Firmin Gémier
Firmin Gémier (1869–1933) was a French actor and director. Internationally, he is most famous for originating the role of Père Ubu in Alfred Jarry’s play Ubu Roi. He is known as the principal architect of the popular theatre movement in France.[1]
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Early life[edit]
Gémier was born in 1869 in Aubervilliers, France, with the given name Firmin Tonnerre.[2][3]:514 He was raised an orphan.[1]:88 After leaving school, he studied in a chemist's laboratory, but 'was discharged' for mimicking his employer.[2]
Career[edit]
Gémier began his career as an actor in melodramas for working class actors, before going on to direct six different theaters, including the Théâtre Antoine and the Odéon.[1]:88
As actor[edit]
He performed more than 300 roles as an actor, in styles that ranged from Naturalism to Symbolism to more populist work.[1]:88-90 In 1892 he joined André Antoine's Théâtre Libre, where he first gained a national profile. In 1896 he played his most famous role, Père Ubu in the premiere of Alfred Jarry’s Ubu Roi (1896) at Lugné-Poe's Théâtre de l’Œuvre.[1][4][5]:514
As director[edit]
Gémier was also a prolific director, staging over 300 productions during the course of his career.[1]:88 He began a freelance directing career in 1900, before taking over the direction of the Théâtre Antoine from 1906 to 1921.[5]:514 He was 'a tireless champion of the idea of a theatre for the people'.[6]:20 His goal as director was to create a theatre that was 'both popular and national, not sectarian but unifying'.[7]:217
In 1911, he initiated the privately funded Théâtre National Ambulant (TNA).[5]:514 The TNA was a popular theater project that brought theatre to the 'outermost provinces in France'.[1]:91 The theatre used eight steam-engine tractors that
"pulled a caravan of thirty-seven trailers that carried the sets, costumes, lighting equipment, electric generator, seating for 1650 people, portable stage proscenium arch, and the double walled tent–supported by five seventeen-meter steel towers–that housed the stage and auditorium."[5]:514
Though it lasted only two seasons, it was an important part of the French popular theatre movement.[1]:91
In 1920 he was made the director of the newly created, and government funded, Théâtre National Populaire.[4][8]:4 In 1927, he founded the Société universelle du théâtre with the support of the League of Nations.[8]:4 It stopped functioning in 1939 at the outbreak of World War II, but has been cited as a predecessor to UNESCO's International Theatre Institute.[8]:4
Personal life[edit]
He was married to French actress Andrée Megard.[9]:499
Theaters he directed[edit]
- Théâtre de la Rénaissance (1901–1902)
- Théâtre Antoine (1906-1921)
- Théâtre National Ambulant (1911–1912)
- Comédie Montaigne (1919–1920)
- Théâtre National Populaire (1920-1921)
- Odéon (1922-1930)[1]:88
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Jannarone, Kimberly (2016), Ferreboeuf, Rebecca; Noble, Fiona; Plunkett, Tara (eds.), "Firmin Gémier, The Forgotten Avant-Garde Populist", Preservation, Radicalism, and the Avant-Garde Canon, Avant-Gardes in Performance, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 87–110, doi:10.1057/9781137474377_6, ISBN 978-1-137-47437-7, retrieved 2021-03-13
- ^ a b Littlefield, Walter (9 Nov 1924). "FIRMIN GEMIER AND THE FRENCH THEATRE: GEMIER AND THE FRENCH THEATRE". New York Times. pp. X1.
- ^ Bédé, Jean Albert; Edgerton, William Benbow (1980). Columbia Dictionary of Modern European Literature. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03717-4.
- ^ a b Pentzell, Raymond (1967). "Firmin Gemier and Shakespeare-for-Everybody". The Tulane Drama Review. 11 (4): 113–124. doi:10.2307/1125146. ISSN 0886-800X. JSTOR 1125146.
- ^ a b c d Londré, Felicia Hardison; Berthold, Margot (1999-01-01). The History of World Theater: From the English Restoration to the Present. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-8264-1167-9.
- ^ Esslin, Martin (2018-01-01). Antonin Artaud. Alma Books. ISBN 978-0-7145-4562-2.
- ^ Whitton, David (1987). Stage Directors in Modern France. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-2467-2.
- ^ a b c Bradby, David; Delgado, Maria M.; Gale, Maggie B.; Lichtenfels, Peter (2002). The Paris Jigsaw: Internationalism and the City's Stages. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6184-4.
- ^ The International Who's who: Who's who in the World : a Biographical Dictionary of the World's Notable Living Men and Women. International Who's Who Publishing Company. 1911.
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