House of Councillors national district
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The nationwide district (全国区, zenkoku-ku) was a 50-member electoral district for the House of Councillors, the upper house of the National Diet of Japan, from 1947 to 1980. It consisted of the whole country. In staggered elections, it elected 100 of the 250 members of the House of Councillors by single non-transferable vote (SNTV). In an SNTV/SNTV parallel system, the other 150 members were also elected by SNTV, but in more decisive, lower-magnitude districts contiguous with the 47 prefectures, several of them single-member districts where SNTV is equivalent to first-past-the-post.
In the 1983 regular election, the national district was replaced with the proportional district which is equally nationwide, but is often just called proportional district (hirei-ku) to avoid ambiguity. It elects the same number of members, but now in a proportional system from party lists. By 1986, the directly elected members from the national district were replaced by proportional party list members in both classes of the House of Councillors.
Highest and lowest-ranking winners[edit]
In the 1968 election, writer Shintarō Ishihara garnered more than 3 million votes, the all-time record. He stood as candidate for the Liberal Democratic Party; but unlike the current proportional preference system, where every preference vote for a candidate in the proportional district also counts towards the party total in the overall allocation of the proportional seats, high personal vote totals in the national district did not immediately benefit the party beyond the prestige of taking the top spot.
On the other end of the winner list, the number of votes necessary to obtain a seat was around 150,000 in the immediate postwar years. Under the 1955 party system, more than 250,000 votes were needed to win a seat. By the 1970s when the baby boomers had entered the electorate, it took more than half a million votes for a candidate to be elected.
Note: In many regular election years, including the 1st regular election of 1947 when all members had to be elected at once, the election was combined with a by-election to the class not up into one SNTV election. The top 50 members would always be elected for the full six year-term. If there were x vacancies in the other class, the 51st to (50+x)th ranking candidates would be elected to fill the vacant seats for the remaining 3-year term.
| Regular election | Leading candidate | Second winner | Last, 50th winner for a full term |
Last winner for a 3-year-term | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (1947) | Hajime Hoshi (D) | 487,612 | Sōzaemon Yanagawa (I/R) | 480,927 | Aisuke Okamoto (I/R) | 123,679 | #100 | Jun'ichi Kunii (D) | 68,128 | |
| 2nd (1950) | Yamakawa Ryōichi (R) | 610,611 | Masao Takagi (R) | 610,025 | Yasoichi Mori (R) | 150,244 | #56 | Yutaka Terao (L) | 144,524 | |
| 3rd (1953) | Kazushige Ugaki (R) | 513,863 | Yukio Kagayama (I) | 494,543 | Yoshio Ōtani (L) | 162,624 | #53 | Yoshio Kusumi (R) (election later invalidated) |
159,762 | |
| 4th (1956) | Shizue Katō (S) | 750,232 | Masato Katō (I/R) | 462,780 | Seiji Uchimura (S) | 254,137 | #52 | Hideo Konishi (L | 240,711 | |
| 5th (1959) | Masufumi Yoneda (L) | 941,053 | Morinosuke Kajima (L) | 931,726 | Masatoshi Tokunaga (L) | 276,000 | #52 | Nagatoshi Mukai (S) | 266,150 | |
| 6th (1962) | Aki Fujiwara (L) | 1,165,046 | Shizue Katō (S) | 1,110,024 | Shūitsu Matsumura (L) | 382,149 | #51 | Takematsu Abe (S) | 376,901 | |
| 7th (1965) | Morinosuke Kajima (L) | 1,014,545 | Shōichi Kasuga (C) | 875,093 | Shigeyoshi Kajiwara (L) | 443,891 | #52 | Shigeru Ishimoto (I) | 439,909 | |
| 8th (1968) | Shintarō Ishihara (L) | 3,012,552 | Yukio Aoshima (I) | 1,203,431 | Shōichi Yokokawa (S) | 477,493 | #51 | Mitsuru Kitamura (S) | 461,500 | |
| 9th (1971) | Hideo Den (S) | 1,921,640 | Aiko Anzai (L) | 1,491,669 | Danshi Tatekawa (I) | 443,854 | – | |||
| 10th (1974) | Teru Miyata (L) | 2,595,236 | Fusae Ichikawa (I/2Club) | 1,938,169 | Toshio Komaki (C) | 575,110 | #54 | Chūkō Kondō (C) | 573,211 | |
| 11th (1977) | Hideo Den (S) | 1,587,262 | Satsuki Eda (SCF) | 1,392,475 | Atsushi Akiyama (S) | 582,847 | – | |||
| 12th (1980) | Fusae Ichikawa (I/2Club) | 2,784,998 | Yukio Aoshima (I/2Club) | 2,247,157 | Shizuo Wada (S) | 642,554 | – | |||
External links[edit]
- House of Councillors library: List of members 1947–2017