User talk:Stephen2nd/Template sandbox B
Emperor of Germany (1918)[edit]
| Emperor | Styles | Empress | Symbols | German Empire 1871 – 1918 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 1859 – 1941 |
His Imperial and Royal Majesty The German Emperor, King of Prussia Wilhelm II Her Imperial and Royal Majesty The German Empress, Queen of Prussia Augusta Victoria |
 1858 – 1921 |
House of Hohenzollern .svg) 1871 – 1918 |
Kingdoms Prussia. Bavaria. Saxony. Württemberg. Grand Duchies Baden. Hesse. Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Oldenburg. Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. Duchies Anhalt. Brunswick. Saxe-Altenburg. Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Saxe-Meiningen. Principalities Lippe. Reuss, junior line. Reuss, senior line. Schaumburg-Lippe. Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. Waldeck-Pyrmont. Free Hanseatic cities Bremen. Hamburg. Lübeck. Imperial territory (Reichsland) Alsace-Lorraine. |
Statement of Abdication (1918)[edit]
I herewith renounce for all time claims to the throne of Prussia and to the German Imperial throne connected therewith. At the same time I release all officials of the German Empire and of Prussia, as well as all officers, non-commissioned officers and men of the navy and of the Prussian army, as well as the troops of the federated states of Germany, from the oath of fidelity which they tendered to me as their Emperor, King and Commander-in-Chief. I expect of them that until the re-establishment of order in the German Empire they shall render assistance to those in actual power in Germany, in protecting the German people from the threatening dangers of anarchy, famine, and foreign rule. Proclaimed under our own hand and with the imperial seal attached. Amerongen, 28 November, 1918. Signed WILLIAM. [1]
Following the abdication statement and German Revolution of 1918–19, the German nobility as a legally defined class was abolished. On promulgation of the Weimar Constitution on 11 August 1919, all Germans were declared equal before the law.[2] Altogether abolished were titles borne exclusively by monarchs; eg, emperor/empress, king/queen, grand duke/grand duchess, etc. There were 22 federal princes of the Kaiserreich (within Germany), who lost their titles and domains. Of these princely heads of state, 4 held the title King (König) (the Kings of Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, and Württemberg), 6 held the title Grand Duke (Großherzog), 5 held the title Duke (Herzog), and 7 held the title Prince (i.e. Sovereign Prince, Fürst). All such German Kingdoms, Grand duchies, Duchies, and Principalities within the Kaiserreich lost their royal identities, and were renamed by the Weimer successors.
Kingdom of Prussia[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Kaiser Wilhelm II 1859 – 1941 |
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House of Hohenzollern C.11th – 1918 Kingdom of Prussia 1701 – 1918 |
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Spouse: (1) Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein (2) Hermine Reuss of Greiz Children: |
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Wilhelm II, German Emperor Wilhelm II issued his belated statement of abdication on 28 November from both the Prussian and imperial thrones, thus formally ending the House of Hohenzollern's 400-year rule over Prussia. He had lost both of his crowns, and gave up succession rights to "the throne of Prussia and to the German Imperial throne connected therewith." He also released his soldiers and officials in the Kaiserreich from their oath of loyalty to him.[3]
Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia was the fourth son of Emperor Wilhelm II, by his first wife, Augusta Victoria. In 1933 August Wilhelm had a position in the Prussian state, and became a member of the German Reichstag. The former prince hoped "that Hitler would one day hoist him or his son Alexander up to the vacant throne of the Kaiser". In 1939 August Wilhelm was made an SA-Obergruppenführer, the second highest SA rank, but after making derogatory remarks about Joseph Goebbels, he was denounced in 1942. He was then side-lined and also banned from making public speeches. In February 1945, with the former Crown Princess Cecilie, August Wilhelm fled the approaching Red Army to Kronberg to take refuge with his aunt Princess Margaret of Prussia.
Prince Alexander Ferdinand of Prussia was the only son of Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia and his wife Princess Alexandra Victoria.[4] As of November 1939, Prince Alexander Ferdinand was a first lieutenant in the Air Force Signal Corps, stationed in Wiesbaden.[5][6][7] Like his father, Prince August had secret hopes that Chancellor Adolf Hitler "would one day hoist him or his son Alexander up to the vacant throne of the Kaiser". The support father and son gave to the emerging party caused strong disagreements among the Hohenzollerns, with Wilhelm II urging them both to leave the Nazi party.[8] In 1933 Alexander Ferdinand quit the SA and became a private in the German regular army.[9] In 1934, Berlin reports leaked out that the prince quit the SA because Hitler had chosen 21-year-old Alexander Ferdinand to succeed him as "head man in Germany when he [Hitler] no longer can carry the torch".[9] The report went on to say that Joseph Goebbels was expected to oppose the prince's nomination.[9] Unlike many German princes untrusted by Hitler, and were removed from their commands in the military, Prince Alexander was the only Hohenzollern allowed to remain at his post.[10]
Kingdom of Bavaria[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
King Ludwig III 1845 – 1921 |
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House of Wittelsbach 1180–1918 Kingdom of Bavaria 1806 – 1918 |
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Spouse: (1) Maria Theresia of Austria-Este Children: |
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| House of Wittelsbach | |
|---|---|
| Titles | King of Bavaria Elector of Cologne King of Denmark King of Sweden King of Norway King of Greece |
At the outbreak of World War I, Ludwig III received a petition from Adolph Hitler, asking for permission to join the Bavarian Army. The petition was granted and Hitler joined the Bavarian Army, where he served the remainder of the war.[11][12] As the war drew to a close, the German Revolution broke out in Bavaria. On 7 November 1918, Ludwig fled from Munich with his family to Schloss Anif, near Salzburg. He was the first of the monarchs in the German Empire to be deposed. On 12 November 1918, King Ludwig gave Prime Minister Dandl the Anif declaration, reeasing all government officials, soldiers and civil officers from their oath of loyalty to him. The republican government of Kurt Eisner, interpreted it as a statement of abdication and declared the Wittelsbachs deposed, ending 700 years of Wittelsbacher rule over Bavaria.[13]
His son and heir Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria did not join the far right in Germany, despite Hitler's attempts to win him over through Ernst Röhm and promises of royal restoration.[14] In 1932, a plan to give Rupprecht dictatorial powers in Bavaria under the title of Staatskommissar, attracted support from the SPD, and the Bavarian Minister-President Wilhelm Hoegner, but the Bavarian government under Heinrich Held ended all hopes for the idea. Rupprecht continued to harbor the idea of the restoration of the Bavarian monarchy, in a possible union with Austria as an independent Southern Germany.[15] In a memorandum in May 1943, he even mentioned his ambition for the German crown, which had been held by the House of Wittelsbach in the past.[16]
Kingdom of Saxony[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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King Frederick Augustus III 1865 – 1932 |
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House of Wettin 900 – 1918 Kingdom of Saxony 1806 – 1918 |
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Spouse: (1) Archduchess Luise of Austria, Princess of Tuscany Children: |
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| House of Wettin | |
|---|---|
| Titles | |
King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony
Frederick Augustus III was the last King of Saxony and a member of the House of Wettin. He voluntarily abdicated as king on 13 November 1918. When the German Republic was proclaimed in 1918, he was asked by telephone whether he would abdicate willingly. He said: "Oh, well, I suppose I'd better."[17] Upon abdicating, he is supposed to have said "Nu da machd doch eiern Drägg alleene!" (Saxon for "Well then do your sh... by yourselves!"). When cheered by a crowd in a railroad station several years after his abdication, he stuck his head out of the train's window and shouted, "You're a fine lot of republicans, I'll say!"[17] After his father's abdication, in 1919 Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony his first-born son and heir renounced his rights on the Saxon throne, to become a Catholic priest. This was very controversial among people who hoped that the monarchy might one day be restored. He worked in Berlin where he was credited with protecting Jews from the Nazi regime[18] in notable contrast to his pro-Nazi brothers-in-law, Prince Frederich of Hohenzollern and Prince Franz Joseph of Hohenzolllern-Emden, who joined the SS. As a leading Roman Catholic nobleman and near relative of the Habsburg, Bourbon, and Saxon dynasties, Prince Franz Joseph did much to lend respectability to the Nazi party.[19][20]
Kingdom of Württemberg[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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King Wilhelm II 1848 – 1921 |
 
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House of Württemberg 1081 – 1918 Kingdom of Württemberg 1806 – 1918 |
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Spouse: (1) Marie of Waldeck and Pyrmont (2) Charlotte of Schaumburg-Lippe Children: |
.jpg)
King William II of Wurttemberg
William II abdicated on 30 November 1918.[21] Princess Pauine was the elder daughter of William II of Württemberg, notably, if George III of the United Kingdom had died in infancy as many predicted he would, Pauline, through the line of George III's sister, would have succeeded to the throne of the United Kingdom. Princess Pauine was a first cousin of: Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, and Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, and senior Nazi Party members Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Josias, Hereditary Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont. Princess Pauline was indicted by a United States Military Government court for "having concealed two prominent Nazis since October 1945." The princess admitted "having deliberately provided a haven for Frau Gertrud Scholtz-Klink" and her husband, former Maj. General August Heissmayer of the SS. The Princess had acknowledged knowing that Frau Scholtz-Klink was "known as the chief of all Nazi women's organizations," but she denied awareness of Heissmayer's SS position. Frau Scholtz-Klink told the authorities that she did not know whether "Adolf Hitler was alive or dead," but "as long as he lives in the hearts of his followers, he cannot die." [22]
Grand Duchy of Baden[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Grand Duke Friedrich II 1857 – 1928 |
 .svg)
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House of Zähringen C.10th – 1918 Grand Duchy of Baden 1806 – 1918 |
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Spouse: (1) Princess Hilda of Nassau. '(No children. Inherited to Prince Maximilian of Baden) |
Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden
Grand Duke Frederick II abdicated on 22 November 1918, during the German Revolution of 1918–19 which resulted in the abolition of the Grand Duchy. After his Death in 1928, the headship of the house was transferred over to his great uncles grandson, Prince Maximilian of Baden. His successor Prince Maximilian, was the Chancellor of Germany and Minister President of Prussia, and the chief negotiator of the Kaiserreich abdication. Prince Max was married to Princess Marie Louise of Hanover, eldest daughter of Ernest Augustus II and Thyra of Denmark. Prince Max's son Prince Berthold of Baden married Princess Theodora, daughter of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg. As such, Prince Berthold was brother-in-law to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. In 1920 with Kurt Hahn, Prince Max established the Schule Schloss Salem school[23][24] attended by Prince Philip.[25] Kurt Hahn also founded Gordonstone in Scotland attended by Philips heir, Prince Charles.
Grand Duchy of Hesse[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Prince Frederich Charles 1868 – 1940 |
 
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House of Hesse House of Brabant C.13th – 1918 Grand Duchy of Hesse 1806 – 1918 |
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Spouse: (1) Princess Margaret of Prussia Children: |
| House of Hesse | |
|---|---|
| Titles | Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine King of Sweden King of Finland |
| Cadet branches | Hesse-Kassel Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld Battenberg (Mountbatten) Hanau-Schaumburg Hesse-Nassau |
Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse
Prince Frederick Charles was the brother-in-law of the German Emperor Wilhelm II. Frederick Charles was elected as the King of Finland by the Parliament of Finland on 9 October 1918. However, with the abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany ending monarchies in Germany, Finland adopted a republican constitution. His first son Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse joined the Nazi Party in 1930, and the SA. Stormtroopers in 1932. In 1933 his three other brothers joined the (SS) and the SA. Prince Philipp of Hesse became a particularly close friend of Hermann Göring, the future head of the Luftwaffe. After Hindenburg's appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in 1933, Philipp was appointed Oberpräsident (Governor) of Hesse-Nassau, and a member of the Reichstag, and of the Prussian Staatsrat. Philipp played an important role in the consolidation of Nazi rule in Germany. He introduced other aristocrats to NSDAP officials and, as son-in-law of the king of Italy, was a frequent go-between for Hitler and Benito Mussolini. As Governor of Hesse-Kassel, Philipp was complicit in the T-4 Euthanasia Program. In February 1941, Philipp signed the contract placing the sanitarium of Hadamar Clinic at the disposal of the Reich Interior Ministry. Over 10,000 mentally ill people were killed there. In 1946, Prince Philipp of Hesse was charged with murder, but the charges were later dropped.
Prince Fredericks other son Prince Christoph of Hesse was a SS. Schutzstaffel officer. Prince Christophe was a director in the Third Reich's Ministry of Air Forces, Commander of the Air Reserves, with a rank of Oberführer in the SS.[26] In 1943, he was killed in an airplane accident in a war zone near Italy.[26] Prince Christoph was a great-grandson of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha through their daughter Victoria, Princess Royal, wife of Frederick III, German Emperor. Christoph married Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark.[26] Princess Sophie was the youngest daughter of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg, and the sister of the future Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
Prince Wilhelm of Hesse, was heir to the Hesse-Philippsthal line. Prince Wilhelm was the eldest child of Prince Chlodwig of Hesse and Princess Caroline of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich. In 1932 he joined the Nazi party and SS rising to the rank SS-Hauptsturmführer.[27][28] Prince Wilhelm married Princess Marianne, the daughter of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia.[27] During WWII Prince Wilhelm refused to join an SS unit instead switching to the regular German Army where he became a captain of infantry.[28][29] He was killed in action during the fighting at Gor on the Eastern Front.
Grand Duchy of Hesse by Rhine[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Grand Duke Ernest Louis 1868 – 1937 |
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House of Hesse-Darmstadt 1806 – 1918 Grand Duchy of Hesse by Rhine 1806 – 1918 |
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Spouse: (1) Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (2) Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich Children: |
Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse
During World War I, Grand Duke Ernest Louis served as an officer at Kaiser Wilhelm's headquarters. In July 1918, roughly sixteen months after the February Revolution, which forced his brother-in-law, Nicholas II from his throne, Ernst's two sisters in Russia, Elizabeth, who had become a nun following the assassination of her husband, Grand Duke Sergei, in 1905, and Alexandra, the former tsarina, were killed by the Bolsheviks. At the end of the war, he lost his throne during the revolution of 1918, after refusing to abdicate.[30] Ernst was the last Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine from 1892 until 1918.[31]
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Grand Duke Friedrich Franz IV 1882 – 1945 |
 
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House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1131 – 1918 Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1815 – 1918 Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1918) |
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Spouse: (1) Alexandra of Hanover and Cumberland Children: |
Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Following the 1918 suicide of Grand Duke Adolphus Frederick VI of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Grand Duke Frederick Francis took up the regency of Strelitz, after the heir presumptive Duke Charles Michael, who was serving in the Russian Army at the time and had indicated that he wished to renounce his succession rights. Friedrich Franz abdicated the grand ducal throne on 14 November 1918 following the German Empire's defeat in World War I; the regency ended at the same time.[32] His son Friedrich Franz joined the SS, and by 1936 had the rank of Hauptsturmführer (Captain).[33] He was posted to Denmark during WWII where he worked at the German embassy as a personal aide to Werner Best.[33] He spent 1944 serving with the Waffen-SS tank corps.[33] In May 1943, Friedrich Franz was passed over as heir in favour of his younger brother Duke Christian Louis.[34]
Grand Duchy of Oldenburg[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Grand Duke Friedrich Augustus 1852 – 1931 |
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House of Holstein-Gottorp (Oldenburg) 1544 – 1918 Grand Duchy of Oldenburg 1814 – 1918 |
_Oldenburg.svg)
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Spouse: (1) Princess Elisabeth Anna of Prussia, (2) Duchess Elisabeth Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Children: |
| House of Oldenburg | |
|---|---|
| Titles | |
Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg
Grand Duke Frederick was forced to abdicate his throne at the end of World War I, when the former Grand Duchy of the German Empire joined the post-war German Republic.[35] He and his family took up residence at Rastede Castle, where he took up farming and local industrial interests.[5] A year after his abdication, he asked the Oldenburg Diet for a yearly allowance of 150,000 marks, stating that his financial condition was "extremely precarious".[5] In 1931, Frederick died in Rastede.[35]
Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernest 1876 – 1923 |
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House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 1741 – 1918 Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 1809 – 1920 |
_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach.svg)
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Spouse: (1) Princess Caroline Reuss of Greiz, (2) Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen Children: |
William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernst was in the line for the throne of the Netherlands (as the grandson of Princess Sophie of the Netherlands) after Queen Wilhelmina. The Dutch feared annexation of the Netherlands, in order to prevent this, some lawyers tried to change the constitution to exclude Wilhelm Ernst. Another proposal, was that if Wilhelmina would die childless, then he or his offspring would have to choose between the Dutch and the Weimar throne. The birth of Wilhelmina's daughter Juliana of the Netherlands in 1909 lessened the chance for the house of Wettin to inherit the Dutch throne. With the amendment to the constitution of 1922, restricting succession to the offspring of Wilhelmina, the possibility disappeared entirely. On 9 November 1918 Wilhelm Ernst - along with the rest of the Kaiserreich monarchs following the defeat of Germany in WWI - was forced to abdicate. His throne and lands were relinquished and he fled with his family to the family estate in Silesia, where he died five years later. Despite all his work for Weimar during his government, Wilhelm Ernst was a hated ruler. In his private life, he was known as a sadist. On the day of his abdication, he was called the "most unpopular prince in all Germany".[36]
Duchy of Anhalt[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regent was his uncle Prince Aribert of Anhalt |
Duke Joachim Ernst 1901 – 1947 |
 
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House of Ascania 1036 – 1918 Duchy of Anhalt 1863 – 1918 |
_Anhalt.svg)
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Spouse: (1) Elisabeth Strickrodt, (2) Editha Marwitz Children: |
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Joachim Ernst succeeded his father as Duke of Anhalt on September 13, 1918, however due to his age his uncle Prince Aribert of Anhalt was appointed regent. His brief reign came to an end on November 12, 1918 with his uncle abdicating in his name following the German revolution. The duchy became the Free State of Anhalt.
Duchy of Brunswick[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Duke Ernest Augustus 1845 – 1923 |
 
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House of Hanover 1635 – 1918 Duchy of Brunswick 1815 – 1918 |
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Spouse: (1) Princess Thyra of Denmark Children: |
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| House of Hanover | |
|---|---|
| Parent house | |
| Titles | etc., etc., etc. |
Prince Ernest Augustus, 3rd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale
Ernst August, Crown Prince of Hanover, was the only son of George V of Hanover and Marie of Saxe-Altenburg. Although he was the senior male-line great-grandson of George III, the Duke of Cumberland was deprived of his British peerages and honours for having sided with Germany in World War I.[37][38] Ernst August was the last Hanoverian prince to hold a British royal title. His descendants are in the line of succession to the British throne. His successor Ernst Augustus, Duke of Brunswick and Prince of Hanover, Prince of Great Britain and Ireland, was the youngest child of Crown Prince Ernest Augustus and Princess Thyra. [39] When Ernest's older brother Prince George died, the German Emperor sent a message of condolence to the Duke. In response the Duke sent his only surviving son, Ernst, to thank the Emperor. In Berlin, Ernst met Emperor William II's only daughter, Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia. Ernest and Victoria Louise married in 1913. The wedding was the last great gathering of European sovereigns; German Emperor and Empress, Duke and Duchess of Cumberland, George V and Queen Mary of the UK, and Tsar Nicholas II attended. On 8 November 1918, he was forced to abdicate his throne along with the other Kaiserreich nobility. The next year, his father's British dukedom was suspended under the Titles Deprivation Act 1917. In 1947 his daughter Frederica became Queen of the Hellenes when her husband Prince Paul of Greece and Denmark succeeded as King. He died in 1953.
Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Duke Ernst II 1871 – 1955 |
 
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House of Wettin 900 – 1918 Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg 1826 – 1918 |
_Sachsen-Altenburg.svg)
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Spouse: (1) Princess Adelaide of Schaumburg-Lippe, (2) Maria Triebel (morganatic) Children: |
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When Germany lost the war, all the German princes lost their titles and states. Ernst was one of the first princes to realize major changes were coming for Germany, and quickly arrived at an amicable settlement with his subjects..[7] He was forced to abdicate the government of the duchy on 13 November 1918, and spent the rest of his life like a private citizen. On 1 May 1937 Ernst joined the Nazi party[40] Ernst became the only former reigning German prince who accepted German Democratic Republic citizenship after World War II, refusing an offer to leave his beloved Schloß Fröhliche Wiederkunft and relocate to the British occupation zone. The Schloß had been confiscated by the Soviet occupiers, but Ernst had been granted free use of it until his death. In March 1954, with the death of Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, he became the last survivor of the German princes who had reigned until 1918. One year later, on 22 March 1955, he died at his Schloß.
Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Duke Charles Edward 1884 – 1954 |
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House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1826 – 1918 Duchy of Saxe-Coburg Gotha 1826 – 1918 |
_Sachsen-Coburg_und_Gotha.svg)
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Spouse: (1) Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein Children: |
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| House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | |
|---|---|
| Parent house | House of Wettin |
| Titles | Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1826–1918) King of the Belgians (1831–present) King of Portugal and the Algarves (1837–1910) Prince of Bulgaria (1887–1908) King of Great Britain and Ireland (1901–1917) Tsar of Bulgaria (1908–1946) |
Charles Edward, was the last reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and the head of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha until his death in 1954. A male-line grandson of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, he was also until 1919 a Prince of the United Kingdom as the Duke of Albany. The Duke was a controversial figure in the UK due to his status as Sovereign Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, part of the German Empire, during World War I. He was deprived of his British peerages, his title of Prince and Royal Highness and his British honours in 1919.[41] In 1918, he was forced to abdicate his ducal throne. In World War I Charles Edward held a commission as a general in the German Army. Consequently, George V ordered his name removed from the register of the Knights of the Garter in 1915. In July 1917, he and his children also lost their titles of Prince and Princess of the United Kingdom and the styles Royal Highness and Highness. He retained the style Highness as a member of a sovereign ducal house in Germany. On 18 November 1918, the Workers' and Soldiers' Council of Gotha deposed Charles Edward. Five days later, he signed a declaration relinquishing his rights to the throne. In 1932, he took part in the creation of the Harzburg Front, through which the German National People's Party became associated with the Nazi Party. Charles Edward was a member of the (NSDAP), and formally joined the Nazi Party in 1935 and became a member of the SA (Brownshirts), rising to the rank of Obergruppenführer. He was also a member of the Reichstag representing the Nazi Party. In 1936, Adolf Hitler sent Charles Edward to Britain as president of the Anglo-German Friendship Society. His mission was to improve Anglo-German relations and to explore the possibility of a pact between the two countries. He sent Hitler encouraging reports about the strength of pro-German sentiment among the British aristocracy. After the Abdication Crisis, he played host to the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, during their private tour of Germany in 1937.
Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, was a German aristocrat, and the Regent of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha during the minority of his wife’s cousin, Duke Charles Edward, from 1900 to 1905. Ernst was the oldest of three children, and the only son, of Hermann, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, and Princess Leopoldine of Baden. He married the Queen Victoria's granddaughter, Princess Alexandra of Edinburgh, daughter of The Prince Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Edinburgh and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna. After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, Ernst joined his son Gottfried, Prince of Hohenlohe (who had already entered in 1931) in the Nazi Party.[42] Prince Gottfried, the son of Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe married Princess Margarita, who was one of the sisters of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, the consort of Queen Elizabeth II.[43]
Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in the years preceding WWII, was an early supporter of the Nazi Party, which she joined in 1937, together with several of her children.[44] She died in Schwäbisch Hall, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany in 1942.
Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Duke Bernhard III 1851 – 1928 |
 
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House of Saxe-Meiningen (Wettin) 1680 – 1918 Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen 1680 – 1918 |
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Spouse: (1) Princess Charlotte of Prussia Children: |
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Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen
Bernhard assumed the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen after the death of his father in 1914. When Germany lost the war, all the German princes lost their titles and states. Bernhard was forced to abdicate as duke on 10 November 1918, and spent the rest of his life in his former country as a private citizen. His wife Princess Charlotte of Prussia was the second child of Prince Frederick of Prussia and Princess Victoria. Charlotte was the eldest granddaughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. She was well loved by her paternal grandparents King Wilhelm I and Queen Augusta, and close to her brother Wilhelm II.
Georg, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen was the head of the house of Saxe-Meiningen from 1941 until his death. A nephew of Kaiser Wilhelm II, [45] Georg was the eldest son of Prince Frederick Johann of Saxe-Meiningen (1861-1914) and Countess Adelaide of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1870–1948). His uncle Bernhard III abdicated on 10 November 1918 following the German Revolution. In 1933 he joined the Nazi Party. Georg died in the Russian prisoner of war camp in Northern Russia. His heir was his second and only surviving son Prince Frederick Alfred who renounced the succession, being a monk in 1953, allowing it to pass to his uncle Bernhard.
Principality of Lippe[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Prince Leopold IV 1871 – 1949 |
 
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House of Lippe 1123 – 1918 Principality of Lippe 1123 – 1918 |
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Spouse: (1) Princess Bertha of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (2) Princess Anna of Ysenburg and Büdingen Child. |
Prince Leopold IV, was forced to renounce the throne on 12 November 1918. Following the end of his rule Lippe became a Free state in the new Weimar Republic. All three of his sons by his first wife became members of the party. His eldest son Prince Ernst is reported to have been the first German prince to join the party when he signed up in May 1928.[48] When Leopold died in Detmold his three eldest sons were all disinherited and his youngest son Armin became head of the house.[49]
Princess Marie Adelheid of Lippe was the only daughter of Count Rudolf of Lippe-Biesterfeld and his wife Princess Luise of Ardeck. In 1920, Marie Adelheid married Prince Heinrich XXXII Reuss of Köstritz.[4][50] He was a son of Heinrich VII Prinz Reuss zu Köstritz and his wife Princess Marie of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, and had once been close to succeeding Queen Wilhelmina to the Dutch throne. They divorced in 1921.[4][50] Marie Adelheid married thirdly to Hanno Konopath, a Nazi government official in 1927.[4][50] This marriage created some important contacts for her in the German regime.[4][50] Like the Hesse family, the Lippe dynasty joined the Nazi party in great numbers (ultimately eighteen members would eventually join).[51] Some German states provided a proportionally higher number of SS officers, including Hesse-Nassau and Lippe, Marie Adelheid's birthplace.[51] Marie Adelheid developed strong connections with the Nazi regime, and became a leading socialite during that time.[51] She embraced "blood and soil" notions, and belonged to the paganist sect of Nazism.[51] In 1921, Marie Adelheid became employed as an aide to the Nazi Minister of Food and Agriculture, Richard Walther Darré (a friend of her third husband's).[52] Her cousin Ernst, Prince of Lippe (son of Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe) was also employed under Darré.[51] Marie Adelheid devoted her writing talent to promoting National Socialist ideals, in particular those of Darré.[53] Darré's romantic "blood and soil" views suffered as new and more efficient plans were produced by important Nazi officials Heinrich Himmler and Hermann Göring.[54] As Darré's influence declined, so did that of Marie Adelheid and her cousin. After WWII, she published translations of prominent Holocaust-denying works, such as Paul Rassinier's Le Drame des Juifs européens [The Drama of European Jews] into German; (1964). Marie Adelheid died in 1993 aged 98.[4][55]
Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Prince Adolph II 1883 – 1936 |
 
|
House of Lippe 1123 – 1918 Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe 1643 – 1918 |
_Schaumburg-Lippe.svg)
|
Spouse: (1) Ellen Bischoff-Korthaus (1894–1936) |
Adolf II, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe
Adolph succeeded his father as Prince on 29 April 1911, and reigned until he was forced to abdicate on 15 November 1918 following the German revolution: the Principality became the Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe. Adolf was exiled to Brioni in Istria. Adolf married Ellen Bischoff-Korthaus, they were both killed in a plane crash in Mexico in 1936, in a controlled flight into the side of a volcano. He was succeeded as head of the House of Schaumburg-Lippe by his brother Wolrad. His other brother Prince Friedrich Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe was the eighth and youngest son of Georg, the reigning Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe, and Princess Marie Anne of Saxe-Altenburg. During the German Revolution of 1918–19, Friedrich's brother Adolf II was the "last German prince forced to abdicate.[56] after World War I, Friedrich Christian as an ardent Nazi Party supporter, worked vigorously to gain noble and royal support for it, and eventually became an upper privy councillor and adjutant to Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels. In 1939, Friedrich Christian was asked to become king of Iceland by Icelanders sympathetic to the Nazi party, but refused due to the opposition of Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. After World War II, the prince devoted his writings to defending the record of the Third Reich, producing such works as Was Hitler Really a Dictator? (a personal account of the German leader) & etc. Prince Friedrich Christian had felt disillusioned and disgusted by the abdication and flight of Emperor Wilhelm II, and had felt even more unhappy over the "cowardly abdications" of the German princes to the revolutionaries in 1918.[57] The prince wished for a restoration of the monarchy, but for it to be unlike anything it had been before; he believed that Adolf Hitler was also in tandem with these views, writing in his diary, "Hitler was in principle for the monarchy, but not for the continuation of that which, in his opinion, had failed totally."[57] The prince "liked to think of his own class as an 'avant-garde' of National Socialism" and of the "National Socialists as true heirs of the old nobility."[58]
The House of Schaumburg-Lippe would eventually come to have ten members in the Nazi party.[59] Hitler wanted these high-ranking members of society for propaganda reasons - the more who joined, the more socially acceptable his new regime would be.[60] Like Friedrich and his brother Prince Wolrad, Hitler appointed many of these new members to the Sturmabteilung as stormtroopers.[61] Hitler made various assurances to its new and prospective members, stating the movement had room for republicans and monarchists alike and leading them to believe he intended to restore the monarchy.[62]
Friedrich Christian became a speaker for the Nazi Party in 1929, and worked vigorously to gain the support of other noble families behind Hitler.[57][62] He worked closely with Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels.[63] Goebbels made a concerted effort to gain the prince's help, and gave him a position in the newly created Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda.[64] By April 1933, Friedrich Christian was both an upper privy councillor and Goebbels' adjutant.[64] In May of that year, the prince arranged for the Minister's involvement in the Berlin University book burning.[64] In 1938, the prince was sent to Sweden to drum up support for the German government; as is evident from photographs and diaries during that time, Hitler and Goebbels both held Friedrich Christian in high esteem.[57] As World War II continued with German military defeats, Hitler became more suspicious of these high-ranking members of royal and noble families, questioning their loyalties.[65] By 1943 he secretly ordered all branches of the Nazi bureaucracies to compile a record of members, and then personally made the decision as to whether they should be "retired" or allowed to stay.[66] Most of the princes were unwillingly booted out of the party as a result.[67] Goebbels attempted to protect Friedrich Christian by trying to obtain a special waiver; Hitler's secretary had doubts about the prince however and refused the request. Goebbels thus had to go to Hitler directly and ask for the prince's "future deployment in the Propaganda Ministry", vouching that he was "the holder of the golden badge of honor and a trusted National Socialist"; In January 1944, Hitler relented by declaring his May 1943 decree did not apply to the prince, thus allowing Friedrich Christian to continue his service to the party.[66] Unlike other Nazi-associated royalty, Friedrich Christian retained his post until 17 July 1944, when he also relinquished his commission in the SA.[66]
In 1947, four German princes (Friedrich Christian, Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia, Prince Philipp of Hesse, and Hereditary Prince Ernst of Lippe) were brought under arrest to the war crimes jail at Nuremberg in order to appear as witnesses in a portion of the 16 trials of high-ranking Nazi criminals.[68] Viewed as an "old-line party member" who made propaganda excursions to many foreign countries on Goebbels' behalf, Friedrich Christian was the last of the four to testify.[68]
Principality of Schwarzburg[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Prince Victor Gunther 1852 – 1925 |
 
|
House of Schwarzburg 11?? – 1918 Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 1599 – 1919 Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1909–1920) |
|
Spouse (1) Princess Anna Louise of Schönburg-Waldenburg |
Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg (1852 – 1925) was the final sovereign prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, and also the last German royal to abdicate in the wake of the November Revolution of 1918. Following the outbreak of the German revolution Prince Günther abdicated on 22 November 1918. Following his death in Sondershausen he was succeeded as head of the House of Schwarzburg by Prince Sizzo.[69] Died childless.
Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Prince Friedrich 1865 – 1946 |
 .svg)
|
House of Waldeck and Pyrmont 1815 – 1918 Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont 1180 – 1918 |
_Waldeck.svg)
|
Spouse: (1) Princess Bathildis of Schaumburg-Lippe Children: |
Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont
Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont (Friedrich Adolf Hermann Prinz zu Waldeck und Pyrmont; 20 January 1865 – 26 May 1946) was the last reigning Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont from 12 May 1893 to 13 November 1918.
Josias, Hereditary Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont was the heir apparent to Waldeck and Pyrmont. At the end of WWI, his family lost their Principality as Waldeck and Pyrmont became a Free State in the new Weimar Republic. On 1 November 1929, Josias joined Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party, becoming a member of the SS in 1930. He was immediately appointed adjutant to Sepp Dietrich (a leading member of the SS), before becoming Heinrich Himmler's Adjutant and staff chief in September 1930.[70] Waldeck-Pyrmont was elected as the Reichstag member for Düsseldorf-West in 1933 and was promoted to the rank of SS Lieutenant General.[70] He was promoted again in 1939, to the Higher SS and Police Leader for Weimar. In this position he had supervisory authority over Buchenwald concentration camp.[28] After World War II, he was sentenced to life in prison at the Buchenwald Trial (later commuted to 20 years) for his part in the "common plan" to violate the Laws and Usages of War in connection with prisoners of war held at Buchenwald concentration camp, but was released after serving about three years in prison. He was the nephew of William II, King of Württemberg, and Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Queen Regent of the Netherlands. He was also a cousin of Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands, and Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Prince Josias's and his wife, Duchess Altburg of Oldenburg were the parents of Wittekind, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont. Adolf Hitler and Heinrich Himmler were his godfathers.[28] Wittekind, who served in the German Armed Forces as a Lieutenant Colonel, succeeded as head of the House of Waldeck and Pyrmont when his father died on 30 November 1967.[28]
Principality of Reuss-Greiz[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Prince Heinrich XXIV 1878 – 1927 |
 
|
House of Reuss (Elder Line) 1778 – 1918 Principality of Reuss-Greiz 1778 – 1918 |
|
(Succession passed to Heinrich XXVII, until its abolition in 1918.) |
Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz (1878 – 1927) was the last reigning Prince Reuss of Greiz from 1902 to 1918. Then he became Head of the House Reuss of Greiz which became extinct at his death in 1927. At the death of father in 19 April 1902, Heinrich XXIV succeeded as the Prince Reuss of Greiz. Because of the physical and mental disability of Heinrich XXIV, the result of an accident in his childhood, Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line served as regent of Reuss Elder Line from 1902 until his death in 1913; the regency continued thereafter under Heinrich XIV's successor, Heinrich XXVII, until the abolition of the German monarchies in 1918.
Principality of Reuss-Gera (Younger Line)[edit]
| Ruler | Title | Arms – Flag | House – State | Location | Spouse – Children |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Prince Heinrich XXVII 1858 – 1928 |
.png) 
|
House of Reuss (Younger Line) 1913 – 1918 Principality of Reuss-Gera 1806 – 1918 |
|
Spouse: (1) Princess Elise of Hohenlohe-Langenburg Children: |
Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line
At the death of his father in 29 March 1913, Heinrich inherited the throne of the Principality, as well he continued the regency of Reuss Elder Line, because of a physical and mental disability of Prince Heinrich XXIV due to an accident in his childhood. Prince Heinrich XXVII abdicated in 1918 after the German Revolution of 1918–19, when all German monarchies were abolished. After the death of Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss Elder Line in 1927, the titles passed to Heinrich XXVII and became Prince Reuss.
Heinrich XLV, Hereditary Prince Reuss Younger Line
Heinrich XLV was the head of the House of Reuss from 1928 to 1945, as well the last male member of the Reuss-Schleiz branch of the Younger Line. Heinrich XLV was the only surviving son of Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line (1858–1928), (son of Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line, and Duchess Agnes of Württemberg) and his wife, Princess Elise of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1864–1929), (daughter of Hermann, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and Princess Feodora of Leiningen). At the death of his father in 1928 he became head of the House of Reuss after the Younger and Elder Lines merged, when the Elder Line became extinct in the male line in 1927. In 1939 Heinrich I married Duchess Woizlawa Feodora of Mecklenburg, the niece of Heinrich XLV. During the 1930s Heinrich XLV became a Nazi sympathizer and member of the Nazi Party.[71] In August 1945 he was arrested in Ebersdorf by the Soviet military and disappeared. On 5 January 1962 he was declared dead by a court in Büdingen.[72] Heinrich XLV remained unmarried and childless and the succession of the House of Reuss passed to Prince Heinrich IV of the Reuss of Köstritz branch.
States location map[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Statement of Abdication (1918). As translated and appearing in the 1923 Source Records of the Great War, Vol. VI, edited by Charles F. Horne.
- ^ Article 109 of the Weimar Constitution constitutes: Adelsbezeichnungen gelten nur als Teil des Namens und dürfen nicht mehr verliehen werden ("Noble names are only recognised as part of the surname and may no longer be granted").
- ^ The American Year Book: A Record of Events and Progress. 1919. p. 153.
- ^ a b c d e f Lundy, Darryl. "The Peerage: Alexander Ferdinand Prinz von Preußen". Retrieved 13 December 2010. Cite error: The named reference "lundy" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c "Family of Ex-Kaiser Sends Many to Front", The New York Times, 26 November 1939
- ^ Associated Press (26 November 1939), "Kaiser's Kin Serve Hitler In Nazi Army", The Washington Post, Berlin
- ^ a b "Prince's Wireless Plant", The New York Times, Berlin, 7 April 1914
- ^ MacDonogh, Giles (2000). The Last Kaiser: The Life of Wilhelm II. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 449.
- ^ a b c Prince Chosen by Hitler as Reich Regent (PDF), 2 January 1934, pp. Tonawanda Evening News
- ^ Petropoulos, Jonathan (2006). Royals and the Reich: The Princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 243.
- ^ See, e.g., Toland, John (1976). Adolf Hitler. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 57–58. ISBN 0-385-03724-4. ("Toland") and Large, David C. (1997). Where Ghosts Walked: Munich's Road to the Third Reich. New York: Doubleday & Company. pp. 48–49. ISBN 0-393-03836-X. ("Large").
- ^ This account is based on Hitler's recollections in Mein Kampf. Kershaw holds that Hitler's story is simply not credible and suggests that bureaucratic error, rather than bureaucratic efficiency, was responsible for Hitler's enlistment; indeed, as a national of an allied country, he should have been sent to Austria for service in that army. Based on Bavarian government investigations in 1924, the more likely scenario in Kershaw's view is that Hitler applied for enlistment, along with thousands of other youths, on or about 5 August 1914, was initially turned away because the authorities were overwhelmed with applicants and had no place to assign him, and eventually was recalled to serve in the 2nd Infantry Regiment (2nd Battalion), before being assigned to Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (the List Regiment), which was principally made up of raw recruits. Kershaw, Ian (1999). Adolf Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 89–90. ISBN 0-393-04671-0. ("Kershaw").
- ^ Anifer Erklärung, 12./13. November 1918 (in German) Historisches Lexikon Bayerns, accessed: 10 May 2008
- ^ "The Prince of Possibilities: Kronprinz Rupprecht von Bayern". Archived from the original on 2009-08-09. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
kirchenwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
googlewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b "Milestones, Feb. 29, 1932". Time. 29 February 1932. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ Diocese of Dresden-Meissen(in German) retrieved on 9 November 2008
- ^ Burleigh, Michael; Wipperman, Wolfgang (November 29, 1991). The Racial State: Germany, 1933-1945. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-521-39114-6.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Thomas, W Hugh (March 22, 2002). The strange death of Heinrich Himmler: a forensic investigation. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 32. ISBN 0-312-28923-5.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Abdication text (in German)
- ^ Princess indicted for helping the Nazis. New York Times. March 3, 1948
- ^ "Biografie Prinz Max von Baden (German)". Deutsches Historisches Museum. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
- ^ "Biografie Prinz Max von Baden (German)". Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
- ^ Prince Philip quoted in Brandreth, p. 72
- ^ a b c Almanach de Gotha. Gotha, Germany: Justus Perthes. 1944. pp. 61–62.
- ^ a b Almanach de Gotha. Justus Perthes. 1942. p. 62.
- ^ a b c d e Petropoulos, Jonathan. Royals and the Reich: The Princes Von Hessen in Nazi Germany. Cite error: The named reference "Petropoulos" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ "Four high Nazis dead, Berlin says". The Milwaukee Journal. 31 July 1942. p. 1. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
- ^ "TWO MORE RULERS GIVE UP THRONE; Republics Proclaimed in Wurttemburg and Hesse—Ducal Lands Seized" (PDF). The New York Times. 14 November 1918. p. 1. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) Hesse mentioned toward the middle of the article - ^ "EX-RULER OF HESSE DEAD IN GERMANY; Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig Was Ousted in 1918 After Reign Praised for Its Wisdom". The New York Times. 10 October 1937. p. 29. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) Paid subscription required to read the full article. - ^ Cite error: The named reference
heraldicawas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c Royals and the Reich: The Princes Von Hessen in Nazi Germany. p. 99.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Pet72was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b "Duchess Elisabeth", The New York Times, Oldenburg, 5 September 1955
- ^ "The Most Unpopular Prince in Germany': Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernst of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach", European Royal History Journal (Issue XIV): 24–26, December 1999
{{citation}}:|issue=has extra text (help) - ^ MacNeil, Swift (18 November 1914). "ALIEN PEERS". Hansard. His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. HC Deb 18 November 1914 vol 68 cc437-8W. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
Mr. Swift MacNeill asked the Prime Minister (1) whether he is aware that the Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, in the peerage of Great Britain, and Earl of Armagh, in the peerage of Ireland, and a prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, is in command of troops in the German Army, engaged in active hostilities against the Sovereign and people of the British Empire; whether he is aware that the first Duke of Cumberland, the paternal grandfather of the present duke, after his accession to the throne of Hanover, took the oath of allegiance in England, and sat in the House of Lords as a peer of Great Britain by hereditary right; whether the present Duke of Cumberland, who was born a British subject, has since divested himself of his British nationality and, if so, how and when; and whether, having regard to the fact that the present Duke of Cumberland is in arms with the enemies of the British Empire against the Sovereign of that Empire, and guilty of high treason, any and, if so, what steps will be taken to secure that he shall no longer retain British and Irish titles or peerages and a seat in the House of Lords; and (2) whether he is aware that the Duke of Albany, Earl of Clarence, and Baron Arklow, in the peerage of the United Kingdom, prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, is in command of troops in the German Army, engaged in active hostilities against the Sovereign and people of the British Empire; whether he is aware that the Duke of Albany was born in England, a subject of the British Crown, and succeeded, at his birth as a posthumous child, to these United Kingdom titles or peerages held by his father, who swore allegiance and sat as a peer of the United Kingdom in the House of Lords by hereditary right; whether the Duke of Albany has ever divested himself of his British nationality and, if so, how or when; and whether, having regard to the fact that the Duke of Albany is in arms with the enemies of the British Empire against the Sovereign of this Empire, and guilty of high treason, any and, if so, what steps will be taken to secure that he shall no longer retain United Kingdom peerages and titles and a seat in the House of Lords?
- ^ Bottomley asked the Prime Minister whether it is proposed to abolish the peerages of which the Dukes of Albany and Cumberland have recently been deprived; and, if not, whether the heirs of such dukes will ultimately become eligible for the assumption of the titles?
- ^ Under settled practice dating to 1714, as a male-line descendant of George III, Prince Ernst August III of Hanover also held the title of Prince of Great Britain and Ireland with the style of Highness. In the Court Circular printed in The Times and in the London Gazette, he was frequently styled Prince Ernest Augustus of Cumberland.
- ^ Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, S.505.
- ^ "No. 31255". The London Gazette. 28 March 1919.
- ^ (in German) Ernst Klee, Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945 [The Cultural Dictionary of the Third Reich: Who was What Before and After 1945] (Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 2007), p. 261.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
ghdawas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Jonathan Petropoulos, Royals and the Reich: The Princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 382.
- ^ "Kaiser's Nephew a Petty Judge". New York Times. 1922-10-29. p. 103.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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OnlineGothawas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Petropoulos, Jonathan (2006). Royals and the Reich: The Princes Von Hessen in Nazi Germany. Oxford University Press. p. 98. ISBN 0-19-516133-5.
- ^ Beéche, Arturo E. (October 2006). "A Headless House? The Dynastic Dispute of the House of Lippe". European Royal History Journal (LIII): 14, 15.
- ^ a b c d Gossman, p. 65.
- ^ a b c d e Petropoulos, p. 266.
- ^ Gossman, pp. 1-2 and 65.
- ^ Gossman, p. 2.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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G66was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Petropoulos, Jonathan (2006). Royals and the Reich: The Princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 58.
- ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference
G68was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
G69was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Petropoulos, p. 100.
- ^ Petropoulos, pp. 5-6.
- ^ Petropoulos, p. 111.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
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- ^ a b c Petropoulos, p. 137.
- ^ Petropoulos, pp. 6-7.
- ^ a b c Petropoulos, p. 284.
- ^ Petropoulos, p. 7.
- ^ a b "German Princes To Testify", The Irish Times, 12 July 1947
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
onewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Wistrich, Robert S. (1995). Who's Who in Nazi Germany. Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 0-415-26038-8.
- ^ Lionel Gossman: Brownshirt Princess; A study of the "Nazi Conscience". Open Book Publishers, Cambridge 2009. ISBN 978-1-906924-07-2, S. 68
- ^ "Monarchies of Europe - Formerly-reigning monarchs and present-day claimants in Europe". Btinternet.com. Archived from the original on 2012-06-30. Retrieved 2011-10-04.[dead link]