Aphaeninae
| Aphaeninae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Flatolystra verrucosa | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Infraorder: | Fulgoromorpha |
| Family: | Fulgoridae |
| Subfamily: | Aphaeninae Blanchard, 1847 |
| Tribes | |
|
See text | |
The subfamily Aphaeninae is a group of hemipteran insects, especially abundant and diverse in the tropics. They belong to the Fulgoridae (fulgorids), though they are not among the better-known members of that family that are called "lantern bugs" or "lanternflies" (although as true bugs they are only distantly related to true flies). In 2009, the first molecular analysis of the Fulgoridae challenged the existing structure of eight currently recognized subfamilies and eleven tribes.
Aphaeninae contain a number of well-sized fulgorids. If seen flying at a distance, they can be mistaken for Lepidoptera, as they are large winged and boldly patterned, although usually not as colorful as some other fulgorids.
The future of the Aphaeninae as a subfamily is unclear since the species assigned to it are interlineated in the molecular analysis with species of other Fulgoridae subfamilies.[1][2] The tribe Enchophorini, previously placed here, has been raised to a subfamily.
Tribes and genera[edit]
As of August 2023, Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web[3] includes three tribes:
Aphaenini[edit]
Auth.: Blanchard, 1847 and Distant, 1906 (distribution: worldwide tropics)
- Anecphora Karsch, 1890 (equatorial Africa)
- Aphaena Guérin-Méneville, 1834 (type genus: Asia)
- Calmar Kirkaldy, 1901 (Gambia)
- Coelodictya Jacobi, 1910 (E. Africa)
- Copidocephala Stål, 1869 (Central Americas)
- Eddara Walker, 1858 (Sub-Saharan Africa)
- Egregia Chew Kea Foo, Porion & Audibert, 2010 (Malesia)
- Holodictya Gerstaecker, 1895 (Equatorial Africa)
- Hypselometopum Stål, 1853 (Sub-Saharan Africa)
- Kalidasa Kirkaldy, 1900 (India, Indo-China)
- Lycorma Stål, 1863 (Asia: incl. invasive sp.)
- Malfeytia Schmidt, 1905 (Congo basin)
- Metaphaena Schmidt, 1905 (Central Africa)
- Novodictya Lallemand, 1928 (Congo basin)
- Omalocephala Spinola, 1839 (Africa, S. India, Sri Lanka)
- Penthicodes Blanchard, 1845 (South-East Asia: esp. Indo-China & Malesia)
- Species in the "artificial, heterogenous genus" Aphaenina Metcalf, 1947 are now synonyms of Penthicodes spp.[4]
- Prolepta Walker, 1851 (Malesia)
- Scamandra Stål, 1863[5] (Malesia)
- Ulasia Stål, 1863 (PNG)
Benamatapini[edit]
Auth.: Lallemand, 1959 (central Africa)
- Benamatapa Distant, 1899
Limoisini[edit]
Auth.: Lallemand, 1963 (East Asian mainland, New Guinea, Australia)
- Bloeteanella Lallemand, 1959 (New Guinea)
- Erilla Distant, 1906
- Limois Stål, 1863 (Asia: esp. China) - type genus
- Neolieftinckana Lallemand, 1963 (New Guinea)
- Nisax Fennah, 1977
- Ombro Fennah, 1977
- Saramel Fennah, 1977 (New Guinea)
Incertae sedis[edit]
- Bhaskaraena Constant, 2016 (Malesia)
- Birdantis Stål, 1863
- Neoalcathous Wang & Huang, 1989 (China, Vietnam)
Genera formerly placed here[edit]
- Hellerides Lallemand, 1963 is a junior synonym of Zophiuma Fennah, 1955 in the Lophopidae.[6]
- Flatolystra Nast, 1950 (South America) now incertae sedis
The following PNG/Australian genera were previously placed here, but are now in the Poiocerinae: tribe Poiocerini Haupt, 1929:
- Desudaba Walker, 1858 (formerly in the tribe Aphaenini Schmidt, 1912)
- Galela Distant, 1906 (formerly in the tribe Aphaenini Schmidt, 1912)
- The type species of genus Apossoda, A. togoensis Schmidt, 1911, is now placed in Pyrgoteles: P. togoensis (Schmidt, 1911)[7]
Adverse effects[edit]
Spotted lanternfly is a fulgorid native to temperate Southeast Asia, which is an invasive species in South Korea, Japan, and the United States. It can cause significant problems for vineyards, fruit trees, ornamentals, and forests.[8] It feeds on a variety of crops, and the sugary sap it excretes, known as honeydew, encourages a fungal growth called sooty mold that can kill plants by blocking photosynthesis.[9] In September 2021 a boy included one of these rare and dangerous insects in his bug collection at the Kansas State Fair, triggering a federal investigation because the lanternfly had previously not been found farther west than southeastern Indiana.[9]
References[edit]
- ^ Urban, Julie M.; Cryan, Jason R. (2009). "Entomologically famous, evolutionarily unexplored: the first phylogeny of the lanternfly family Fulgoridae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 50 (3): 471–484. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.12.004. PMID 19118634.
- ^ "2010 Project Updates from the Cryan Lab" (PDF). University of Connecticut.
- ^ Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web (FLOW): Aphaeninae Blanchard, 1847 (retrieved 30 August 2023)
- ^ Constant, Jerome (2010). "The lanternfly genus Penthicodes: key to the species and review of the "Ereosoma group" with two new species and one new subspecies (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae)". Zootaxa. 2523: 1–26. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2523.1.1. Abstract
- ^ Constant, Jerome (2013). "The Oriental lanternfly genus Scamandra: new species and taxonomical notes (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae)". Zootaxa. 3709 (2): 134–148. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3709.2.2. PMID 26240901.
- ^ Liang, Ai-Ping (1995). "Taxonomic changes in oriental Fulgoroidea (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha)". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 103 (2): 162–164. JSTOR 25010151.
- ^ Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (retrieved 26 June 2018)
- ^ Kevin Ambrose and Kasha Patel (13 Sep 2021). "The invasive spotted lantern fly is spreading across the Mid-Atlantic". The Washington Post.
- ^ a b Jonathan Edwards (15 Sep 2021). "A Kansas boy entered a unique insect at the state fair. It triggered a federal investigation". The Washington Post.
External links[edit]
Media related to Aphaeninae at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Aphaeninae at Wikispecies- FLOW: Aphaeninae
