Gertrud Fussenegger

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Gertrud Fussenegger
Born
Gertrud Anna Fussenegger

8 May 1912
Pilsen, Bohemia, Austro-Hungarian empire
Died19 March 2009
Linz, Upper Austria, Austria
OccupationWriter-novelist
Spouse(s)1. Elmar Dietz
2. Alois Dorn
ChildrenTraudi
Ricarda
Dorothea
Raimund
Lukas
Parent(s)Emil Fussenegger
Karoline Hässler

Gertrud Fussenegger (8 May 1912 – 19 March 2009) was an Austrian writer and a prolific author, especially of historical novels.[1][2] Many commentators felt that her reputation never entirely escaped from the shadow cast by her enthusiasm, as a young woman, for National Socialism.[3][4]

Life[edit]

Provenance and early years[edit]

Gertrud Anna Fussenegger was born in Pilsen, a flourishing manufacturing city in Bohemia which at that time was a Crown land of the Austrian Empire. She came from a military family. Emil Fussenegger, her father, was an Imperial and Royal army officer originally from Vorarlberg. Her mother, born Karoline Hässler, was from Bohemia.[5][6] She grew up in Neu Sandez (then in Galicia), Dornbirn (Vorarlberg) and Telfs (North Tirol). She enrolled at the Mädchen-Realgymnasium (girls' secondary school) in Innsbruck in 1923.[5] After her mother died in 1926 she moved back to Pilsen – by now part of Czechoslovakia – where she lived with her grandparents.[7] It was at the "Reform-Realgymnasium" (school) in Pilsen that Fussenegger completed her schooling, passing her Matura (school final exams) in 1930.[8] She later confided in her diaries that she sometimes felt a little regretful, listening uncomprehendingly to the chattering of her grandparents' Bohemian-born domestic servants, that having lived almost all of her first fourteen years in other parts of Austria, she had not more effectively mastered the Czech language.[8]

She went on to study history, art history and philosophy at Innsbruck (7 terms) and Munich(1 term).[5] It was from the University of Innsbruck that in 1934 she received her doctorate.[6] Her dissertation concerned the Roman de la Rose by Jean de Meun ("Gemeinschaft und Gemeinschaftsbildung im Rosenroman von Jean Clopinel von Meun").[5]

Politics[edit]

Fussenegger joined the Austrian National Socialist party – still at this stage formally separate from its German counterpart – in May 1933.[4][9] Membership was still illegal in Austria.[10] In May 1934 she participated in a demonstration in Innsbruck at which, it was reported, she had joined in singing of the Horst-Wessel song and gave a Hitler salute. She was charged, convicted and fined.[9] According to one source she was also banned from further study at any Austrian university.[3] In February 1935 she was still a member of another Austrian National Socialist student group, but later that year, in or before November, she relocated to Germany.[9] In March 1938, following an invasion from the north that met with little practical resistance, Austria was incorporated into an enlarged German state, albeit under very different circumstances from those that most nineteenth century proponents of such a "solution" would have anticipated. Gertrud Fussenegger, who by now was probably living in Munich, "rejoined" the ruling National Socialist party: her membership number was 6,229,747, which is consistent with her having joined the party in 1938.[11] For the avoidance of doubt, she also wrote a "hymn" eulogising Adolf Hitler.[9][11] In 1938 the first newspaper to publish her poem "Stimme der Ostmark" ("Voice of the Ostmark") was the Völkischer Beobachter ("Popular Observer"), the mass-circulation daily newspaper of the NSDAP.[1]

Family[edit]

In 1935 Fussenegger married the Bavarian sculptor Elmar Dietz. By the time it ended in divorce twelve years later the marriage had produced four recorded children, including the artist Ricarda Dietz.[12] The marriage was not happy.[13] In 1943 she left Munich and settled at Hall in Tirol where she lived with her four children as a single parent.[13]

Her second marriage was to another sculptor. In 1950 Gertrud Fussenegger married Alois Dorn. This marriage resulted in the birth of her second son and fifth child.[7] Divorce at this time was unusual, especially for a committed member of the Roman Catholic Church. Fussenegger's own insights, reported by a Catholic newspaper, are instructive:

"Since my second marriage was simply a civil one, for a long time I was not permitted to receive the sacraments. I found that deeply painful, but the pain also became very productive for me. It was the only way I could come to a recognition of the full preciousness of the Eucharist. I therefore cannot regret the bitter tears I often shed at that time. That ban was actually a gift."
"Da meine zweite Ehe nur standesamtlich geschlossen war, war ich sehr lange von den Sakramenten ausgeschlossen. Das habe ich als tief schmerzlich empfunden, doch es war ein Schmerz, der auch sehr fruchtbar für mich geworden ist. Nur so ist mir die ganze Kostbarkeit der Eucharistie bewusst geworden. Ich kann es nicht bedauern, dass ich in jener Zeit oft bittere Tränen vergossen habe. Genau genommen war ich beschenkt durch das Verbot."[14]

In 1961 she relocated with her family, settling this time in Leonding, a small town near Linz. [15]

Memberships and recognition[edit]

Gertrud Fussenegger was a member of the Austrian P.E.N. association, of the Humboldt Society, of the Sudeten German Academy and an honorary member of the Austrian Writers' Association. Between 1977 and 1979, and again from 1984 till 1985, she was a jury member for the Ingeborg Bachmann Prize, awarded each year in Klagenfurt. In 1991 she was a jury member for the Franz-Grillparzer Prize of the Alfred Toepfer foundation. In 1978 she was honoured with an award from the Humboldt Society.

Gertrude Gussenegger's literary archive is held by the Upper Austria Literature Archive at the Stifterhaus in Linz.[16]

Artistic output[edit]

Fussnegger began her writing career with historical novels, set in various different epochs. Her stories were influenced by her Catholic provenance. She was conscious of her reliance on the "renouveau catholique" movement which had originated in France but during the twentieth century became more of an international phenomenon. That reliance is particularly pronounced in her novel "Zeit des Raben, Zeit der Taube" (1960: "Time of the raven: time of the dove").[17]

Gertrud Fassenegger authored more than sixty books, alongside various shorter prose pieces and poems,[10] published, according to at least one source, by 25 publishers and translated into eleven languages.[18]

Fussenegger and the Third Reich[edit]

Fussenegger's relationship with National Socialism did much to define both her early writing career and a degree of controversy around her person which never completely went away. She joined the NSDAP in Austria in 1933 and rejoined it in Germany after the Anschluss in 1938. In 1939 she became a member of the government-created Reichsschrifttumskammer (loosely, "national chamber of writers" / RSK).[19] She took part on the Weimar Poets' Congress in 1938 and again in 1939, and was in touch with well-known "völkisch" authors such as Ina Seidel, Lulu von Strauß und Torney, Will Vesper and Wilhelm Pleyer.[19] And yet, despite her commitment to the regime, literary objections to her work came out of the "Office for the Care of New Literature" ("Amt Schrifttumspflege") which operated under the direction of Hans Hagemeyer and, less directly, of the influential party ideologue Alfred Rosenberg.[9] Two years after its publication one of her first books, "Mohrenlegende" (1937: loosely "Legends of the dark skinned ones") was (belatedly) banned by the party experts who now identified it as criticism of official race ideology and "Catholic dross" ("katholisches Machwerk").[20] Controversy about this particular work resurfaced in 1993 in connection with proposals to award Fussenegger the Weilheim Literature Prize and the Jean-Paul Prize awarded by "The Free State of Bavaria".[19][21]

Many of Fussenegger's other pieces, mostly during this period religiously contextualised novels, poems and reviews, found their way into important party newspapers and journals. Most (in)famously, her poem "Stimme der Ostmark" ("Voice of the Ostmark") was printed in 1938 by the Völkischer Beobachter. The poem attracted huge criticism after 1945, because it celebrated the "peaceful annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany" and it eulogised Hitler. Around fifty years later Gertrud Fussenegger's comment on the affair was capable of various interpretations, but it fell short of an unambiguous recantation. She regretted having "wasted so much thinking time on something so loathsome" ("viele gute Gedanken verschwendet ... auf eine Sache, die dann ein Greuel war").[10]

Fussnegger's attitude during the National Socialist period remains controversial. Between 1937 and 1941 27 of her contributions appeared in the Völkischer Beobachter. Other publications with similar political slants that published her work included "Wille und Macht" and "Das Reich".[19][22] In her more political moments she identified Adolf Hitler as a healing figure.[11]

After 1945[edit]

After 1945 the Anschluss was undone. The western two-thirds of Germany and the pre-1938 territory of Austria were both divided into military occupation zones, with Berlin and Vienna sub-divided between armies of the same four occupying powers. In Germany's Soviet occupation zone two of Fussenegger's novels, "Der Brautraub" ("The Bride Robbery": 1939) und "Böhmische Verzauberungen" ("Bohemian Enchantments": 1944) were included in the official four volume "List of Discarded Literature".[23][24] In Vienna, too, several of her works were placed on the "List of banned authors and books".[1]

The postwar decades were productive ones for Gertrud Fussenegger as a novelist. Yet as late as 1952 she published a brief self-portrait in a literary journal which contained phrases chillingly redolent of National Socialist race ideology. She belonged to a race characterised by "fair skin, bright [blue] eyes, sensitive to bright light, a hybrid of nordic and dinaric features" ("... hellhäutig, helläugig, empfindlich gegen die Wirkung des Lichts, ein Mischtyp aus nordischen und dinarischen Zügen").[25]

During the postwar period Fussenegger repeatedly wrestled with the "German guilt" question.[26][27] One literary critic, Klaus Amann, described her 1979 autobiography "Ein Spiegelbild mit Feuersäule" (loosely, "mirror image with pillars of fire") as "overall a cringe-worthy offering of suppression and obduracy" ("...insgesamt ein peinliches Dokument der Verdrängung und der Verstocktheit").[28] Other less hostile commentators saw this autobiographical work as a kind of literary penance.[29] During the Hitler years she had included in a 1943 travel report a powerfully horrific description of a Jewish cemetery she had visited in Prague. In it she had employed National Socialist antisemitic shibboleths and stereo-types to condemn the city's Jewish community for the dire condition of the place. In her 1979 autobiographical work she reproduced that description of the Jewish cemetery in Prague three and a half decades earlier, but she had "cleaned it up". She still reported "overflowing tombs", but removed references to Jewish differentness and degeneracy. The overall tone of the text was completely transformed.[19][30]

Awards and honours[edit]

Output (selection)[edit]

  • … wie gleichst du dem Wasser. Novellas. Munich 1929
  • Geschlecht im Advent. Roman aus deutscher Frühzeit. Potsdam 1936
  • Mohrenlegende. Potsdam 1937
  • Der Brautraub. Erzählungen. Potsdam 1939[34]
  • Die Leute auf Falbeson. Jena 1940
  • Eggebrecht. Erzählungen. Jena 1943
  • Böhmische Verzauberungen. Jena 1944[35]
  • Die Brüder von Lasawa. Novel. Salzburg 1948
  • Das Haus der dunklen Krüge. Novel. Salzburg 1951
  • In Deine Hand gegeben. Novel. Düsseldorf/Köln 1954
  • Das verschüttete Antlitz. Novel. Stuttgart 1957
  • Zeit des Raben, Zeit der Taube. Novel. Stuttgart 1960
  • Der Tabakgarten, 6 Geschichten und ein Motto. Stuttgart 1961
  • Die Reise nach Amalfi. Radio play. Stuttgart 1963
  • Die Pulvermühle. Detective novel. Stuttgart 1968
  • Bibelgeschichten. Vienna/Heidelberg 1972
  • Widerstand gegen Wetterhähne. Lyrische Kürzel und andere Texte. Stuttgart 1974
  • Eines langen Stromes Reise – Die Donau. Linie, Räume, Knotenpunkte. Stuttgart 1976
  • Ein Spiegelbild mit Feuersäule. Ein Lebensbericht. Autobiographie. Stuttgart 1979
  • Pilatus. Szenenfolge um den Prozess Jesu. Uraufgeführt 1979, verlegt Freiburg i. B./Heidelberg 1982
  • Maria Theresia. Vienna/Munich/Zürich/Innsbruck 1980
  • Kaiser, König, Kellerhals. Heitere Erzählungen. Vienna/Munich/Zürich/New York 1981
  • Sie waren Zeitgenossen. Roman. Stuttgart 1983
  • Uns hebt die Welle. Liebe, Sex und Literatur. Essay. Vienna/ Freiburg i. B./Basel 1984
  • Gegenruf. Poems. Salzburg 1986
  • Jona. for young people. Vienna/Munich 1987
  • Herrscherinnen. Frauen, die Geschichte machten. Stuttgart 1991
  • Jirschi oder die Flucht ins Pianino. Graz/ Vienna/ Cologne 1995
  • Ein Spiel ums andere. Erzählungen. Stuttgart 1996
  • Shakespeares Töchter. Three novellas. Munich 1999
  • Bourdanins Kinder. Novel. Munich 2001
  • Gertrud Fussenegger. Ein Gespräch über ihr Leben und Werk mit Rainer Hackel. Vienna/ Cologne/ Weimar 2005

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c "Autorin Gertrud Fussenegger gestorben". Mit 96 Jahren starb die preisgekrönte Schriftstellerin in Linz. Sie schrieb mehr als 60 Bücher. Während der NS-Zeit veröffentlichte sie umstrittene Schriften, was sie später bereute. "Die Presse" Verlags-Gesellschaft m.b.H. Co KG, Wien. 19 March 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  2. ^ Ronald Pohl (19 March 2009). "Gertrud Fussenegger 1912–2009". STANDARD Verlagsgesellschaft m.b.H, Wien. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  3. ^ a b Franz Fend (12 March 2008). "Pühringer zeigt Flagge". KPÖ Oberösterreich, Linz (Austrian Communist Party, Upper Austria branch). Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  4. ^ a b Dieter Borchmeyer (1993). "Biographie .... Die blockierte Wahrnehmung. Vom fünfzigjährigen Versuch der Autorin, die Schwärmerei einer Zwanzigjährigen zu korrigieren". Rheinische Merkur. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d Gertrud Anna Fussenegger (author); Harold Steinacker (supervisor) [in German] (1934). "Gemeinschaft und Gemeinschaftsbildung im Rosenroman von Jean Clopinel von Meun". Dissertation eingericht bei der Hohen Philosopischen Fakultät der Leopold-Franzens-Universität in Innsbruck. Universitäts- Landesbibliothek Tirol (Abteilung Digitale Services), Innsbruck. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2018. {{cite web}}: |author1= has generic name (help)
  6. ^ a b Elisabeth Endres [in German] (8 May 1992). "Biographie .... Österreichische Reminiszenzen. Gertrud Fussenegger wird achtzig". Süddeutsche Zeitung. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  7. ^ a b Rainer Hackel (19 January 2016). "Gertrud Fussenegger, Biografie". Adalbert-Stifter-Institut des Landes Oberösterreich, Linz. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  8. ^ a b Olga Hochweis; Adolf Stock (6 February 2015). "... Eine üppige Familiensaga, die an die 'Buddenbrooks' erinnert". Die Bierstadt [Pilsen] kann auch Kultur. Deutschlandfunk Kultur. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  9. ^ a b c d e Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, S. 172.
  10. ^ a b c Peter Pisa (19 March 2009). "Zwischen Gräuel und Liebe". Gertrud Fussenegger ist tot. Eine österreichische Schriftstellerin, die auch einmal eine großdeutsche war. Telekurier Online Medien GmbH & Co KG (Kurier), Wien. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  11. ^ a b c Mag. phil. Jelena Semjonowa (author); Prof. Dr. Michael Rohrwasser (supervisor) (2010). "Ilse Tielsch im Kontext der österreichischen Kurzprosa des 20. Jahrhunderts..." (PDF). Untersuchungen zum Werk von Ilse Tielsch mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Kurzprosa. pp. 71–72. Retrieved 7 October 2018. {{cite web}}: |author1= has generic name (help)
  12. ^ "Gertrud Fussenegger". Nachrufe. Münchener Zeitungs-Verlag GmbH & Co.KG (Münchner Merkur). Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  13. ^ a b "Gertrud Fussenegger vor 100 Jahren geboren". Katholische Presseagentur, Wien, Österreich. 2 May 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  14. ^ Stefan Meetschen (7 May 2002). "Das große Glück des Schreibens". Gertrud Fussenegger feiert morgen ihren neunzigsten Geburtstag. Die Tagesport, Katholische Zeitung für Politik, Gesellschaft und Kultur, Würzburg. Archived from the original on 3 February 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  15. ^ Bärbel Füsselberger (compiler) (29 April 2002). "Mit neunzig Jahren abheben. Im Ballon". Die österreichische Schriftstellerin Gertrud Fussenegger, geb. am 8. Mai 1912, feiert unkonventionell. Stadtamt Leonding – Kulturmanagement & APA-OTS, Wien. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  16. ^ "LH Pühringer: "Fusseneggers literarischer Nachlass in den Händen des Landes Oberösterreich"". Landeskorrespondenz Nr. 66. Land Oberösterreich, Linz. 20 March 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  17. ^ Hannelore Schlaffer: Zeit des Raben, Zeit der Taube. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. Nr. 106, 10 May 2010, p. 14.
  18. ^ S. Stein (20 March 2009). "KIRCHE IN NOT trauert um die Schriftstellerin Dr. Gertrud Fussenegger". Österreichische Lyrikerin war dem Hilfswerk besonders verbunden. KIRCHE IN NOT, Königstein im Taunus. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  19. ^ a b c d e Carina Steeger: Gertrud Fussenegger – Autorin im Widerspruch? In: Rolf Düsterberg (Hrsg.): Dichter für das „Dritte Reich“. Band 4: Biografische Studien zum Verhältnis von Literatur und Ideologie. Aisthesis, Bielefeld 2018, pp. 185, 193f., 199, 202f & 207.
  20. ^ "Die Vergangenheit, die blüht aus jedem Eck..." Österreichische Schriftstellerin Gertrud Fussenegger feiert ihren 95er. STANDARD Verlagsgesellschaft m.b.H, Wien. 2 May 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  21. ^ Willi Winkler [in German] (29 October 1993). "Die Jubelseniorin". Die Zeit (online). Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  22. ^ Uwe Baur; Karin Gradwohl-Schlacher (2008). Autoren und Autorinen in Oberösterreich .... Gertrud Fussenegger. Böhlau Verlag Wien. pp. 209–212. ISBN 978-3-205-79508-7. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  23. ^ "Deutsche Verwaltung für Volksbildung in der sowjetischen Besatzungszone, Liste der auszusondernden Literatur ... Fussenegger". Berlin: Zentralverlag. 1946. pp. 105–127. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  24. ^ "Deutsche Verwaltung für Volksbildung in der sowjetischen Besatzungszone, Liste der auszusondernden Literatur Zweiter Nachtrag ... Fusseziegger (sic)". Berlin: Zentralverlag. 1948. pp. 70–86. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  25. ^ Gertrud Fussenegger: „Aussage geschehenen Schicksals. Ein Selbstportrait“. In: Welt und Wort. Literarische Monatsschrift. (1952), p. 84.
  26. ^ Jeffrey K. Olick (September 2003). "The Guilt of Nations?". Ethics & International Affairs. 17 (2): 109–117. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7093.2003.tb00443.x. S2CID 17120839. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  27. ^ Gertrud Fussenegger-Dorn (December 1977). "Ausgewählte Briefe an Manès Sperber .... Gertrud Fussenegger". Österreichisches Literaturarchiv der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek (Sichtungen online), Wien. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  28. ^ Klaus Amann: Die Dichter und die Politik. Essays zur österreichischen Literatur nach 1918. Edition Falter/Deuticke, Wien 1992, ISBN 3-85463-119-7, p. 295.
  29. ^ Harry Nutt (19 March 2009). "Abweichung und Normalität". Die Schriftstellerin hat sich der Entfaltung des Normalen gewidmet. – Im Mai 1933 der österreichischen NSDAP beigetreten, tat sie sich später schwer, ihre Verblendung einzugestehen. Frankfurter Rundschau GmbH. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  30. ^ Willi Winkler [in German] (30 October 1992). "Wenn tönendes Wasser geeimert wird". Paul de Man: Vom Kollaborateur zum Großmystiker der Literaturwissenschaft. Die Zeit (online). Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  31. ^ siehe dazu den Kommentar von Willi Winkler "Die Jubelseniorin" als OCR-Version (teilweise fehlender Text) und als PDF (gescanntes Original)[permanent dead link]. In: Die Zeit Nr. 44 vom 29. Oktober 1993.
  32. ^ "mit Einspruch des Zentralrates der Juden in Deutschland beim bayerischen Kultusminister". Archived from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  33. ^ Aufstellung aller durch den Bundespräsidenten verliehenen Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich ab 1952 (PDF; 6,9 MB)
  34. ^ Liste der auszusondernden Literatur. Zentralverlag, Berlin 1946 Fussenegger, Gertrud: Der Brautraub. Rütten & Loening, Potsdam 1939.
  35. ^ Liste der auszusondernden Literatur. Zweiter Nachtrag. Deutscher Zentralverlag, Berlin 1948 Fusseziegger [sic!], Gertrud: Böhmische Verzauberungen. Diederichs, Jena 1944.
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