Antalas

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Antalas or Anthalas [31]
Chieftain (Phylarch) of the Frexenses[1]
King of the Frexes[2][3]
Chief of the Moorish Coalition[4]
Prince of the Moors[5][6]
Byzacena Moors King[7]
King of Byzacena Moorish tribes[8][9][10]
Chief of Byzacena Moors[11]
The Prince of Barbarians (Berbers)[12]
Chief of the Moorish tribes[13][14][15]
Great Chief of Moors[16]
Moorish King[17]
Princeps Maurorum[18]
Commander of the Moors[19]
The Moor[20]
Dux Byzacenae Maurorum[21][22]
Paramount chief of the Moors[23][24]
Hero[25]
Barbarians King[26]
The Prince of Frexes[27]
The Boiling[28]
The Valiant[29]
The Fiery Warrior[30]
King of Dorsale realm

2nd (recorded) Chief of Frexes and Naffur Confederacy

Supreme leader of Moors
Reign517 - 548 CE
Coronation517 or before
PredecessorGuenfan
Bornc. 500
Western Byzacena
DiedAfter 548 CE
Probably western Byzacena
Era name and dates
Late Antiquity: before 517-after 548
DynastyFrexes
FatherGuenfan

Antalas (Berber languages: ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ;Greek: Ἀντάλας; c. 500 – after 548) was a Berber leader of all "Moors" from at least 544 to 548 during the 6th century who played a major role in the wars of the Berbers against the Vandals and Byzantines in Africa having under his leadership the Moorish tribes from all Berbers land from the east Marmarica (western Egypt Siwah) the region from which come from the Marmarids title of the Libyans tribes who were mainly living at the saharan desert region of northern or middle modern day Libya and Marmarid King "Marmaridum Rex" was a title for Ierna chief of Laguatans and high priest of Gurzil to the entire territory of Mauretania (Tingitana, Ceasariensis, Sitifensis) in the west (Morocco and Algeria) notably having the tribes of Ausi of chief Autilitan, Silvaizan, Macares, Silzactae, Caunes and even others desert tribes such as the known Gaetulians.[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] Antalas and his tribe, the Frexes who lives between modern day Tunisia and Algeria initially served the Byzantines as allies, but after 544 switched sides. With the final Byzantine victory in 548 him and his tribe might have once again became Foederatti for the Byzantines as despite it is not well known he would more likely gets back the state he had before the 2nd Byzantine-Moorish wars of 544-548 CE, the main sources on his life are the epic poem Iohannis of Flavius Cresconius Corippus and the Histories of the Wars of Procopius of Caesarea.

Frexes Antalas and Guenfan Chiefs mains domains with Naffur confederation creating around 510 the "Kingdom of the Dorsale" between Byzacena, Numidia and Zeugitana in red with Thala as capital on a 1017m hill as base.

The Frexes Chiefdom or Frexes Confederation (leading multiples tribes as greater entity under Frexes rulers leadership) domain is often referred to as "Kingdom of the Dorsale" it is also considered as the main Principality of Guenfan also his son Antalas and considered as centering Frexes authority at Thala a city at 1017m high[41][42][43][44] and former Numidian city that was also a former treasury for the King Jugurtha and his last faithful stronghold in Numidia, the entire city was reported to have put a fierce resistance against Quintus Caecilius Roman statesmen and general who had a climatic advantage during the siege that saved his troops for water supplies and he seized by the Western Romans in 108 BC but didn't get anything good to plunder as the entire city had handed to Jugurtha his treasury and burnt themselves and all properties they had inside a great fire during the Jugurthine war and the city was eventually lost during the collapse of the western Roman empire for being under the occupation of Frexes Berbers often referred to as "Massyli army" therefore considered legitimately (as they're included in their confederation with Iaudas and Cusina)[45][1] as the descent of Numidians Massylis alongside several Berbers by Corippus Johannides works where in Latin he is the first mentioned Berber chief and the Frexes are the first mentioned tribe even as braves and fierce warriors by Corippus[46] and Antalas was also mentioned as "Princeps Maurorum"[47][48][49]making him the most important Moorish (Non-Romanized or non-Christanized Berber) leader representative of this non-romanized population in North Africa towards the Empreror of the Eastern Romans Justinian as Antalas was the only Berber ruler to have been recorded directly in contact through at least a letter in 545 with the emperor explaining why the Byzantine–Moorish wars had began due to romans dignitaries fault and he did some attempts to make the emperor accept his request through the flattery of being his former ally serving his empire safety as foederati but he also spoke like if he was the equal of the byzantine emperor as a representative of the angered Moors telling him that if he does not remove Sergius nephew of Solomon the war would not stop and it didn't stop until 548.[50][51]

Later this status would potentially result to the alliance with the Byzantine John Troglita and of the Numidians described as "Mauro-romans rulers" from Mauretania Sitifensis and Roman Numidia were described also as christianized rulers meaning that they had the Romans faith such as Cutzinas, Isfidaïas, Iaudas and some others to switch side with the Romans in the battle of latara in 548 and earlier specifically for Cutzinas who was a half Roman thought his mother as well a foederati allied to the Byzantine empire and great ennemy of Antalas from Capsa who received notably the title of Exarch and Magister Militum for his contribution against Antalas coalition before getting killed in January, 563 by the Roman Prefect John Rogathinus.[52]

Horse of the Fraichich (Frexes) tribe

The Frexes domain limits would be the cities of Theveste, Ammaedaera, Sufetula, Thelepte, Cilium and Mactar but also Sufes and having as territory the valley of Foussana and the mountainous hills around, considered to have been taken by the strength against the Vandals eventually around 510 and Antalas inherited it during the same decade, the Frexes at the arrival of Islam did change name to an arabic translation as the "Fraichiches" who therefore links 1500 years of history until nowdays and their descendants became Muslims (Also Arabized) who would make severals revolts for their interests again like against Tunis in 1864 or against invaders coming from Europe in 1881 under another leader having the name of Hadj Harrat el Ferchichi and be linked like Antalas before with the Tripolitanians during the wars events[53] and in 1906 again around Thala and Kasserine (New Cilium).

Life[edit]

Antalas was born c. 500, and was the son of a certain Guenfan, according to Corippus. He belonged to Frexes tribe of Byzacena (modern central Tunisia).[54][55] Corippus reports that Antalas career began at the age of seventeen, stealing sheep. He soon followers around him and became a brigand, fighting against the Vandals of Thrasamund in 516 where he is successful and gain a reputation that makes him succeeding his father Guenfan as new chief of the Frexes by 517.[56] By 530, he had become leader of the Berbers in Byzacena, and in the same year led them to a decisive victory against the Vandals being responsible of the Vandal General Hildimer's death and the King of the Vandals Hilderic's rule collapse.[57]

Antalas political and military carreer presence records.

Byzantine affairs and Vandals collapse[edit]

Following the Vandalic War (533–534) and the capture of the Vandalic Kingdom by the Byzantine Empire where he was himself witnessing and helping at the battle of Ad Decimum.[58][59] Antalas became an ally as foederati and this status was only an alliance for a common interest with the empire as independent foreign entity,[60] receiving subsidies and supplies in exchange throught the foedus agreements and the Empreror Justinian himself would accept to pay an annual tribute to the Berber Prince Antalas called the "Annona" making a strong bond of alliance for 10 years from 533 until the winter of the year 543 when Solomon governor-general sent by the Empreror broke the treaty by his lack of trust towards Antalas who were back then in charge of Byzacena's Moorish population and aswell of the security of citizens even Romans ones.[61]

First armed conflict engagement with Byzantines[edit]

In 543, however, a revolt broke out among the Berbers of Byzacena, which resulted in the execution of his brother Guarizila and the cessation of the subsidies by the Byzantine governor, Solomon. This treatment alienated Antalas, and when the Leuathae rebelled in Tripolitania in the next year, he and his followers joined them. The united tribes began a military and diplomatic engagement with Solomon at Theveste, the forces of Solomon had the upper hand on the first battle and pursued the Berbers at the south of Dorsal mountains at the town of Kasserine back then called Cilium and it is there the Moorish coalition inflicted a heavy defeat on the Byzantines in the Battle of Cillium, where the known governor-general Solomon who had vanquished Yabdas in 540 himself was killed in 544 by the forces of Antalas making the Byzantine rule stability in Africa in great danger.[62][63][64]

Roman and Byzantine Africa, with the provinces of Byzacena, Zeugitana and Numidia

Second armed conflict engagement with Byzantines[edit]

With the death of the capable Solomon, his nephew Sergius, whose arrogant treatment of the Leuathae had prompted their rebellion in the first place, was appointed governor in Africa. Stotzas, a renegade Byzantine soldier who had led an unsuccessful rebellion a few years earlier, now joined Antalas from his refuge in Mauretania. Antalas wrote to the Byzantine emperor, Justinian I, asking for Sergius' dismissal, but in vain. Justinian only dispatched the patrician Areobindus in early 545 to share command with Sergius, but both were militarily incompetent and spent their time bickering with each other.[57][65] While Sergius remained inactive at Carthage, Antalas and Stotzas led their troops north and managed to trick Himerius, the commander of Hadrumetum, into leaving the town with his troops and rendezvous with another Byzantine commander, John. Himerius fell into the trap, and while his soldiers mutinied and joined Stotzas, he was forced to betray Hadrumetum to save his life.[66] Finally, in late 545 Areobindus ordered the reluctant John to advance and meet the joint army of Antalas and Stotzas, which was encamped at Sicca Veneria. John's troops were considerably outnumbered by the rebel forces, and in the Battle of Thacia his army was routed and he himself was killed, but not before mortally wounding Stotzas in a duel.[65][67]

Guntharic's plan[edit]

After the defeat at Thacia, Sergius was relieved and Areobindus replaced him. At this time, the ambitious Byzantine dux of Numidia, Guntharic contacted the various Berber leaders in a bid to unseat Areobindus. Antalas was promised the rule of Byzacena that he already captured from Himerius with others cities after the victory against Solomon but it was probably a promise in order to make his rule legitimate at Romans eyes as new ruler of all Byzacena proved by another promise which is half the treasure of Areobindus and 1,500 Byzantine troops as his command. In order to increase pressure on Areobindus, the Berbers and the renegade followers of Stotzas approached Carthage. At the same time, Areobindus himself had secret contacts with another Berber leader, Cutzinas, leader of the Numidian Romanized Berbers. Cutzinas had promised to murder Antalas once battle was joined, but Guntharic revealed this plan to Antalas. In the event, due to Areobindus' timidity, a battle did not take place; in March Guntharic seized Carthage and murdered Areobindus.[65][68]

Attempt of reconciliation with the Roman Empreror and 3rd armed engagement[edit]

Now master of Carthage, Guntharic refused to honour his agreement with Antalas, and the latter withdrew his men into Byzacena. There, in an effort to reconcile himself with the emperor, he contacted the dux of Byzacena, Marcentius, who had fled to an offshore island, proposing to make common cause against Guntharic. Guntharic sent an army under Cutzinas and Artabanes against Antalas and defeated him.[69] Guntharic himself was murdered soon after (May 546) by a conspiracy headed by Artabanes, and Carthage and the army returned to the Empire's allegiance. Justinian now sent an experienced soldier, John Troglita, to impose order on the troubled African provinces.[70] Gathering his forces, Troglita marched out of Carthage into Byzacena. Antalas sent an embassy to the Byzantine general, but the latter rejected his demands and coldly dismissed the embassy whose chief was Maccus also chief of the deputies of Antalas described as a very smart man who spoke Latin fluently and had terrified the Roman general by telling him the fate of Solomon his other Roman comrade and promoting excessively the strength of Antalas in a strategy of intimidation for making the general renouncing the war.[71] Shortly after, he sent an emissary of his own, who placed Antalas before the choice of battle or immediate submission. Antalas refused to submit, and the two armies confronted each other near Sbeitla in Byzacena in late 546 or early 547. The battle resulted in a crushing Byzantine victory: the Berbers rebels camp suffered heavy losses, and the battle-standards lost at Cillium were recovered by the Byzantines and their Christians Romano-Berbers rulers allies from Numidia mostly Aurasium and Nementcha aswell as the Mastraciani lead by Cutzinas of Capsa.[72][73]

4th armed engagement and end of the war[edit]

Laribus also called Lares, city where Jean Troglita retreated after his defeat against the Libyans tribes who wanted to rejoin Antalas in Byzacena.

In the summer, however, Antalas King of the Frexes and supreme leader of the Moorish coaliton joined the Berbers of Tripolitania and subordinate right arm Carcasan King of the Ifuraces chief of Antalas army western wing[74] by going to the south after the Battle of Sufetula[45] and the Tripolitanians on their way to join Antalas, inflicted a heavy defeat on Troglita even if he had the support of Cutzina at the Battle of Marta in 547 and Jean was forced to retreat at Laribus in Numidia described few miles away from Sicca Veneria, which will gives Antalas all of Byzacena and others territories given up to him and his Moors and it will gives him the motivation to raise another Frexes army thanks to Carcasan victory when that avenged the previous defeat at Sufetula which was a roman revenge, as General of the Syrtes Carcasan after the murder of Ierna leader of Laguatans at Sufetula in 546 or early 547, he became the only supreme leader of Marmids, Syrtes and all others groups as the great confederacy of Nasamones and Garamantes and seem also to have been the right arm of Antalas leader of the coalition.[45][75] After their victory, the Berbers raided even to the outskirts of Carthage.[73][76] In the next year (548), Antalas again joined the Tripolitanians Berbers, under their leader Carcasan and they invaded had invaded Byzacena. In contrast to the impetuous Carcasan, Antalas advocated a more cautious scorched earth tactic when Troglita marched forth to meet them and they chose to fight near mountains giving up the coastal region. Nevertheless, when the two adversaries met later in the summer in the Battle of the Fields of Cato, the result was a decisive Byzantine victory only thanks to the Berbers of Numidia notably the chiefs of the Aurasius (Aures) Iaudas, Cutzina, Isfadaïas and others chiefs that had united a huge Numidian Romano-Berber force who were previously for some before allied to Antalas, they were even more numerous than the Byzantines forces themselves as Jean Troglita main forces represented a tiny minority compared to their Berbers allies forces:[45] Carcasan fell after not having listened the advices of Antalas and this broke the Syrtes and Frexes coalition,[45] and the Berber revolt was crushed as Antalas and the surviving leaders submitted to Troglita. Nothing further is known of him after that.[73][77]

However this is what was claimed to be mentionned by Procopius and the 8th book of the Iohannis of Corippus is claimed to be "lost" which makes some questions and hypothesis especially as the 7th book talks about the counter attack of Antalas and Carcasan and the victory of Carcasan in the battle of Marta mentionning that both chiefs were preparing to destroy the last remainings of Romans army who fled at Laribus after their defeat at Marta giving up all Byzacena and Zeugitana to the Moors.[78][79]

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Sources[edit]

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