Draft:Kya to bc

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Middle Paleolithic[edit]

Postulated reconstruction of a Terra Amata hut^[1])

320 kya - 305 kya: Populations at Olorgesailie in Southern Kenya undergo technological improvements in tool making and engage in long-distance trade.^[2]
315 kya: Approximate date of appearance of Homo sapiens (Jebel Irhoud, Morocco).^[3]
270 kya: Age of Y-DNA haplogroup A00 ("Y-chromosomal Adam").^[4]
250 kya: First appearance of Homo neanderthalensis (Saccopastore skulls).^[5]
230 kya: Latest proposed date for the Terra Amata site, home of the first confirmed purpose-built structure and probably made by Homo heidelbergensis.^[6]

230 kya - 150 kya: Age of mt-DNA haplogroup L ("Mitochondrial Eve").
210 kya: Modern human presence in southeast Europe (Apidima, Greece).^[7]
200 kya: Oldest known grass bedding, including insect-repellent plants and ash layers beneath (possibly for a dirt-free, insulated base and to keep away arthropods).^[8]^[9]^[10]
195 kya: Omo remains (Ethiopia).^[11]
194 kya - 177 kya: Modern human presence in West Asia (Misliya cave in Israel).^[12]^[13]
170 kya: Humans are wearing clothing by this date.^[14]
164 kya: Humans diet expands to include marine resources^[15]
160 kya: Homo sapiens idaltu.^[16]
150 kya: Peopling of Africa: Khoisanid separation, age of mtDNA haplogroup L0.
130 kya: Oldest evidence of ancient seafaring, from Crete (an island isolated from land for millions of years prior to human arrival).^[17]
125 kya: The peak of the Eemian interglacial period.
120 kya: Possibly the earliest evidence of use of symbols etched onto bone.^[18]^[19]
120 kya: Use of marine shells for personal decoration by humans, including Neandertals.^[20]^[21]^[22]
120 kya - 90 kya: Abbassia Pluvial in North Africa—the Sahara desert region is wet and fertile.
120 kya - 75 kya: Khoisanid back-migration from Southern Africa to East Africa.^[23]
100 kya: Earliest structures in the world (sandstone blocks set in a semi-circle with an oval foundation) built in Egypt close to Wadi Halfa near the modern border with Sudan.^[24]
80 kya - 70 kya: Recent African origin: separation of sub-Saharan Africans and non-Africans.
75 kya: Toba Volcano supereruption that may have contributed to human populations being lowered to about 15,000 people.^[25]
70 kya: Earliest example of abstract art or symbolic art from Blombos Cave, South Africa—stones engraved with grid or cross-hatch patterns.^[26]

^ Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata. "Le site acheuléen de Terra Amata" [The Acheulean site of Terra Amata]. Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata (in French). Retrieved 10 June 2022.
^ Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018). "Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aao2646.
^ Hublin JJ, Ben-Ncer A, Bailey SE, Freidline SE, Neubauer S, Skinner MM, et al. (June 2017). "New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens" (PDF). Nature. 546 (7657): 289–292. Bibcode:2017Natur.546..289H. doi:10.1038/nature22336. PMID 28593953. S2CID 256771372. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
^ Kamin M, Saag L, Vincente M, et al. (April 2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–466. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518. PMID 25770088.
^ Endicott, P.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Stringer, C. (2010). "Using genetic evidence to evaluate four palaeoanthropological hypotheses for the timing of Neanderthal and modern human origins" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 59 (1): 87–95. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.04.005. PMID 20510437.
^ Villa, Paola (1983). Terra Amata and the Middle Pleistocene archaeological record of southern France. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 303 pages. ISBN 0-520-09662-2.
^ Harvati, K., Röding, C., Bosman, A. M., Karakostis, F. A., Grün, R., Stringer, C., ... & Gorgoulis, V. G. (2019). Apidima Cave fossils provide the earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia. Nature, 571(7766), 500–504.
^ "200,000 years ago, humans preferred to sleep in beds". phys.org. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
^ "The oldest known grass beds from 200,000 years ago included insect repellents". Science News. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
^ Wadley, Lyn; Esteban, Irene; Peña, Paloma de la; Wojcieszak, Marine; Stratford, Dominic; Lennox, Sandra; d'Errico, Francesco; Rosso, Daniela Eugenia; Orange, François; Backwell, Lucinda; Sievers, Christine (14 August 2020). "Fire and grass-bedding construction 200 thousand years ago at Border Cave, South Africa". Science. 369 (6505): 863–866. Bibcode:2020Sci...369..863W. doi:10.1126/science.abc7239. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32792402. S2CID 221113832. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
^ Erin Wayman (11 January 2012). "Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human". smithsonian.com.
^ Herschkovitz, Israel; et al. (26 January 2018). "The earliest modern humans outside Africa". Science. 359 (6374): 456–459. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..456H. doi:10.1126/science.aap8369. hdl:10072/372670. PMID 29371468.
^ St. Fleur, Nicholas (25 January 2018). "In Cave in Israel, Scientists Find Jawbone Fossil From Oldest Modern Human Out of Africa". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
^ "Lice DNA study shows humans first wore clothes 170,000 years ago". ScienceDaily. 7 January 2011.
^ Marean, Curtis W.; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Bernatchez, Jocelyn; Fisher, Erich; Goldberg, Paul; Herries, Andy I. R.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Jerardino, Antonieta; Karkanas, Panagiotis; Minichillo, Tom; Nilssen, Peter J.; Thompson, Erin; Watts, Ian; Williams, Hope M. (October 2007). "Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene". Nature. 449 (7164): 905–908. Bibcode:2007Natur.449..905M. doi:10.1038/nature06204. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 17943129. S2CID 4387442. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
^ Clark, J. D.; Beyene, Y.; WoldeGabriel, G.; et al. (2003). "Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia". Nature. 423 (6941): 747–752. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..747C. doi:10.1038/nature01670. PMID 12802333. S2CID 4312418.
^ Strasser, Thomas (2010). "Stone Age Seafaring in the Mediterranean: Evidence from the Plakias Region for Lower Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Habitation of Crete". Hesperia. 79 (2): 145–190. doi:10.2972/hesp.79.2.145. JSTOR 40835484. S2CID 162408338. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ "Prehistoric bone etchings believed to be among oldest evidence of human use of symbols". phys.org. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
^ Prévost, Marion; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris; Crater Gershtein, Kathryn M.; Tejero, José-Miguel; Zaidner, Yossi (20 January 2021). "Early evidence for symbolic behavior in the Levantine Middle Paleolithic: A 120 ka old engraved aurochs bone shaft from the open-air site of Nesher Ramla, Israel". Quaternary International. 624: 80–93. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.002. ISSN 1040-6182. S2CID 234236699. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
^ Hoffmann, Dirk L.; Angelucci, Diego E.; Villaverde, Valentín; Zapata, Josefina; Zilhão, João (1 February 2018). "Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals 115,000 years ago". Science Advances. 4 (2): eaar5255. Bibcode:2018SciA....4.5255H. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar5255. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 5833998. PMID 29507889.
^ Vanhaeren, Marian; d'Errico, Francesco; Stringer, Chris; James, Sarah L.; Todd, Jonathan A.; Mienis, Henk K. (23 June 2006). "Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria". Science. 312 (5781): 1785–1788. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1785V. doi:10.1126/science.1128139. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16794076. S2CID 31098527. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
^ Mayer, Daniella E. Bar-Yosef; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Hershkovitz, Israel; Kampen-Hasday, Astrid; Vandermeersch, Bernard; Zaidner, Yossi; Weinstein-Evron, Mina (8 July 2020). "On holes and strings: Earliest displays of human adornment in the Middle Palaeolithic". PLOS ONE. 15 (7): e0234924. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1534924B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234924. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7343129. PMID 32640002.
^ Rito T, Richards MB, Fernandes V, Alshamali F, Cerny V, Pereira L, Soares P. (13 November 2013). "The first modern human dispersals across Africa". PLoS One. 8(11):e80031. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080031. "By ~130 ka two distinct groups of anatomically modern humans co-existed in Africa: broadly, the ancestors of many modern-day Khoe and San populations in the south and a second central/eastern African group that includes the ancestors of most extant worldwide populations. Early modern human dispersals correlate with climate changes, particularly the tropical African "megadroughts" of MIS 5 (marine isotope stage 5, 135–75 ka), which paradoxically may have facilitated expansions in central and eastern Africa, ultimately triggering the dispersal out of Africa of people carrying haplogroup L3 – 60 ka. Two south to east migrations are discernible within haplogroup L0. One, between 120 and 75 ka, represents the first unambiguous long-range modern human dispersal detected by mtDNA and might have allowed the dispersal of several markers of modernity. A second one, within the last 20 ka signalled by L0d, may have been responsible for the spread of southern click-consonant languages to eastern Africa, contrary to the view that these eastern examples constitute relics of an ancient, much wider distribution."
^ "Ancient Egypt Online – Lower Paleolithic". Retrieved 2019-01-20.
^ "Mount Toba Eruption – Ancient Humans Unscathed, Study Claims". Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
^ "'Oldest' prehistoric art unearthed". BBC News. 10 January 2002.

[1] Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata. "Le site acheuléen de Terra Amata" [The Acheulean site of Terra Amata]. Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata (in French). Retrieved 10 June 2022.

[2] Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018). "Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aao2646.

[3] Hublin JJ, Ben-Ncer A, Bailey SE, Freidline SE, Neubauer S, Skinner MM, et al. (June 2017). "New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens" (PDF). Nature. 546 (7657): 289–292. Bibcode:2017Natur.546..289H. doi:10.1038/nature22336. PMID 28593953. S2CID 256771372. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2022.

[4] Kamin M, Saag L, Vincente M, et al. (April 2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–466. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518. PMID 25770088.

[endicott-5] Endicott, P.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Stringer, C. (2010). "Using genetic evidence to evaluate four palaeoanthropological hypotheses for the timing of Neanderthal and modern human origins" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 59 (1): 87–95. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.04.005. PMID 20510437.

[6] Villa, Paola (1983). Terra Amata and the Middle Pleistocene archaeological record of southern France. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 303 pages. ISBN 0-520-09662-2.

[7] Harvati, K., Röding, C., Bosman, A. M., Karakostis, F. A., Grün, R., Stringer, C., ... & Gorgoulis, V. G. (2019). Apidima Cave fossils provide the earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia. Nature, 571(7766), 500–504.

[8] "200,000 years ago, humans preferred to sleep in beds". phys.org. Retrieved 6 September 2020.

[9] "The oldest known grass beds from 200,000 years ago included insect repellents". Science News. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.

[10] Wadley, Lyn; Esteban, Irene; Peña, Paloma de la; Wojcieszak, Marine; Stratford, Dominic; Lennox, Sandra; d'Errico, Francesco; Rosso, Daniela Eugenia; Orange, François; Backwell, Lucinda; Sievers, Christine (14 August 2020). "Fire and grass-bedding construction 200 thousand years ago at Border Cave, South Africa". Science. 369 (6505): 863–866. Bibcode:2020Sci...369..863W. doi:10.1126/science.abc7239. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32792402. S2CID 221113832. Retrieved 6 September 2020.

[11] Erin Wayman (11 January 2012). "Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human". smithsonian.com.

[SCI-20180126-12] Herschkovitz, Israel; et al. (26 January 2018). "The earliest modern humans outside Africa". Science. 359 (6374): 456–459. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..456H. doi:10.1126/science.aap8369. hdl:10072/372670. PMID 29371468.

[NYT-20180125-13] St. Fleur, Nicholas (25 January 2018). "In Cave in Israel, Scientists Find Jawbone Fossil From Oldest Modern Human Out of Africa". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 June 2018.

[14] "Lice DNA study shows humans first wore clothes 170,000 years ago". ScienceDaily. 7 January 2011.

[15] Marean, Curtis W.; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Bernatchez, Jocelyn; Fisher, Erich; Goldberg, Paul; Herries, Andy I. R.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Jerardino, Antonieta; Karkanas, Panagiotis; Minichillo, Tom; Nilssen, Peter J.; Thompson, Erin; Watts, Ian; Williams, Hope M. (October 2007). "Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene". Nature. 449 (7164): 905–908. Bibcode:2007Natur.449..905M. doi:10.1038/nature06204. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 17943129. S2CID 4387442. Retrieved 27 February 2021.

[Clark2003-16] Clark, J. D.; Beyene, Y.; WoldeGabriel, G.; et al. (2003). "Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia". Nature. 423 (6941): 747–752. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..747C. doi:10.1038/nature01670. PMID 12802333. S2CID 4312418.

[17] Strasser, Thomas (2010). "Stone Age Seafaring in the Mediterranean: Evidence from the Plakias Region for Lower Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Habitation of Crete". Hesperia. 79 (2): 145–190. doi:10.2972/hesp.79.2.145. JSTOR 40835484. S2CID 162408338. Retrieved 4 September 2022.

[18] "Prehistoric bone etchings believed to be among oldest evidence of human use of symbols". phys.org. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[19] Prévost, Marion; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris; Crater Gershtein, Kathryn M.; Tejero, José-Miguel; Zaidner, Yossi (20 January 2021). "Early evidence for symbolic behavior in the Levantine Middle Paleolithic: A 120 ka old engraved aurochs bone shaft from the open-air site of Nesher Ramla, Israel". Quaternary International. 624: 80–93. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.002. ISSN 1040-6182. S2CID 234236699. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[20] Hoffmann, Dirk L.; Angelucci, Diego E.; Villaverde, Valentín; Zapata, Josefina; Zilhão, João (1 February 2018). "Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals 115,000 years ago". Science Advances. 4 (2): eaar5255. Bibcode:2018SciA....4.5255H. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar5255. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 5833998. PMID 29507889.

[21] Vanhaeren, Marian; d'Errico, Francesco; Stringer, Chris; James, Sarah L.; Todd, Jonathan A.; Mienis, Henk K. (23 June 2006). "Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria". Science. 312 (5781): 1785–1788. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1785V. doi:10.1126/science.1128139. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16794076. S2CID 31098527. Retrieved 27 February 2021.

[22] Mayer, Daniella E. Bar-Yosef; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Hershkovitz, Israel; Kampen-Hasday, Astrid; Vandermeersch, Bernard; Zaidner, Yossi; Weinstein-Evron, Mina (8 July 2020). "On holes and strings: Earliest displays of human adornment in the Middle Palaeolithic". PLOS ONE. 15 (7): e0234924. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1534924B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234924. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7343129. PMID 32640002.

[Rito_etal_2013-23] Rito T, Richards MB, Fernandes V, Alshamali F, Cerny V, Pereira L, Soares P. (13 November 2013). "The first modern human dispersals across Africa". PLoS One. 8(11):e80031. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080031. "By ~130 ka two distinct groups of anatomically modern humans co-existed in Africa: broadly, the ancestors of many modern-day Khoe and San populations in the south and a second central/eastern African group that includes the ancestors of most extant worldwide populations. Early modern human dispersals correlate with climate changes, particularly the tropical African "megadroughts" of MIS 5 (marine isotope stage 5, 135–75 ka), which paradoxically may have facilitated expansions in central and eastern Africa, ultimately triggering the dispersal out of Africa of people carrying haplogroup L3 – 60 ka. Two south to east migrations are discernible within haplogroup L0. One, between 120 and 75 ka, represents the first unambiguous long-range modern human dispersal detected by mtDNA and might have allowed the dispersal of several markers of modernity. A second one, within the last 20 ka signalled by L0d, may have been responsible for the spread of southern click-consonant languages to eastern Africa, contrary to the view that these eastern examples constitute relics of an ancient, much wider distribution."

[24] "Ancient Egypt Online – Lower Paleolithic". Retrieved 2019-01-20.

[25] "Mount Toba Eruption – Ancient Humans Unscathed, Study Claims". Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 2008-04-20.

[26] "'Oldest' prehistoric art unearthed". BBC News. 10 January 2002.

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