Georg Kraut
Georg Kraut | |
|---|---|
| Born | 5 October 1870 Hildesheim, Province of Hanover, Prussia |
| Died | 10 December 1964 (aged 94) Hildesheim, West Germany |
| Allegiance |  German Empire (1892–1918) Weimar Republic (1918–20) |
| Service/ |  Imperial German Army
 Reichsheer |
| Years of service | 1892–1920 |
| Rank | Oberstleutnant |
Major Georg Kraut (5 October 1870 – 10 December 1964) was born in Hildesheim by Georg and Auguste Kraut, née Hoppenstedt. Together with his four siblings Anne (* 1866), Carl (* 1867), Luise (* 1868) and Wilhelm (* 1879) Kraut, he grew up in a Lutheran family of lawyers. He was an officer of the Imperial German Army during the First World War, a veteran of the Schutztruppe, and the second-in-command of Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck.[1] He was active in German East Africa. He participated in multiple battles, including the Battle of Tanga, the Battle of Salaita Hill, and the Battle of Iringa. Post-war, he joined the Freikorps with Lettow-Vorbeck and helped suppress the Spartacist Revolt.
First World War[edit]
In the early months of the war, Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck planned for Kraut, alongside a column of Schutztruppe, to capture Mombasa and secure the Uganda Railway, based on Kraut's pre-war experience in the area as a part of the Anglo-German boundary commission.[2] However, a group of 130 British-led Arabs named Wavel's Arabs bogged down Kraut near Mombasa until Indian troops under J. M. Stewart arrived and kicked Kraut back to Moshi.[3] During the Battle of Tanga, Kraut commanded 80 German soldiers[4] and 600 askaris at Longido.[5] During the attack on Longido and Namanga, Kraut helped push back the British forces into a retreat.[4] By November 1914, Kraut, commanding a mounted company of European soldiers and three askari companies, was stationed east of Kilimanjaro when South African forces under the command of Jan Christian Smuts attacked. On 16 November, Smuts attacked Latema, where he failed upon his first attempt. However, a repeat of the attack later in the day led to Kraut choosing to retreat.[6]
In February 1916, Kraut participated in the Battle of Salaita Hill, commanding 1400 men.[7] In March 1916, Kraut again returned east of Kilimanjaro to fight over Lake Victoria.[6] In May, Kraut participated in the Battle of Kondoa Irangi, Kraut commanded 2500 men. During the battle, Kraut was placed by Lettow-Vorbeck in the Pare Mountains to block off the British. Kraut's forces were pushed to the Nguru Mountains, where in June they met up with Lettow-Vorbeck's retreating forces. Kraut split up with them, moving to Mahenge.[8] On 24 June, Kraut's forces suffered a defeat against the forces of John Alexander Sheppard near Makunda, leaving 34 dead and taking 53 prisoners. The rest of Kraut's forces managed to escape into the jungle.[9]
During the Battle of Iringa in late 1916, Kraut fought against the forces of Edward Northey. 2000 men in Kraut's Southwestern Group withdrew as Northey advanced. By August 27, Kraut's force of 760 Germans had withdrawn from the town, allowing Northey to capture it two days later. Kraut set off for Mahenge, where upon the way he joined forces with Major General Kurt Wahle to pass through Northey's forces on the way. In the ensuing battle with Northey, Kraut cut Northey's supply lines. However, upon their defeat, both Kraut and Wahle retreated east to join Lettow-Vorbeck's main army.[10]
Post-war[edit]
Upon Germany's loss in the war, Lettow-Vorbeck and his associates went back to Germany. Kraut was a part of the Freikorps, in a unit commanded by Lettow-Vorbeck, and helped in suppressing the Spartacist Revolt.[11]
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
- ^ Gaudi 2017, p. 288.
- ^ Paice 2021, p. 38.
- ^ Crowson 2014, pp. 21–22.
- ^ a b Heaton & Lewis 2014, p. 102.
- ^ Jenkins 1996, p. 35.
- ^ a b Heaton & Lewis 2014, p. 112.
- ^ Katz 2017, p. 38.
- ^ Stapleton 2010, p. 126.
- ^ Burg & Purcell 2010, p. 126.
- ^ Tucker 2014, p. 812.
- ^ Paice 2021, p. 390.
General bibliography[edit]
- Burg, David F.; Purcell, L. Edward (12 September 2010). Almanac of World War I. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2745-9.
- Crowson, Thomas A. (15 August 2014). When Elephants Clash - A Critical Analysis Of Major General Paul Emil Von Lettow-Vorbeck. Verdun Press.
- Gaudi, Robert (31 January 2017). African Kaiser: General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914-1918. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-698-41152-4.
- Heaton, Colin; Lewis, Anne-Marie (19 January 2014). Four-War Boer: The Century and Life of Pieter Arnoldus Krueler. Casemate. ISBN 978-1-61200-175-3.
- Jenkins, Everett (1996). Pan-African Chronology: 1914-1929. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-0835-1.
- Katz, David Brock (2017). "A clash of military doctrine: Brigadier-General Wilfrid Malleson and the South Africans at Salaita Hill, February 1916". Historia. 62 (1): 19–47. doi:10.17159/2309-8392/2017/v62n1a2. hdl:10019.1/104376.
- Paice, Edward (2021). Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the First World War in Africa. Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1-80024-033-9.
- Stapleton, Timothy J. (9 April 2010). A Military History of South Africa: From the Dutch-Khoi Wars to the End of Apartheid: From the Dutch-Khoi Wars to the End of Apartheid. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-36590-4.
- Tucker, Spencer C. (28 October 2014). World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-965-8.