Vilniaus rytojus
Vilniaus rytojus (transl. Tomorrow of Vilnius) was a Lithuanian-language newspaper published in Vilnius (Wilno, Vilna) between 1928 and 1937. Published by the Provisional Committee of Vilnius Lithuanians, the newspaper defended the rights of Lithuanians in Vilnius Region which was part of the Second Polish Republic but was claimed by the interwar Lithuania. Due to these tensions, the newspaper was subject to strict censorship by the Polish authorities and was forcibly closed in October 1937. It was the longest running Lithuanian periodical in the Vilnius Region.[1]
History[edit]
Establishment[edit]
| Title | Date | Official editor |
|---|---|---|
| Atgarsiai | 14 October 1937 | Petras Bilkis |
| Naujienos | 24 November 1937 | Krištapas Čibiras |
| Mūsų žinios | 11 December 1937 | Alfonsas Burlingis |
| Reikalai | 17 December 1937 | Stasys Micius |
| Šventadienis | 22 December 1937 | Liudvikas Cicėnas |
| Mūsų mintys | 31 December 1937 | Ona Juodelytė |
| Mūsų dienos | 6 January 1938 | Bronius Tomaševičius |
| Mūsų kelias[a] | 13 January 1938 | Alfonsas Burlingis |
| Mūsų balsai | 20 January 1938 | Alfonsas Burlingis |
| Lietuvis | 27 January 1938 | Motiejus Kurila |
| Atbalsiai | 2 February 1938 | Rišardas Pleskačiauskas |
| Tautietis | 10 February 1938 | Aleksandras Taraila |
| Tautos kelias[a] | 16 February 1938 | Kazys Andruškevičius |
| Kelias[a] | 24 February 1938 | Albinas Lapinskas |
| Pastangos[a] | 4 March 1938 | Joakimas Faraponis |
| Takas | 10 March 1938 | Stasys Micius |
| Šis tas naujo[a] | 16 March 1938 | Krištapas Čibiras |
| Paskutinės žinios | 24 March 1938 | Alfonsas Burlingis |
| Sąlygos | 31 March 1938 | Motiejus Kurila |
| Viltis[a] | 7 April 1938 | Liudvikas Cicėnas |
| Gyvenimas | 8 April 1938 | Rišardas Pleskačiauskas |
| Mūsų buitis | 14 April 1938 | Silvestras Urbonavičius |
| Mūsų likimas | 28 April 1938 | Stasys Micius |
In October 1928, the Provisional Committee of Vilnius Lithuanians decided to discontinue three Lithuanian periodicals – Vilniaus kelias, Dirva, and Kelias – and replace them with the weekly Vilniaus rytojus. The combined publication was shorter than the discontinued periodicals, which led to some complaints.[1]
The first issue was published on 1 December 1928. Like most Lithuanian newspapers in the city, it was printed at the Ruch printing house.[1] Its circulation was about 4,000 copies.[3] Initially, it was an eight-page weekly published on Saturdays. In October 1929, it increased the frequency to twice a week.[1] In 1930, the newspaper launched a supplement Mūsų artojas for farmers[4] and reduced its page count to four.[1] In 1932, it launched another supplement Aušrelė for children, of which 172 issues were printed.[3]
Conflicts with Polish authorities[edit]
From the very beginning, the newspaper attracted attention of the Polish authorities. Its second and sixth issues were confiscated by the police for printing articles deemed to be anti-Polish.[1] In such cases, the newspaper attempted to reprint the issue without the offending content. The confiscations were followed by monetary fines and court cases.[1] In same cases, the publishers prevailed and were acquitted. In several instances, the publishers appealed court judgements all the way to the Supreme Court of Poland.[3] Such confiscations increased substantially in 1935 and by 1937, almost of half of the issues were confiscated. Eventually, on 26 October 1937, the newspaper was officially closed by the Polish government. In total, 874 issues of Vilniaus rytojus were printed.[1]
Vilniaus rytojus was replaced by a series of one-time newspapers under different titles and official editors to exploit loopholes in the Polish law.[2] In April 1938, after the Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, the situation somewhat normalized and Aidas was established as a replacement of Vilniaus rytojus.[5]
Content[edit]
Newspaper[edit]
In its first issue, Vilniaus rytojus declared its mission to defend and promote two core values – Lithuanian national identity and Catholicism. Thus the newspaper was right-leaning and reflective of the ideology of the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party.[1]
The newspaper styled itself as a newspaper of politics, society, and literature, but published very few literary texts.[1] A typical issue contained editorials, political review, agricultural news and advice, news from Lithuania, chronicles of local events, short news from various towns and villages. In 1929, it added section for healthcare and newly published books. Most of the attention was devoted to Lithuanians living in Vilnius Region – anti-Lithuanian policies of Poland, issues concerning Lithuanian-language schools (many of them maintained by the Lithuanian Education Society Rytas), activities of various Lithuanian societies, etc. It acted as an organ of the Provisional Committee of Vilnius Lithuanians.[1]
Supplements[edit]
Farmer's supplement Mūsų artojas published articles on agriculture, husbandry, and horticulture as well as practical advice to farmers and their wives.[4]
Children's supplement Aušrelė published short stories, poems, articles on history, geography, nature, as well as didactic lectures. It increased its page count from eight to 16 in 1935 and frequency from every two weeks to weekly in 1937. Often Aušrelė was the only Lithuanian text available to children in villages. Therefore, the issues sometimes were collected, bound, and sold as books.[1]
The newspaper published literature works as separate books which were often distributed for no additional costs to its subscribers. In this series, texts by Rapolas Mackonis and plays by Juozas Kanopka were published.[1]
Personnel[edit]
The official editor and publisher was Julius Navikas, a 70-year-old blacksmith from Antakalnis.[1] He was paid 60 or 75 Polish złotys per month but was not involved with the editorial process. As the official editor, he was legally responsible for the newspaper's content and thus, when issues were confiscated by the police, he was the one put on trial.[3] The actual editor-in-chief was Vincas Budrevičius. He worked as a head of administration of the Lithuanian Vytautas Magnus Gymnasium and wrote very little. He did edit submitted texts to remove strongest anti-Polish sentiments and became known for his calm and restrained editing style.[1]
The editorial team included Rapolas Mackonis (Mackevičius), Antanas Juknevičius, Silvestras Urbonavičius. Mackonis was the most prominent contributor to the newspaper. His texts sometimes took five pages of a single issue. His most popular articles were collected and published as separate books Kovoje užgimtąją kalbą (1929) about the Lithuanian press ban and Tautinės mažumos (1937) about the national minorities.[1]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Grybienė, Aida (2009). "Laikraštis "Vilniaus rytojus" (1928–1937): leidimo istorija ir sklaida". Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių biblioteka (in Lithuanian). 2005–2006: 63–66. ISSN 1648-9772.
- ^ a b Maceika, Juozas (2016). "Vilniaus lietuvių spaudiniai 1919–1939 m." Bibliotheca Lituana (in Lithuanian). 10: 371–372. ISSN 2424-4422.
- ^ a b c d Česnulis, Vytautas Valentinas (July–November 2017). ""Kelio" ir "Vilniaus rytojaus" konfiskavimai. Julius Navikas". Voruta (in Lithuanian). 7–11 (837–841).
- ^ a b Tapinas, Laimonas; et al., eds. (1997). "Mūsų artojas" (PDF). Žurnalistikos enciklopedija. Vilnius: Pradai. p. 341. ISBN 9986-776-62-7.
- ^ Burneikienė, Genovaitė (1997). "Vilniaus rytojus" (PDF). In Tapinas, Laimonas; et al. (eds.). Žurnalistikos enciklopedija. Vilnius: Pradai. p. 563. ISBN 9986-776-62-7.