Portal:Pan-Africanism

Introduction Welcome to the Pan-Africanism portal! Bienvenue sur le portail panafricanisme! The Pan-African flag, designed by the UNIA and formally adopted on August 13, 1920. Marcus Garvey (17 August 1887 – 10 June 1940) : A prominent Pan-Africanist. In this 1922 picture, Garvey is shown in a military uniform as the "Provisional President of Africa" during a parade on the opening day of the annual Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World at Lenox Avenue in Harlem, New York City. Pan-Africanism is a worldwide movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all indigenous peoples and diasporas of African ancestry. Based on a common goal dating back to the Atlantic slave trade, the movement extends beyond continental Africans with a substantial support base among the African diaspora in the Americas and Europe. Pan-Africanism can be said to have its origins in the struggles of the African people against enslavement and colonization and this struggle may be traced back to the first resistance on slave ships—rebellions and suicides—through the constant plantation and colonial uprisings and the "Back to Africa" movements of the 19th century. Based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social, and political progress, it aims to "unify and uplift" people of African ancestry. (Full article...) Selected article The Organisation of African Unity (OAU; French: Organisation de l'unité africaine (OUA)) was established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia with 32 signatory governments. It was disbanded on 9 July 2002 by its last chairperson, South African President Thabo Mbeki, and replaced by the African Union (AU). Some of the key aims of the OAU were to encourage political and economic integration among member states, and to eradicate colonialism and neo-colonialism from the African continent. Although it did achieve some success, there were also differences of opinion as to how that was going to be achieved. Selected biography Toussaint Louverture Posthumous painting of Toussaint Louverture President of Haiti In office 7 July 1801 – 6 May 1802 Appointed by Constitution of 1801 Preceded by Inaugural holder Succeeded by Jean-Jacques Dessalines (Republic of Haiti) Governor-General of Saint-Domingue In office 1797–1801 Appointed by Étienne Maynaud Preceded by Inaugural holder Succeeded by Position abolished Personal details Born Toussaint Bréda 20 May 1743 Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) Died 7 April 1803(1803-04-07) (aged 59) Fort-de-Joux, France Nickname(s) Napoléon Noir Black Spartacus Military career Allegiance France Haiti Service/branch French Army French Revolutionary Army Armée Indigène Rank General Battles/wars Haitian Revolution François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture (French: [fʁɑ̃swa dɔminik tusɛ̃ luvɛʁtyʁ] 9 May 1743 – 7 April 1803), also known as Toussaint L'Ouverture or Toussaint Bréda, was the best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution. He was a leader of the growing resistance. His military and political acumen saved the gains of the first Black insurrection in November 1791. He first fought for the Spanish against the French; then for France against Spain and Great Britain; and finally, for Saint-Domingue against Napoleonic France. He then helped transform the insurgency into a revolutionary movement, which by 1800 had turned Saint-Domingue, the most prosperous slave colony of the time, into the first free colonial society to have explicitly rejected race as the basis of social ranking. Though Louverture did not sever ties with France, his actions in 1800 constituted a de facto autonomous colony. The colony's constitution proclaimed him governor for life even against Napoleon Bonaparte's wishes. He died betrayed before the final and most violent stage of the armed conflict. However, his achievements set the grounds for the Black army's absolute victory and for Jean-Jacques Dessalines to declare the sovereign state of Haiti in January 1804. Louverture's prominent role in the Haitian success over colonialism and slavery had earned him the admiration of friends and detractors alike. Selected history Traditional African religions have faced persecution from the proponents of different ideologies. Adherents of these religions have been forcefully converted to Islam and Christianity, demonized and marginalized. The atrocities include killings, waging war, destroying of sacred places, and other atrocious actions. After the establishment of Islam, its rapid expansion and conquests displaced traditional African religions either by conversion or conquest. Traditional African religions have influenced Islam in Africa, and Islam is considered as having more commonality with traditional African religions, but conflict has occurred, especially due to Islam's monotheistic stance and the rise of Muslim reformers such as Askia. In the Senegambia region, the Serer people who held "a strong connection to their ancient religious past" became the targets of Islamic jihads and persecution from the 11th to the 19th-century resulting in the Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune. Traditional African religions are tolerant of other gods, which allows general co-existence for multiple religions. This has been regarded by some authors to be another reason behind the rise of other religions in Africa. Most followers of traditional religions accommodated Islam during the start of its spread in Africa, but in West Africa, it was not until the coming of colonialism that Islam gained mass appeal, transforming even groups with historical animosity towards Islamic domination into Muslim communities. In many instances, conflicting groups chose to align with Muslim armies against other African communities. Quotes “ ...during the nineteenth century, Christian missionaries became active in Africa and Oceania. Attempts by Christian missionaries to convert nonbelievers to Christianity took two main forms: forced conversions and proselytizing. ” — Garrick Bailey, James Peoples , — Bailey, Garrick; Peoples, James, Essentials of Cultural Anthropology, 3rd ed. Cengage Learning (2013), p. 268, ISBN 9781133603566 [1] “ The role of Christian missionaries are a private interest group in European colonial occupation of Africa was a significant one...Collectively their activities promoted division within traditional African societies into rival factions...the picture denigrated African culture and religion... ” — Festus Ugboaja Ohaegbulam , — Ohaegbulam, Festus Ugboaja, Towards an Understanding of the African Experience from Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, University Press of America (1990), p. 161, ISBN 9780819179418 [2] “ A religion of Middle Eastern origin, Islam reached Africa via the northern region of the continent by means of conquest. The Islamic wars of conquest that would lead to the Islamization of North Africa occurred first in Egypt, when in about 642 CE the country fell to the invading Muslim forces from Arabia. Over the next centuries, the rest of the Maghreb would succumb to Jihadist armies...The notion of religion conversion, whether by force or peaceful means, is foreign to indigenous African beliefs...Islam, however, did not become a religion of the masses by peaceful means. Forced conversion was an indispensable element of proselytization. ” — Toyin Falola, Adebayo Oyebade , — Falola, Toyin; Oyebade, Adebayo, Hot Spot: Sub-Saharan Africa, ABC-CLIO (2010), p. 7, ISBN 9780313359712 [3] “ African traditional religion went through and survived this type of persecution at the hands of Christianity and Islam... ” — Darrol M. Bryant, Rita H. Mataragnon, — Bryant, M. Darrol; Mataragnon, Rita H., (cont. M. Darrol Bryant), The Many faces of religion and society, Paragon House Publishers (1985), p. 100, ISBN 9780913757208 Selected culture Haitian Vodou (/ˈvoʊduː/, French: [vodu], also written as Vaudou /ˈvoʊduː/; known commonly as Voodoo /ˈvuːduː/, sometimes as Vodun /ˈvoʊduː/, Vodoun /ˈvoʊduːn/, Vodu /ˈvoʊduː/, or Vaudoux /ˈvoʊduː/) is a syncretic religion practiced chiefly in Haiti and the Haitian diaspora. Practitioners are called "vodouists" (French: vodouisants [voduizɑ̃]) or "servants of the spirits" (Haitian Creole: sèvitè). Vodouists believe in a distant and unknowable Supreme Creator, Bondye (derived from the French term Bon Dieu, meaning "good God"). According to Vodouists, Bondye does not intercede in human affairs, and thus they direct their worship toward spirits subservient to Bondye, called loa. Every loa is responsible for a particular aspect of life, with the dynamic and changing personalities of each loa reflecting the many possibilities inherent to the aspects of life over which they preside. To navigate daily life, vodouists cultivate personal relationships with the loa through the presentation of offerings, the creation of personal altars and devotional objects, and participation in elaborate ceremonies of music, dance, and spirit possession. Vodou originated in what is now Benin Republic and developed in the French colonial empire in the 18th century among West African peoples who were enslaved, when African religious practice was actively suppressed, and enslaved Africans were forced to convert to Christianity. Religious practices of contemporary Vodou are descended from, and closely related to, West African Vodun as practiced by the Fon and Ewe. Vodou also incorporates elements and symbolism from other African peoples including the Yoruba and Kongo; as well as Taíno religious beliefs, Roman Catholicism, and European spirituality including mysticism and other influences. Selected images The Black star of Africa can be found in many African flags, including in African national, ethnic and religious symbols. In here, it is visible in the Flag of Ghana. The Pan-African flag with the red, black and green designed by the UNIA in 1920. Currently, the three colours represent: red: the blood that unites all people of Black African ancestry, and shed for liberation; black: black people whose existence as a nation, though not a nation-state, is affirmed by the existence of the flag; and green: the abundant natural wealth of Africa. Nok seated figure; 5th century BC – 5th century AD; terracotta; 38 cm (1 ft. 3 in.); Musée du quai Branly (Paris). In this Nok work, the head is dramatically larger than the body supoorting it, yet the figure possesses elegant details and a powerful focus. The neat protrusion from the chin represents a beard. Necklaces from a cone around the neck and keep the focus on the face. Picture of Martin Delany (May 6, 1812 – January 24, 1885). Delany was an African-American abolitionist, journalist, physician, soldier and writer, and one of the first proponents of black nationalism. Delany is also credited with the Pan-African slogan "Africa for Africans". Picture of Winnie Mandela, the South African anti-apartheid activist and politician, and ex-wife of Nelson Mandela Credit: Kingkongphoto & www.celebrity-photos.com Picture of Rastaman in Barbados, wearing the Rastafari colours of green, gold, red and black on a rastacap. Picture of Julius Malema. The African nationalist and Pan-Africanist, and current leader of the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) in South Africa. Dr. Frances Cress Welsing, an African-American physician receiving a community award at the National Black L.U.V, Festival in Washington DC (21 September 2008) Credit: Elvert Barnes Picture of Patrice Lumumba (2 July 1925 – 17 January 1961). An African nationalist and Pan-Africanist. Lumumba was a Congolese politician and independence leader who served as the first Prime Minister of the independent Democratic Republic of the Congo (then Republic of the Congo) until September 1960. Organisations All-African People's Revolutionary Party  · African Society for Cultural Relations with Independent Africa  · African Unification Front  · African Union  · African Queens and Women Cultural Leaders Network  · Conseil de l'Entente  · Convention People's Party  · East African Community  · Economic Freedom Fighters  · Global Afrikan Congress  · International African Service Bureau  · International League for Darker People  · Organisation of African Unity  · Pan African Association  · Pan-African Congress  · Pan Africanist Congress of Azania  · Rassemblement Démocratique Africain  · Pan Africa Chemistry Network  · Pan African Federation of Accountants  · Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa  · Sahara and Sahel Observatory  · UNIA-ACL  · ZANU–PF See also Category:Pan-Africanist organizations & Category:Pan-Africanist political parties Festivals Grand Durbar in Kaduna State in the occasion of Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture, 15 January - 12 February 1977. Photo by Helinä Rautavaara (1977) The Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou The Pan African Film Festival World Festival of Black Arts FESTAC 77 Publications Awakening the Natural Genius of Black Children (1992) by Dr. Amos N. Wilson Blueprint for Black Power: A Moral, Political and Economic Imperative for the Twenty-First Century (1998) by Dr. Amos N. Wilson Afrikan-Centered Consciousness Versus the New World Order: Garveyism in the Age of Globalism (1999) by Dr. Amos N. Wilson The Cress Theory of Color-Confrontation and Racism (White Supremacy) (1970) by Dr. Frances Cress Welsing The Isis Papers: The Keys to the Colors (1991) by Dr. Frances Cress Welsing The root cause of the bread and butter demonstration (1959) by Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof Films and TV 500 Years Later Ceddo Guelwaar Hidden Colors Marcus Garvey: Look For Me in the Whirlwind Motherland Yandé Codou, la griotte de Senghor Audios and videos Did you know Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Thabo Mbeki, former President of South Africa. ... ...that in London's Africa Centre, Desmond Tutu and Thabo Mbeki used to meet at the bar? Selected quotes On the subject of "Black self-hatred", the African-American scholar and Pan-Africanist Dr. Amos N. Wilson said: “ We talk a lot as a people about self-hatred. Self-hatred is a personality configuration. It is an orientation toward the world and toward oneself. ” — Dr. Amos N. Wilson, Our Time Press: "Black Self-Hatred is White Man’s Self-Defense" [in] "Dr. Amos Wilson: Why We Do The Things We Do" (26 February 2016) Pan-Africanism topics Categories Category puzzle Select [►] to view subcategories Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism by continent Pan-Africanism by country Pan-Africanists Afrocentrism Kwanzaa Nkrumaism Novels by Ayi Kwei Armah Pan-Africanist organizations Pan-African media companies Pan-Africanism portal Sankarism Things you can do Join, contribute, and suggest new content for this portal. Explore, edit, and improve articles in Category:Pan-Africanism and Category:Africa. Announce new articles relating to Africa. Announce new articles relating to the African diaspora. Add this portal to Pan-African related articles. To do that, simply add {{Portal|Pan-Africanism}} to the relevant article just above the "See also" section if there is one, or above the "References" section. Join WikiProject Africa and WikiProject African diaspora. Be bold. 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