madīna Al-Qadīma) 		البلدة القديمة
Agala עגלה carriage, cart Purple Ash-Sheikh Ijlin الشيخ عجلين Not fully legible: "The historian Eusebius (…) IV will return that the (…) Arab is probably blind"
Tel El-Hawa תל אל-הווא Wind Hill Red Tel al-Hawa تل الهوا "Hill of the Wind" "Translation of Arabic name"
Shivat Tzion שִׁיבָת צִיּוֹן “Return to Zion” Light grey Az-Zeitoun الزيتون "Named after the local olive trees." "Most of the Jewish community lived …(here)… until the riots of 1859, …(thus)… Shivat Zion."
Shaarei ‘Aza שערי עזה “Gates of Gaza” Green At-Turukman التركمان "The Turkmens. Named after the Turkmen warriors who fought the crusaders at Gaza." "According to tradition Samson died here at the Gates of Gaza."

Criticism

Coercing "voluntary emigration" or ethnic cleansing

In an interview outside the conference and in another the next day on i24NEWS,[34] director of Nachala and leader of Israeli West Bank settlers Daniella Weiss called for the further holdback of food deliveries and other humanitarian from the Gaza Strip so that the Palestinians there would leave or "want" to leave.[25][35][36]

Security minister Smotrich said, "we need to find a legal way to voluntary emigrate" Palestinians, before Shlomo Karhi clarified:[27]

“We have an obligation to act… to [bring about] voluntary emigration — even if this war… turns this voluntary migration into a situation of ‘Coerce him until he says, "I want to do so"’”
— Shlomo Karhi, Israeli Minister of Communications, 28 January 2024

Hostages' families
Planning map for resettlement of ethnic Germans in Wartheland (Posen), (re-)annexed from Poland. Poles and Jews were expelled. Cities without German names, such as Łódź and Suwałki, were given new German names. Hostage mother Leshem-Gonen compared planned ethnic cleansing of Gaza to ethnic cleansing of Jews in Poland.

Family members of hostages held by Hamas in Gaza strongly criticized the conference both for its festive atmosphere, for the movement's forming a perceived impediment to the hostages' release, and for its calls for coerced emigration (i.e. ethnic cleansing) of Palestinians from their country, which one hostage mother compared to expulsions of Jews in Nazi-controlled Europe.[2]

Gil Dikman, whose cousin Carmel Gat is held as hostage by Hamas, voiced his rancor at the Knesset, stating, "In the morning, you throw mud at each other, and in the evening, you dance at an event that only harms us. In Gaza, the hostages do not dance." One family member stated of the conferencegoers "you're dancing on their blood".[2]

At an Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Committee meeting on Monday, Meirav Leshem-Gonen, mother of hostage Romi Gonen, said:[2]

"All this talk of transfer made me shudder. The transfer you talk about refers to ethnic and religious connections to a certain group. Isn't that what was done to us in Europe? We say we want to be better than this, but we are ready to do the same thing to another nation."

— Meirav Leshem-Gonen, mother of hostage Romi Gonen at the Knesset, 30 January 2024

Ultranationalism empowered and mainstreamed

Alon Pinkas, former advisor to prime ministers Ehud Barak and Shimon Peres, wrote that the Resettlement Brings Security Conference marked a milestone:[28]

What you saw Sunday wasn't "Startup Nation" Israel. It wasn't "13 Nobel Prizes" Israel… It was not liberal-democratic Israel. What you saw was messianic ecstasy and religious fervor in a position of power… what you saw was not just the far-right elements… This is him. Unadulterated, unhinged Netanyahu, trying to distance himself far from the debacle of the October 7 massacre. This strain of religious-nationalistic Jewish supremacy has been normalized, legitimized, mainstreamed and encouraged by Netanyahu… What you saw was not merely a theocratic-fascist strain in Israeli society and politics but almost half of Mr. Netanyahu's coalition (27 lawmakers)…

— Alon Pinkas, in his essay An Orgy of Jewish Supremacy and Antidemocratic Euphoria, Encouraged by Netanyahu, published in Ha'aretz, 29 January 2024

Pinkas further suggested that the extremism of the conference's theme and the implication that ultranationalist Orthodox idea is now empowered by the ruling coaltion "maybe, just maybe" might force Israel to "decide" and its liberal-democratic majority to assert itself politically and change the direction of the government's actions concerning the war tactics, settlement policy, and approach to Israeli–Palestinian relations overall.[28]

From other governments

The United States, Israel's closest ally, has said that Gaza must be continue to be run by Palestinians after the war and that there must be serious moves towards establishing a Palestinian state.[37]

Canada's Global Affairs department issued a statement saying that "Canada rejects any proposal that calls for the forced displacement of Palestinians from Gaza and the establishment of additional settlements. Such inflammatory rhetoric undermines prospects for lasting peace."[38]

In Ramallah, Palestine, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates of the State of Palestine[37] condemned the conference and the 11 cabinet ministers' participation, saying it "openly and publicly endorsed genocide, war crimes and the forcible transfer of the Palestinian people."[38]

Festive atmosphere

The conference atmosphere was festive, carnival-like, and at times a rally, featured chanting of the phrase "Am Israel Khai", but also singing. Ben-Gvir and others were photographed dancing. The festivity during a war and around a topic involving the need to coerce Palestinians to a mass exodus from their country, which some characterize as a de facto call for ethnic cleansing, drew wide criticism.[29]

Settler actions

On 29 February 2024 it was reported that dozens of far right activists broke through the Israeli military checkpoint at the Erez crossing between Northern Gaza and Israel, and entered Gaza with some entering hundreds of meters before being stopped by IDF troops.[39] Some of those that crossed the checkpoint set up for several hours makeshift buildings of wood and plastic inside Israeli territory beyond the walls of the Erez Crossing, without interference from Israeli police or IDF troops. The activists called the buildings a "settlement" and named it the New Nisanit, after the former Nisanit settlement of Gaza that was evacuated in 2005.[39][40] They were reportedly part of a group that had gathered at Sderot before forming a convoy to the Erez crossing to push for the rebuilding of Israeli settlements in Gaza, before breaking into Gazan territory.[41] Some of those stopped by Israeli police and IDF troops were detained with nine arrested for violating a military order and stopping a police officer from their duty.[39] The settler organization Nachala celebrated the actions of those involved, and posted pictures of the buildings and activists, including them attaching a mezuzah to the building in a short religious ceremony, to social media.[42]

A member of the Israeli far-right "Return" movement told Anadolu Agency that 500 families had volunteered to reoccupy Gaza, claiming that Israel will only be safe after the establishment of "Jewish settlements and towns" in Gaza. When cautioned about the warnings from the international community about illegal Israeli settlements in Gaza, the member reportedly responded; "We are a sovereign state. This (Gaza) is our land....I don't understand. This is similar to demanding that Germany give part of its territory to another structure. Why would the US give part of Texas to Mexico?"[41] Two eighteen-year-olds invoked religious descriptions when speaking about their entering and then removal from Gaza and participation in the attempted settling. One stated about feeling no fear in Gaza; "There was no fear of being inside [Gaza], the Holy One is with us and the IDF is here helping us...We came here [because] we wanted to go home. I live in a community of deportees from Gush Katif, and we wanted to go back." While the other alleged that "We have come to represent the entire public, the Jewish people. We want to return to the whole Land of Israel, to all parts of our Holy Land. There are no ‘two states for two peoples’ — that’s not right. The people of Israel belong to the Land of Israel."[40]

It was reported in March 2024 that through WhatsApp groups and messages, informational sessions for the reestablishment of Israeli settlements in Gaza were held in private Israeli homes with Daniella Weiss promoting the settlement vision. Much of the information is similar to the resettlement conference that was held in January 2024. Weiss indicated to CNN reporters that about 500 families have already signed up to resettle through the Nachala organization, which is one of more then a dozen resettlement organizations.[43]

Criticism

Ethnic cleansing

Israeli newspaper Ha'aretz wrote that ideas in the resettlement movement effectively equivalent to forced displacement, ethnic cleansing – such as Ben-Gvir urging Israel to create conditions such that Palestinians in Gaza would want to leave their country, and Shlomo Karhi sфнing that "'voluntary' [emigration] is at times a situation you impose until they give their consent".[44]

While the conference slogan was "settlement," what it was really about was transfer – this was stated explicitly and repeatedly on stage, in countless forms.

— "The People of Israel Will Settle Gaza': Netanyahu's Ministers at Far-right Conference Endorse Expulsion of Palestinians", Ha-Aretz, 29 January 2023

In another article, Ha'aretz characterized the sometimes thinly veiled calls for forced displacement of Palestinians from their country as "ethnic cleansing in God's name":[45]

The conference's message was clear – not just rebuilding the settlements, but ethnic cleansing in God's name.

— "Ethnic Cleansing in God's Name: The Only Israelis With a Plan for the 'Day After' in Gaza", Ha-Aretz, 29 January 2023

Alleged "expulsions from homes and mass displacement" of Gaza Palestinians were cited in point 43(3) of the ICJ genocide case as supporting evidence that Israel is committing acts of genocide.[46] The application also mentions in item 101 Israeli security cabinet member and Agriculture Minister Avi Dichter (Likud) stating on November 11, 2023, "we are now rolling out the Gaza Nakba".[46][47]

More generally, "crimes involving persecution… including those resulting in or intended to achieve the deportation or forcible transfer, directly or indirectly, of the Palestinian population, the re-populating of "cleansed" territories with Israeli settlers and the unlawful appropriation of Palestinian land and properties" may constitute crimes under the Rome Statute.[48]

Conflict with other countries

Additional downsides of the resettlement of Gaza may include:[14]

  • Conflict with the Biden administration in the U.S.
  • Conflict with Saudi Arabia and other Sunni Arab countries
  • Deeper conflict with the international community

Security and military resources

New settlements would require significant security resources, potentially diverting Israeli military forces from other tasks.[14]

Spectrum of Israeli views

In addition to the specific support expressed by people and groups at the January 2024 conference, Israeli public opinion is divided on the issue of resettling Gaza.

Israeli government

For broader coverage of this topic, see Policy paper: Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population.

Prime Minister Netanyahu

Netanyahu has repeatedly said that it is not the government's policy or plan to resettle Gaza with Israeli Jews, however he is largely dependent on resettlement supporters for political support and according to the Atlantic, "Netanyahu might try to do it anyway".[14]

Officials

In November 2023 members of the Israeli Parliament, comprised mostly from the Likud party proposed repealing a law that prohibits Israeli citizens from entering Gaza, but has not moved forwards with the proposal.[22] As 2023 came to an end, far-right Minister of National Security Itamar Ben-Gvir stated "We must promote a solution to encourage the emigration of the residents of Gaza".[49] After Moshe Saada, a far-right Member of the Knesset (MK), claimed he had never before heard such calls saying it was obvious that all the Gazans need to be destroyed, the Washington Post claimed that "Israeli calls for ethnic cleansing are only getting louder."[50]

In January 2024, far-right Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich stated that Israel will rule Gaza, and that in order to rule Gaza for the long term there must be an Israeli civilian presence. Zvi Sukkot, a member of the Knesset from the far-right Otzma Yehudit political party, stated that "we first need to occupy, to annex, to destroy all the houses there, build neighborhoods there" during a committee hearing.[51]

Israeli public support

In a mid-November 2023 poll, a majority of Israelis support renewed Israeli settlement in the Gaza Strip.[26] However a December 2023 Hebrew University poll found the opposite, that Israelis oppose resettling Gaza 56 to 33 percent.[14] In January 2024 a Haaretz polling expert and journalist, speaking to reporters stated that the public opinion on re-establishment of settlements in Gaza varies widely. She indicated that the general range is from about 25% to about 40% in support of establishing Jewish Israeli settlements in Gaza.[51]

Israel Defense forces

Many settlers and their supporters have claimed that Israel Defense force members already in Gaza participating in the invasion of Gaza after the 7 October attacks would help their efforts at resettlement. Some soldiers in the IDF have posted videos in Gaza reportedly expressing their support for resettlement, with a IDF Rabbi recorded stating "It’s our country, all of it — Gaza too....The whole promised land."[22]

In another recorded video IDF soldiers stands in front of a destroyed building in Gaza with rifles in hand. One of the men states that the soldiers are "...occupying, deporting, and settling. Occupying, deporting, and settling, Did you hear that Bibi? Occupying, deporting and settling." Photographs of Israeli soldiers holding Israeli flags and waving orange banners to symbolize the protesting of removal of settlers from Gaza, with phrases like "Coming home" and "Only settlement would be considered victory!" printed on them in Hebrew.[51]

Settler support

By late January 2024, hundreds of families had already formed settlement kernels for the proposed new settlements. At the January 2024 conference, dozens of families walked onto the stage carrying standards with the insignia of the proposed new settlements.[26] For many that were evacuated from Gaza in 2005 the desire to return to Gaza is strong, such as Avishai Bar-Yehuda who stated that he wished to be buried in Gaza and was praying to return after being diagnosed with terminal cancer. Other settler supporters ordered their children to break through military lines to play inside the buffer boarder near the barrier that separates Gaza and Israel, while about 100 others attempted in early February 2024 to cross into Gaza before being turned away.[22] At the Gush Katif museum in Jerusalem, former settlers have printed bright orange shirts, with "Home, returning to Gush Katif" written on them.[51]

Notes

  1. ^ "the establishment of the Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory has been considered illegal by the international community and by the majority of legal scholars." (Pertile 2005, p. 141)
  2. ^ "The real controversy hovering over all the litigation on the security barrier concerns the fate of the Israeli settlements in the occupied territories. Since 1967, Israel has allowed and even encouraged its citizens to live in the new settlements established in the territories, motivated by religious and national sentiments attached to the history of the Jewish nation in the land of Israel. This policy has also been justified in terms of security interests, taking into consideration the dangerous geographic circumstances of Israel before 1967 (where Israeli areas on the Mediterranean coast were potentially threatened by Jordanian control of the West Bank ridge). The international community, for its part, has viewed this policy as patently illegal, based on the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention that prohibit moving populations to or from territories under occupation." (Barak-Erez 2006, p. 548)
  3. ^ "It can thus clearly be concluded that the transfer of Israeli settlers into the occupied territories violates not only the laws of belligerent occupation but the Palestinian right of self-determination under international law. The question remains, however, whether this is of any practical value. In other words, given the view of the international community that the Israeli settlements are illegal under the law if belligerent occupation." (Drew 1997, pp. 151–152)
  4. ^ "The international community considers Israeli settlements within the occupied territories illegal and in breach of, inter alia, United Nations Security Council resolution 465 of 1 March 1980 calling on Israel 'to dismantle the existing settlements and in particular to cease, on an urgent basis, the establishment, construction and planning of settlements in the Arab territories occupied since 1967, including Jerusalem'." (ILC 2005, p. 14)
  5. ^ "The international community has taken a critical view of both deportations and settlements as being contrary to international law. General Assembly resolutions have condemned the deportations since 1969, and have done so by overwhelming majorities in recent years. Likewise, they have consistently deplored the establishment of settlements, and have done so by overwhelming majorities throughout the period (since the end of 1976) of the rapid expansion in their numbers. The Security Council has also been critical of deportations and settlements; and other bodies have viewed them as an obstacle to peace, and illegal under international law." (Roberts 1990, pp. 85–86)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Da Silva, Chantal (2024-01-29). "Right-wing Israeli ministers join thousands at event calling for the resettlement of Gaza". NBC News. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
  2. ^ a b c d "'You're Dancing on Their Blood': Israeli Hostage Families Outraged Over Resettlement Conference". Haaretz. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  3. ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (2024-01-05). "Analysis | Israeli calls for Gaza's ethnic cleansing are only getting louder". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
  4. ^ Rivlin, P. (2010). The Israeli Economy from the Foundation of the State through the 21st Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-139-49396-3. Retrieved 2018-12-14. In the June 1967 Six Day War, Israel occupied the Golan Heights, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Sinai Peninsula. Soon after, it began to build the first settlements for Jews in those areas.
  5. ^ Haklai, O.; Loizides, N. (2015). Settlers in Contested Lands: Territorial Disputes and Ethnic Conflicts. Stanford University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8047-9650-7. Retrieved 2018-12-14. the Israel settlers reside almost solely in exclusively Jewish communities (one exception is a small enclave within the city of Hebron).
  6. ^ "Chapter 3: Israeli Settlements and International Law". Amnesty International. 30 January 2019.
  7. ^ Barahona, Ana (2013). Bearing Witness: Eight Weeks in Palestine. London: Metete. pp. 98 and following. ISBN 978-1-908099-02-0.
  8. ^ "Knesset Approves Disengagement Implementation Law (February 2005)". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
  9. ^ "Jewish Settlers Receive Hundreds of Thousands in Compensation for Leaving Gaza". Democracy Now. August 16, 2005. Archived from the original on May 9, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2007.
  10. ^ "Palestine: The Forgotten Reality". archive.globalpolicy.org. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
  11. ^ Sanger, Andrew (2011). "The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla". In M.N. Schmitt; Louise Arimatsu; Tim McCormack (eds.). Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law - 2010. Vol. 13. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 429. doi:10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14. ISBN 978-90-6704-811-8. Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip, maintaining that it is neither a State nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel, but rather it has 'sui generis' status. Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan, Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory. However, the Plan also provided that Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip, will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space, and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian-Gaza border, and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will. Israel continues to control six of Gaza's seven land crossings, its maritime borders and airspace and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory. Egypt controls one of Gaza's land crossings. Gaza is also dependent on Israel for water, electricity, telecommunications and other utilities, currency, issuing IDs, and permits to enter and leave the territory. Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker. Since 2000 aside from a limited number of exceptions Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry. It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied.
    • Scobbie, Iain (2012). Elizabeth Wilmshurst (ed.). International Law and the Classification of Conflicts. Oxford University Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-19-965775-9. Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza.
    • Gawerc, Michelle (2012). Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships. Lexington Books. p. 44. ISBN 9780739166109. While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory, it remained in control of all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings, as well as through the coastline and the airspace. In addition, Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water, electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade (Gisha 2007. Dowty 2008). In other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human rights organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied.
  12. ^ "Israel News – Online Israeli News Covering Israel & The Jewish World …". July 9, 2012. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2018.
  13. ^ הביתה - חוזרים לחבל עזה. "הביתה - חוזרים לחבל עזה" [Home - Returning to the Gaza Strip]. Facebook (in Hebrew). Facebook. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Rosenberg, Yair (22 December 2023). "The Right-Wing Israeli Campaign to Resettle Gaza". The Atlantic. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  15. ^ Kemal, Levent (24 January 2024). "Israel planning 'permanent army stations' in Gaza". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
  16. ^ "Israel planning to establish permanent military outposts in Gaza, officer reveals". Middle East Monitor. January 25, 2024. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
  17. ^ Rubin, Shira; Hendrix, Steve; Soroka, Lior (January 23, 2024). "As some Israeli troops leave Gaza, a long-term strategy remains elusive". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
  18. ^ "EU's top diplomat asks if Israel wants to kill all Palestinians, as it flouts two-state solution". Middle East Eye. 22 January 2024. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
  19. ^ "Otzma Yehudit MK calls for control of Gaza Strip". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 2023-11-24. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
  20. ^ Israel, David (17 November 2023). "New Coalition of Jewish Groups Calling for Return to Gaza". Jewish Press. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  21. ^ Sharon, Jeremy (28 January 2024). "At Jerusalem conference, settler activists call for return to Jewish settlements in Gaza". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  22. ^ a b c d Odenheimer, Natan (February 9, 2024). "Israeli Settlers Left Gaza in 2005. They Now See a Chance to Return". The New York Times. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  23. ^ "Israeli ministers join gathering calling for resettlement of Gaza". Al Jazeera. 29 January 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  24. ^ "At Jerusalem conference, settler activists call for return to Jewish settlements in Gaza". Times of Israel. 28 January 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  25. ^ a b c d Yalom, Yori (29 January 2024). "Map of would-be Gaza settlements presented at controversial right-wing conference: Under the program showcased at the event, several settlements would be established in the Gaza Strip: Yishai "will be built on the outskirts of the devastated town of Beit Hanoun," Maoz on the southern Gaza coast, and the "Gates of Gaza" on "the destroyed city of Khan Yunis." There would also be a dedicated area of Haredi settlement called "Hessed La'alafim" south of Rafah". Israel Ha Yom. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  26. ^ a b c d "Settlement mega-event calls for Jewish return to Gaza". Jewish News Syndicate. 29 January 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  27. ^ a b Sharon, Jeremy. "Cabinet members call to resettle Gaza, encourage Gazans to leave, at jubilant conference". Times of Israel. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  28. ^ a b c Pinkas, Alon (29 January 2024). "An Orgy of Jewish Supremacy and Antidemocratic Euphoria, Encouraged by Netanyahu: U.S. President Joe Biden should remember the scenes from Sunday's far-right conference calling for resettlement of Gaza the next time he talks to Benjamin Netanyahu about a reconfigured Middle East". Ha'aretz. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  29. ^ a b "Israeli cabinet ministers call for post-war settlements in Gaza". Telegraph. 29 January 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  30. ^ Ledur, Julia (22 December 2024). "How Israel pushed over a million Palestinians into a tiny corner of Gaza". Washington Post. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  31. ^ Map of proposed Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip presented at conference "התיישבות מביאה ביטחון" on 28 January 2024
  32. ^ Oren Ziv (30 January 2024). "Turning Zeitoun into Shivat Zion: Israeli summit envisions Gaza resettlement". +972 Magazine. Retrieved 1 February 2024. There was a booth corresponding to each settlement where you could register as an interested settler, and the booth for where Gaza City stands today even suggested new names for all of the city's neighborhoods: "Zeitoun" will become "Shivat Zion"; Shuja'iya will become "Gibor Oz."
  33. ^ Stancati, Margherita (29 January 2024). "Israel's Far Right Plots a 'New Gaza' Without Palestinians". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  34. ^ "Government ministers among speakers at 'resettle Gaza' rally". i24News English. YouTube. 29 January 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  35. ^ Israel, David (29 January 2024). "Thousands, including Ministers & MKs, Gather to Declare Oslo and the Gush Katif Expulsion Dead". Jewish Press. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  36. ^ "Video interview: Daniella Weiss affirms that Palestinians will have to move to re-establish settlements in Gaza". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  37. ^ a b "Israeli ministers join ultranationalist conference urging Gaza resettlement". Reuters. 29 January 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  38. ^ a b Brown, Chris (30 January 2024). "In the absence of an official Israeli postwar plan, settlers push their goal of a Jewish Gaza". CBC News. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  39. ^ a b c Sharon, Jeremy (29 February 2024). "Far-right activists break into Gaza, try to reestablish Israeli settlement". The Times of Israel. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
  40. ^ a b Reiff, Ben (2024-03-01). "Israeli settlers cross into Gaza, build 'symbolic' outpost". +972 Magazine. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
  41. ^ a b "Israeli far-right 'break into Gaza' to build settlement". The New Arab. 2024-03-01. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
  42. ^ Sharon, Jeremy (29 February 2024). "Radical activists 'violently' breach IDF checkpoint near Erez, enter Gaza before being stopped". The Times of Israel. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
  43. ^ Ward, Clarissa; Swails, Brent; McWhinnie, Scott; Brown, Benjamin (2024-03-20). "The grandmother who wants to lead Israelis back to a Gaza without Palestinians". CNN. Retrieved 2024-03-21.
  44. ^ Hasson, Nir (29 January 2023). "'The People of Israel Will Settle Gaza': Netanyahu's Ministers at Far-right Conference Endorse Expulsion of Palestinians". Haaretz. Retrieved 3 February 2024. While the conference slogan was "settlement," what it was really about was transfer – this was stated explicitly and repeatedly on stage, in countless forms.
  45. ^ Pfeffer, Anshel (29 January 2024). "Ethnic Cleansing in God's Name: The Only Israelis With a Plan for the 'Day After' in Gaza: Some 5,000 settlers gathered in Jerusalem on Sunday to celebrate their efforts to resettle the Gaza Strip and bring the coming of the Messiah one step closer. The fact that they remain a minority in Israel was of scant concern to them". Haaretz. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  46. ^ a b "Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel): Application instituting proceedings and request for the indication of provisional measures" (PDF). International Court of Justice. 29 December 2023. p. 30. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  47. ^ Tov, Michael Hauser (12 November 2023). "'We're Rolling Out Nakba 2023,' Israeli Minister Says on Northern Gaza Strip Evacuation". Haaretz. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  48. ^ "Section 12(iv) in "Referral by the State of Palestine Pursuant to Articlesl3(a) and 14 of the Rome Statute"" (PDF). International Criminal Court. 15 May 2018. p. 7. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  49. ^ Karadsheh, Jomana; Krever, Mick (17 January 2024). "Israel's far-right wants to move Palestinians out of Gaza. Its ideas are gaining attention". CNN. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  50. ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (2024-01-05). "Analysis | Israeli calls for Gaza's ethnic cleansing are only getting louder". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
  51. ^ a b c d Krever, Mick; Karadsheh, Jomana; Kaufman, Ami; Salman, Abeer (2024-01-17). "Israel's far-right wants to move Palestinians out of Gaza. Its ideas are gaining attention". CNN. Retrieved 2024-03-21.

Sources

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