User:Skinsmoke/Sandbox/Sheffield

Coordinates: 53°23′01″N 1°28′01″W / 53.38361°N 1.46694°W / 53.38361; -1.46694
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Sheffield (disambiguation).
City of Sheffield
City & Metropolitan borough
Top: Sheffield from Meersbrook Park, middle left: Sheffield Cathedral, middle right: Shepherd Wheel, bottom left: Fargate, bottom right: Sheffield Winter Garden.
Top: Sheffield from Meersbrook Park, middle left: Sheffield Cathedral, middle right: Shepherd Wheel, bottom left: Fargate, bottom right: Sheffield Winter Garden.
Official logo of City of Sheffield
Coat of Arms of the City Council
Nickname: 
"Steel City"
Motto: 
"Deo Adjuvante Labor Proficit" "With God's help our labour is successful"
City of Sheffield shown within South Yorkshire
City of Sheffield shown within South Yorkshire
Coordinates: 53°23′01″N 1°28′01″W / 53.38361°N 1.46694°W / 53.38361; -1.46694
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Constituent countryEngland
RegionYorkshire and the Humber
Ceremonial countySouth Yorkshire
Admin HQSheffield City Centre
Founded~8th century
Town charter10 August 1297
City status1893
Government
 • TypeMetropolitan borough, City
 • Governing bodySheffield City Council
 • Lord MayorGraham Oxley
 • Council LeaderPaul Scriven (LD)
 • MPs:Clive Betts (L)
Paul Blomfield (L)
David Blunkett (L)
Nick Clegg (LD)
Meg Munn (L)
Angela Smith (L)
Area
 • City & Metropolitan borough142.06 sq mi (367.94 km2)
Population
 (2022)
 • City & Metropolitan borough(Ranked )
 • Urban
640,720
(Sheffield urban area)
 • Urban density10,228/sq mi (3,949.2/km2)
 • City Region
1,819,500
 • County
1,292,900
Time zoneUTC+0 (Greenwich Mean Time)
Postcode
S
Area code0114
ISO 3166-2GB-SHF
ONS code00CG
OS grid referenceSK355875
NUTS 3UKE32
DemonymSheffielders
Websitewww.sheffield.gov.uk

Sheffield (English pronunciation: /ˈʃɛfiːld/) is a city and metropolitan borough of South Yorkshire, England. Its name derives from the River Sheaf, which runs through the city. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, the city has grown from its largely industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base. The population of the City of Sheffield is (2022)[1] and it is one of the eight largest regional English cities that make up the English Core Cities Group.

During the 19th century, Sheffield gained an international reputation for steel production. Many innovations were developed locally, including crucible and stainless steel, fuelling an almost tenfold increase in the population during the Industrial Revolution. Sheffield received its municipal charter in 1893, when it officially became the City of Sheffield. International competition in iron and steel caused a decline in traditional local industries during the 1970s and 1980s, coinciding with the collapse of coal mining in the area.

The 21st century has seen extensive redevelopment in Sheffield along with other British cities. Sheffield's GVA (gross value added) has increased by 60% in recent years, standing at £8.7 billion in 2006. The economy has experienced steady growth averaging around 5% annually, greater than that of the broader region of Yorkshire and the Humber.[2]

The City of Sheffield is near the confluence of five rivers, and much of it is built on hillsides with views either into the city centre or out onto the countryside. It is estimated that Sheffield has over two million trees, more per person than any other city in Europe; 61% of the city is green space.[3]

History[edit]

Main article: History of Sheffield
Lithograph drawing showing a large stately home in ruins
Sheffield Manor ruins as they appeared c1819

The area now occupied by the City of Sheffield has been inhabited since at least the late Upper Palaeolithic period, about 12,800 years ago.[4] The earliest evidence of human occupation in the Sheffield area was found at Creswell Crags to the east of the city. In the Iron Age the area became the southernmost territory of the Pennine tribe called the Brigantes. It is this tribe who are thought to have constructed several hill forts in and around Sheffield.[5] Following the departure of the Romans, the Sheffield area may have been the southern part of the Celtic kingdom of Elmet, with the rivers Sheaf and Don forming part of the boundary between this kingdom and the kingdom of Mercia.[6] Gradually, Anglian settlers pushed west from the kingdom of Deira. A Celtic presence within the Sheffield area is evidenced by two settlements called Wales and Waleswood close to Sheffield.[7] The settlements that grew and merged to form Sheffield, however, date from the second half of the 1st millennium, and are of Anglo-Saxon and Danish origin.[5] In Anglo-Saxon times, the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that King Eanred of Northumbria submitted to King Egbert of Wessex at the hamlet of Dore (now a suburb of Sheffield) in 829.[8] This event made Egbert the first Saxon to claim to be king of all England. After the Norman conquest, Sheffield Castle was built to protect the local settlements, and a small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city.[9]

By 1296, a market had been established at what is now known as Castle Square,[10] and Sheffield subsequently grew into a small market town. In the 14th century, Sheffield was already noted for the production of knives, as mentioned in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales,[11] and by the early 1600s it had become the main centre of cutlery manufacture in England outside of London, overseen by the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire.[12] From 1570 to 1584, Mary, Queen of Scots, was imprisoned in Sheffield Castle and Sheffield Manor.[13]

View across a partially wooded valley containing a reservoir
Dale Dike Reservoir, the original dam wall of this reservoir collapsed in 1864 causing the Great Sheffield Flood

During the 1740s, a form of the crucible steel process was discovered that allowed the manufacture of a better quality of steel than had previously been possible.[14] In about the same period, a technique was developed for fusing a thin sheet of silver onto a copper ingot to produce silver plating, which became widely known as Sheffield plate.[15] These innovations spurred Sheffield's growth as an industrial town,[16] but the loss of some important export markets led to a recession in the late 18th and early 19th century. The resulting poor conditions culminated in a cholera epidemic that killed 402 people in 1832.[5] The population of the town grew rapidly throughout the 19th century; increasing from 60,095 in 1801 to 451,195 by 1901.[5] The town was incorporated as a borough in 1842 and was granted a city charter in 1893.[17] The influx of people also led to demand for better water supplies, and a number of new reservoirs were constructed on the outskirts of the town. The collapse of the dam wall of one of these reservoirs in 1864 resulted in the Great Sheffield Flood, which killed 270 people and devastated large parts of the town.[18] The growing population led to the construction of many back-to-back dwellings that, along with severe pollution from the factories, inspired George Orwell in 1937 to write: "Sheffield, I suppose, could justly claim to be called the ugliest town in the Old World".[19]

A recession in the 1930s was halted by increasing international tensions as the Second World War loomed; Sheffield's steel factories were set to work manufacturing weapons and ammunition for the war effort. As a result, the city became a target for bombing raids, the heaviest of which occurred on the nights of 12 and 15 December 1940, now known as the Sheffield Blitz. More than 660 lives were lost and many buildings destroyed.[20]

Panorama of a brutalist housing estate
Park Hill flats, an example of 1950/60s council housing estates in Sheffield

In the 1950s and 1960s, many of the city's slums were demolished, and replaced with housing schemes such as the Park Hill flats. Large parts of the city centre were also cleared to make way for a new system of roads.[5] Increased automation and competition from abroad resulted in the closure of many steel mills. The 1980s saw the worst of this run-down of Sheffield's industries, along with those of many other areas of the UK.[21] The building of the Meadowhall shopping centre on the site of a former steelworks in 1990 was a mixed blessing, creating much needed jobs but hastening the decline of the city centre. Attempts to regenerate the city were kick-started when the city hosted the 1991 World Student Games, which saw the construction of new sporting facilities such as the Sheffield Arena, Don Valley Stadium, and the Ponds Forge complex.[5]

Sheffield is changing rapidly as new projects regenerate some of the more run-down parts of the city. One such, the Heart of the City Project, has initiated a number of public works in the city centre: the Peace Gardens were renovated in 1998, the Millennium Galleries opened in April 2001, the Winter Gardens were opened in May 2003, and a public space to link these two areas, the Millennium Square, was opened in May 2006. Additional developments included the remodelling of Sheaf Square, in front of the recently refurbished railway station. The new square contains The Cutting Edge, a sculpture designed by Si Applied Ltd[22] and made from Sheffield steel.

Governance[edit]

View across a garden containing people enjoying a sunny day towards a large Victorian building with a clock tower
Sheffield Town Hall and the Peace Gardens

Sheffield is governed at the local level by Sheffield City Council. It consists of 84 councillors elected to represent 28 wards—three councillors per ward. It is currently controlled by the Liberal Democrats, despite losing their majority at the 2010 English Local Elections; following this election the distribution of council seats was Liberal Democrats 42, the Labour Party 39, the Green Party two and one independent.[23] Paul Scriven has been the leader of the council since the English Local Election of 2008.[24] The city also has a Lord Mayor; though now simply a ceremonial position, in the past the office carried considerable authority, with executive powers over the finances and affairs of the city council. The current (2009/10) Lord Mayor is Graham Oxley.[25]

For much of its history the council was controlled by the Labour Party, and was noted for its leftist sympathies; during the 1980s, when Sheffield City Council was led by David Blunkett, the area gained the epithet the "Socialist Republic of South Yorkshire".[26] However, the Liberal Democrats controlled the Council between 1999 and 2001 and took control again in the May 2008 local elections.[27]

The majority of council-owned facilities are operated by independent charitable trusts. Sheffield International Venues runs many of the city's sporting and leisure facilities, including Sheffield Arena and Don Valley Stadium. Sheffield Galleries and Museums Trust and the Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust take care of galleries and museums owned by the council.[28][29]

The city returns five Members of Parliament to the House of Commons, with a sixth, the Member of Parliament for Penistone and Stocksbridge representing parts of Sheffield and Barnsley.[30]

Geography[edit]

Main article: Geography of Sheffield

Sheffield is located at 53°23′N 1°28′W / 53.383°N 1.467°W / 53.383; -1.467. It lies directly beside Rotherham, from which it is separated largely by the M1 motorway. Although Barnsley Metropolitan Borough also borders Sheffield to the north, the town itself is a few miles further away. The southern and western borders of the city are shared with Derbyshire; in the first half of the 20th century Sheffield extended its borders south into Derbyshire, annexing a number of villages,[31] including Totley, Dore and the area now known as Mosborough Townships. Directly to the west of the city is the Peak District National Park and the Pennine hill range.

Sheffield is a geographically diverse city.[32] The city nestles in a natural amphitheatre created by several hills[33] and the confluence of five rivers: Don, Sheaf, Rivelin, Loxley and Porter. As such, much of the city is built on hillsides with views into the city centre or out to the countryside. The city's lowest point is just 29 metres (95 ft) above sea level near Blackburn Meadows, while some parts of the city are at over 500 metres (1,640 ft); the highest point being 548 metres (1,798 ft) at High Stones, near Margery Hill. However, 79% of the housing in the city is between 100 and 200 metres (330 and 660 ft) above sea level.[34]

Wide view from Meersbrook park
Panorama from Meersbrook Park

Estimated to contain over two million trees,[35] Sheffield has more trees per person than any other city in Europe, and according to Sheffield City Council, it is England's greenest city,[36] a claim that was reinforced when it won the 2005 Entente Florale competition. It has over 170 woodlands (covering 10.91 sq mi (28.3 km2)*), 78 public parks (covering 7.07 sq mi (18.3 km2)*) and 10 public gardens. Added to the 52.0 square miles (134.7 km2) of national park and 4.20 square miles (10.9 km2) of water this means that 61% of the city is greenspace. Despite this, about 64% of Sheffield householders live further than 300 metres (328 yd) from their nearest greenspace, although access is better in less affluent neighbourhoods across the city.[3][37]

Sheffield also has a very wide variety of habitat, comparing favourably with any city in the United Kingdom: urban, parkland and woodland, agricultural and arable land, moors, meadows and freshwater-based habitats. There are six areas within the city that are designated as sites of special scientific interest.[38]

The present city boundaries were set in 1974 (with slight modification in 1994), when the former county borough of Sheffield merged with Stocksbridge Urban District and two parishes from the Wortley Rural District.[3] This area includes a significant part of the countryside surrounding the main urban region. Roughly a third of Sheffield lies in the Peak District National Park. Until March 2010, no other English city included parts of a national park within its boundary, however with the creation of the South Downs National Park, Brighton & Hove also became a city covering parts of a national park.[39]

Climate[edit]

Like the rest of the United Kingdom, the climate in Sheffield is generally temperate. The Pennines to the west of the city can create a cool, gloomy and wet environment, but they also provide shelter from the prevailing westerly winds, casting a "rain shadow" across the area.[40] Between 1971 and 2000 Sheffield averaged 824.7 millimetres (32.47 in) of rain per year; December was the wettest month with 91.9 millimetres (3.62 in) and July the driest with 51.0 millimetres (2.01 in). July was also the hottest month, with an average maximum temperature of 20.8 °C (69.4 °F). The average minimum temperature in January and February was 1.6 °C (34.9 °F),[41] though the lowest temperatures recorded in these months can be between −10 °C (14 °F) to −15 °C (5 °F). On average, through the winter months (December–March), there are 67 days during which ground frost occurs.[40]

Climate data for Sheffield
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.4
(43.5) 		6.7
(44.1) 		9.3
(48.7) 		11.8
(53.2) 		15.7
(60.3) 		18.3
(64.9) 		20.8
(69.4) 		20.6
(69.1) 		17.3
(63.1) 		13.3
(55.9) 		9.2
(48.6) 		7.2
(45.0) 		13.1
(55.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.6
(34.9) 		1.6
(34.9) 		3.1
(37.6) 		4.4
(39.9) 		7.0
(44.6) 		10.0
(50.0) 		12.4
(54.3) 		12.1
(53.8) 		10.0
(50.0) 		7.2
(45.0) 		4.2
(39.6) 		2.6
(36.7) 		6.4
(43.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 86.5
(3.41) 		63.4
(2.50) 		67.9
(2.67) 		62.5
(2.46) 		55.5
(2.19) 		66.7
(2.63) 		51.0
(2.01) 		63.5
(2.50) 		64.3
(2.53) 		73.9
(2.91) 		77.7
(3.06) 		91.9
(3.62) 		824.7
(32.47)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 43.1 56.8 105.1 130.8 184.8 176.4 194.4 183.2 131.1 87.1 53.1 34.7 1,380.6
Source: The Met Office[41]

Carbon footprint and climate change action[edit]

In collaboration with the Stockholm Environment Institute, Sheffield developed a carbon footprint (based on 2004/05 consumption figures) of 5,798,361 tonnes per year. This compares to the UK's total carbon footprint of 698,568,010 tonnes per year. The factors with the greatest impact are housing (34%), transportation (25%), consumer (11%), private services (9%), public services (8%), food (8%), and capital investment (5%).[42]

The Weston Weather station, established in 1882 and one of the longest running stations in Great Britain, has recorded weather for more than 125 years, and research reveals that Sheffield's climate is now changing faster than it has at any time during this period.[43] In 2007, Museums Sheffield (formerly the Sheffield Galleries and Museums Trust) began to promote "weather education" and community involvement in global climate change initiatives through its Whatever the Weather community programme—a collaboration between the trust, the Museum of Croydon and Tyne and Wear Museums.[44][45] From April to August 2007, a Whatever the Weather exhibition displayed at Weston Park Museum. Through a combination of educational events, community town meetings, and a smaller version of the exhibit that toured community festivals, the Whatever the Weather programme developed and promoted a variety of action awareness programs to help Sheffield residents respond to and cope with climate change. The exhibition, learning and community programs received funding from both the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) through the Climate Challenge Fund and the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF). The exhibition went on to show in Croydon and Sunderland.[44] Sheffield City Council has signed up to the 10:10 campaign.[46]

Subdivisions[edit]

Main article: Districts of Sheffield

Sheffield is made up of numerous suburbs and neighbourhoods, many of which developed from villages or hamlets that were absorbed into Sheffield as the city grew.[5] These historical areas are largely ignored by the modern administrative and political divisions of the city; instead it is divided into 28 electoral wards, with each ward generally covering 4–6 areas.[47] These electoral wards are grouped into six parliamentary constituencies. Sheffield is largely unparished, but Bradfield and Ecclesfield have parish councils, and Stocksbridge has a town council.[48]

Demography[edit]

The United Kingdom Census 2001 reported a resident population for Sheffield of 513,234, a 1.9% decline from the 1991 census.[49] The city is part of the wider Sheffield Urban Area, which had a population of 640,720.[50] The racial composition of Sheffield's population was 91.2% White, 4.6% Asian, 1.8% Black, and 1.6% Mixed. In terms of religion, 68.6% of the population are Christian and 4.6% Muslim. Other religions represent less than 1% each. The number of people without a religion is above the national average at 17.9%, with 7.8% not stating their religion.[51] The largest quinary group is 20- to 24-year-olds (9.4%), mainly because of the large university student population.[52]

Sheffield Compared[49][53]
UK Census 2001 Sheffield South Yorkshire England
Total population 513,234 1,266,338 49,138,831
Foreign born 6.4% 8.9% 9.2%
White 91% 95% 91%
Asian 4.6% 2.6% 4.6%
Black 1.8% 0.9% 2.3%
Christian 69% 75% 72%
Muslim 4.6% 2.5% 3.1%
Hindu 0.3% 0.2% 1.1%
No religion 18% 14% 15%
Over 75 years old 8.0% 7.6% 7.5%
Unemployed 4.2% 4.1% 3.3%

People from Sheffield are colloquially known to people in the surrounding towns of Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham, and Chesterfield as "dee-dars", which derives from the traditional pronunciation of the "th" in the dialectal words "thee" and "thou", still used, especially by older people, in South Yorkshire.[54] Many Yorkshire dialect words and aspects of pronunciation derive from old Norse[55] due to the Viking influence in this region.

Population Change
YearPop.±%
1801 60,095—    
1821 84,540+40.7%
1841 134,599+59.2%
1861 219,634+63.2%
1881 335,953+53.0%
1901 451,195+34.3%
1921 543,336+20.4%
1941 569,884+4.9%
1951 577,050+1.3%
1961 574,915−0.4%
1971 572,794−0.4%
1981 530,844−7.3%
1991 528,708−0.4%
2001 513,234−2.9%
2007 (Est.) 530,300+3.3%
[56]

The population of Sheffield peaked in 1951 at 577,050, and has since declined steadily. However, the mid-2007 population estimate was 530,300—representing an increase of about 17,000 residents since 2001.[57]

Although a city, Sheffield is widely informally known as "the largest village in England".[58][59][60] This nickname results from a confluence of topographical and demographic factors. It is the largest city in the U.K. that does not form the basis of a conurbation,[61] and is relatively geographically isolated, being cut off from other places by a ring of hills.[61][62] (Local folklore insists that, like Rome, Sheffield was built "on seven hills".[62]) The land surrounding Sheffield was unsuitable for industrial use,[58] and now includes several protected green belt areas.[63] These have served to restrict urban spread.[63] That topographical isolation and enclosure combines with a relatively stable population size and a low degree of mobility, yielding the "largest village in England" description.[58]

In 1956, Hunt stated that "Modern Sheffield, a flourishing industrial city with over half a million inhabitants and a world-wide reputation, still retains many of the essential characteristics of the small market town of about five thousand people from which it has grown in the space of two and a half centuries.". A 1970 survey has supported Hunt's characterisation, with more Sheffield residents able to identify a "home area" within the city than people from other large county boroughs were, and greatly more Sheffield residents expressing an unwillingness to leave their city than people from other large county boroughs did. This latter unwillingness was noted, by the survey analysis, as far more characteristic of the response that would be obtained by surveying a "a small urban or rural authority rather than a large county borough".[58]

Sidney Pollard's analysis of the 1851 Census data caused him to describe Sheffield as "the most proletarian city in England" at the time, it having more people per 100,000 employed in manufacturing occupations (187.6 for Sheffield, as compared to 146.1 for Leeds) and fewer people per 100,000 employed in professional occupations (41 for Sheffield, as compared to 65.8 for Birmingham, and 43.1 for Leeds). He attributed this to the cutlery trade in the city, which was organised not on polarised Capital-versus-Labour lines, but as a complex network of contracts between cutlery workshops, craftsmen, and merchants, whose positive influence on community cohesion and equality lasted through the rise of the steel industry in the city later in the 19th century. Even by 1981, social polarisation (as defined by the Census and Registrar-General) in Sheffield was far lower than in many other cities, with only 4.1% of the population having professional occupations, as opposed to 62.1% classified as skilled or unskilled manual labourers.[62]

Economy[edit]

Main article: Economy of Sheffield
See also: List of companies in Sheffield
Labour profile
Total employee jobs 255,700
Full-time 168,000 65.7%
Part-time 87,700 34.3%
Manufacturing 31,800 12.4%
Construction 8,500 3.3%
Services 214,900 84.1%
Distribution, hotels & restaurants 58,800 23.0%
Transport & communications 14,200 5.5%
Finance, IT, other business activities 51,800 20.2%
Public admin, education & health 77,500 30.3%
Other services 12,700 5.0%
Tourism-related 18,400 7.2%
St Pauls Tower, a new, mixed use development which forms part of the St Pauls Place development. In the top left corner is the Main St Paul's tower itself. Below it is the Tower 2, connected to the main tower but half the height. To the right is another office building in the same development. All have been completed within the last 5 years and represent some of the newest architecture in the city.
St Paul's Place, 2010

After many years of decline, the Sheffield economy is going through a strong revival. The 2004 Barclays Bank Financial Planning study[64] revealed that, in 2003, the Sheffield district of Hallam was the highest ranking area outside London for overall wealth, the proportion of people earning over £60,000 a year standing at almost 12%. A survey by Knight Frank[65] revealed that Sheffield was the fastest-growing city outside London for office and residential space and rents during the second half of 2004. Some £250 million was also invested in the city during 2005.

This can be seen by the current surge of redevelopments, including the City Lofts Tower and accompanying St Paul's Place, Velocity Living, and the Moor redevelopment,[66] the forthcoming NRQ and the recently completed Winter Gardens, Peace Gardens, Millennium Galleries, and many projects under the Sheffield One redevelopment agency. In 2007 the Sheffield economy was worth £9.2 billion (2007 GVA).[67]

The "UK Cities Monitor 2008" placed Sheffield among the top ten "best cities to locate a business today", the city occupying 3rd and 4th places respectively for best office location and best new call centre location. The same report places Sheffield in 3rd place regarding "greenest reputation" and 2nd in terms of the availability of financial incentives.[68]

Sheffield has an international reputation for metallurgy and steel-making.[69] Many innovations in these fields have been made in Sheffield, for example Benjamin Huntsman discovered the crucible technique in the 1740s at his workshop in Handsworth.[70] This process was rendered obsolete in 1856 by Henry Bessemer's invention of the Bessemer converter. Thomas Boulsover invented Sheffield Plate (silver-plated copper) in the early 18th century. Stainless steel was invented by Harry Brearley in 1912,[71] and the work of F. B. Pickering and T. Gladman throughout the 1960s, '70s, and '80s was fundamental to the development of modern high-strength low-alloy steels.[72] Further innovations continue, with new advanced manufacturing technologies and techniques being developed on the Advanced Manufacturing Park by Sheffield's universities and other independent research organisations.[73] Organisations located on the AMP include the Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC, a research partnership between the Boeing Company and the University of Sheffield), Castings Technology International (Cti) and TWI (The Welding Institute).[74]

While iron and steel have long been the main industries of Sheffield, coal mining has also been a major industry, particularly in the outlying areas, and the Palace of Westminster in London was built using limestone from quarries in the nearby village of Anston. Other areas of employment include call centres, the City Council, universities and hospitals.

Fargate shopping precinct, Sheffield. Once a busy road, it has been pedestrianised for several decades and is Sheffield's main City Centre shopping area, home to many well known companies. The image shows classical architecture on both sides with one plan spaces in the centre, dotted with trees and the buildings on the High Street are visible beyond the trees.
Fargate shopping area

Sheffield is a major retail centre, and is home to many High Street and department stores as well as designer boutiques.[75] The main shopping areas in the city centre are on The Moor precinct, Fargate, Orchard Square and the Devonshire Quarter. Department stores in the city centre include John Lewis, Marks and Spencer, Atkinsons, Castle House Co-op and Debenhams. Sheffield's main market is the Castle Market, built above the remains of the castle. Shopping areas outside the city centre include the Meadowhall shopping centre and retail park, Ecclesall Road, London Road, Hillsborough, Firth Park and the Crystal Peaks shopping centre.

Sheffield has a District Energy system that exploits the city's domestic waste, by incinerating it and converting the energy from it to electricity. It also provides hot water, which is distributed through over 25 miles (40 km) of pipes under the city, via two networks. These networks supply heat and hot water for many buildings throughout the city. These include not only cinemas, hospitals, shops, and offices but also universities (Sheffield Hallam University and the University of Sheffield), and residential properties.[76] Energy generated in a waste plant produces 60 megawatts of thermal energy and up to 19 megawatts electrical energy from 225,000 tonnes of waste.[77]

In a 2010 survey on spending potential, Meadowhall came 12th while Sheffield city centre came 19th.[78]

Transport[edit]

Main article: Transport in Sheffield

National and international travel[edit]

Night view across an open plaza dominated by a long curving water feature that is decoratively lit. At the far side of the plaza there is the arched frontage of a railway station building
Sheffield railway station

Sheffield is linked into the national motorway network via the M1 and M18 motorways.[79] The M1 skirts the north-east of the city, linking Sheffield with London to the south and Leeds to the north, and crosses Tinsley Viaduct near Rotherham; the M18 branches from the M1 close to Sheffield, linking the city with Doncaster, Robin Hood Doncaster Sheffield Airport, and the Humber ports. The Sheffield Parkway connects the city centre with the motorways.

Major railway routes through Sheffield railway station include the Midland Main Line, which links the city to London via the East Midlands, the Cross Country Route which links the East of Scotland and Northeast of England with the West Midlands and the Southwest, and the lines linking Liverpool and Manchester with Hull and East Anglia.[80] Trains serving Sheffield are provided by East Midlands Trains, Cross Country Trains, First TransPennine Express, and Northern Rail.

The start of the Sheffield Parkway, as viewed from Park Square, where it meets the City Centre. The road, in the centre, is six lanes wide and leads towards the Parkway Edge development (left-centre) where the road meets the Inner Ring Road. To the left is the Sheffield Supertram viaduct and beyond that a new apartment complex.
Sheffield Parkway, connecting Sheffield City Centre with the M1.

Sheffield is also served by a number of coach services. National Express Coaches provides most services, using Sheffield Interchange, Meadowhall Interchange and Meadowhead Bus stop as pick up/drop off points. Sheffield has a direct coach link to London Victoria Coach Station (the 560/564 service) and many other locations.[81][82][83]

The Sheffield and South Yorkshire Navigation (S&SY) is a system of navigable inland waterways (canals and canalised rivers) in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire.[84] Chiefly based on the River Don, it runs for a length of 43 miles (69 km) and has 29 locks. It connects Sheffield, Rotherham, and Doncaster with the River Trent at Keadby and (via the New Junction Canal) the Aire and Calder Navigation.[85]

The closest international airport to Sheffield is Doncaster Sheffield Airport, which is located 18 miles (29 km) from the city centre. The airport opened on 28 April 2005 and is served mainly by budget airlines. It handles about one million passengers a year.[86] Leeds Bradford International Airport and East Midlands Airport: Nottingham, Leicester, Derby lie within one hour's drive of the city, and Manchester Airport is connected to Sheffield by a direct train every hour.

Local travel[edit]

Sheffield Interchange, the main hub for bus and coach operations in Sheffield. Visible are two of the main sections of the interchange containing numerous bus stops. Also visible is the Archway centre (centre-background)which contains shops, offices etc. In the centre are several buses and a National Express coach.
Sheffield Interchange, the hub for bus and coach operations in Sheffield

The A57 and A61 roads are the major trunk roads through Sheffield.[79] These run east–west and north–south respectively, crossing in the city centre, from where the other major roads generally radiate spoke-like. An inner ring road, mostly constructed in the 1970s and extended in 2007 to form a complete ring,[87] allows traffic to avoid the city centre, and an outer ring road runs to the east, south east and north, nearer the edge of the city, but does not serve the western side of Sheffield.[79]

Sheffield does not have as extensive a suburban and inter-urban railway network as other comparable British cities.[88] However, there are several local rail routes running along the city's valleys and beyond, connecting it with other parts of South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire and Derbyshire. These local routes include the Penistone Line, the Dearne Valley Line, the Hope Valley Line, and the Hallam Line. As well as the main stations of Sheffield and Meadowhall, there are four suburban stations, at Chapeltown, Darnall, Woodhouse, and Dore.[89]

A Sheffield Supertram in current blue, orange and red Stagecoach livery. The tram shown is crossing Park Square bridge and Fitzalan Square and Castle Square can be seen in background, as can tram tracks and numerous commercial buildings.
A Sheffield Supertram

A light rail system, currently operated by Stagecoach Supertram opened in 1994. Its network consists of three lines, from Halfway to Malin Bridge, from Meadowhall to Middlewood, and from Meadowhall to Herdings Park, with all three lines running via the city centre.[90]

Sheffield's local bus infrastructure has its main hub at Sheffield Interchange. Other bus stations lie at Halfway, Hillsborough and Meadowhall. A flurry of new operators were created after deregulation in 1986,[91] though a series of mergers has reduced the number. First South Yorkshire, part of FirstGroup, became by far the largest bus operator and in recent years implemented a series of fare rises and service cuts which saw bus ridership drop.[92][93] Recent developments have seen Stagecoach Sheffield taking over Yorkshire Terrier, Andrews and parent company Yorkshire Traction, thus forming one company and in the process expanding their bus services in the city. This has resulted in increased competition, and price drops on certain routes.[94] A zero-fare bus service—the FreeBee—operates on a circular route around the city centre from the Sheffield Interchange.[95]

In 2008, the Bus Rapid Transit Scheme between Sheffield and Rotherham was approved by the Yorkshire and Humber Assembly's Regional Transport Board. There are plans for two routes; one (the Northern route) via Meadowhall and Templeborough, and the other via the developing employment centre and Waverley.[96]

For cycling, although hilly, Sheffield is compact and has few major trunk roads. It is on the Trans-Pennine Trail, a National Cycle Network route running from Southport in the north-west to Hornsea in the East Riding.[97]

Sport[edit]

Main article: Sport in Sheffield
Old, faded, photograph showing 15 gentlemen posing seated on some steps at the front of a building
Sheffield F.C. in 1890

Sheffield has a long sporting heritage. In 1857 a collective of cricketers formed the world's first-ever official football club, Sheffield F.C.,[98] and the world's second-ever, Hallam F.C., who also play at the world's oldest football ground in the suburb of Crosspool. By 1860 there were 15 football clubs in Sheffield, with the first ever amateur league and cup competitions taking place in the city.[99] There are two professional clubs in the Football League: Sheffield United and Sheffield Wednesday. Sheffield United play in the Football League Championship and Sheffield Wednesday in the Football League One. Rotherham United, who play in Football League Two, also currently (2010) play their home games in the city, having moved to play at Sheffield's Don Valley Stadium in 2008 following a dispute with their previous landlord at their traditional home ground of Millmoor, Rotherham. There are also two major non-league sides: Sheffield F.C. and Hallam F.C., although Sheffield now play just outside the city in nearby Dronfield. Sheffield and Hallam contest what has become known as the Sheffield derby, whilst United and Wednesday contest the Steel City derby.

Interior of a sports stadium. There is a running track surrounding a central grassed area. In the distance there are stands full of people
Don Valley Stadium during the World Student Games in 1991

Sheffield is also home to the Sheffield Steelers ice hockey team who play out of the 8,500 seater Sheffield Arena. They play in the 10 team professional Elite Ice Hockey League. Many of Sheffield's sporting facilities were built for the World Student Games, which the city hosted in 1991. They include the Don Valley International Athletics Stadium, the largest athletics stadium in the UK with a capacity of 25,000,[100] Sheffield Arena, and the Ponds Forge international diving and swimming complex. Ponds Forge is also the home of Sheffield City Swimming Club, a local swimming club competing in the speedo league.

An Ice Hockey layout at the Sheffield Arena
Ice Hockey at Sheffield Arena

There are also facilities for golf, climbing, and bowling, as well as a newly inaugurated national ice-skating arena (IceSheffield). The Sheffield Ski Village is the largest artificial ski resort in Europe.[101] The city also has three indoor climbing centres. Sheffield was the UK's first National City of Sport and is now home to the English Institute of Sport.[102]

Sheffield also has close ties with snooker, with the city's Crucible Theatre being the venue for the World Snooker Championships.[103] The English squash open is also held in the city every year. The International Open and World Matchplay Championship bowls tournaments have both been held at Ponds Forge.[104] The city also hosts the Sheffield Eagles rugby league, Sheffield Tigers rugby union, Sheffield Sharks basketball, Sheffield University Bankers hockey, Sheffield Steelers ice hockey and Sheffield Tigers speedway teams.

Sheffield was selected as a candidate host city by the English Football Association (FA) as part of the English 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bid on 16 December 2009.[105] Hillsborough Stadium was chosen as the proposed venue for matches in Sheffield.[106]

Culture and attractions[edit]

Main article: Culture of Sheffield

Music[edit]

See also: List of musicians from Sheffield
Sheffield City Hall, a Neo-classical design with a large portico and prominent pillars which were damaged when a bomb fell on the ajoining Barkers Pool during World War II. It is a grade II* listed building
Sheffield City Hall

Sheffield has been the home of several well-known bands and musicians, with an unusually large number of synth pop and other electronic outfits originating from the city.[107] These include The Human League, Heaven 17, ABC, and the more industrially inclined Cabaret Voltaire. This electronic tradition has continued: techno label Warp Records was a central pillar of the Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass scene of the early 1990s, and has gone on to become one of Britain's oldest and best-loved dance music labels. There was a thriving goa trance scene in the early 1990s. More recently, other popular genres of electronic music such as bassline house have originated in the city.[108] Sheffield is home to a number of high-profile nightclubs—Gatecrasher One was one of the most popular nightclubs in the north of England until its destruction by fire on 18 June 2007.[109]

Sheffield Arena

Artists such as Pulp, Def Leppard, Joe Cocker, Paul Carrack, Richard Hawley, The Longpigs, Milburn, Moloko, and Bring Me the Horizon, along with many other popular and alternative musicians, were born in Sheffield. More recently several indie bands, including Arctic Monkeys and The Long Blondes, have emerged from the city as part of what the NME dubbed the New Yorkshire movement.[110]

In 1999, the National Centre for Popular Music, a museum dedicated to the subject of popular music, was opened in the city.[111] It was not as successful as was hoped, however, and later evolved to become a live music venue; then in February 2005, the unusual steel-covered building became the students' union for Sheffield Hallam University.[112] Live music venues in the city include the Harley Hotel, Leadmill, West Street Live, the Boardwalk, Dove & Rainbow, The Casbah, The Cremorne, Corporation, New Barrack Tavern, The Runaway Girl, the City Hall, the University of Sheffield, the Studio Theatre at the Crucible Theatre, the O2 Academy Sheffield, and The Grapes.[113][114][115][116][117][118]

Sheffield is home to several local orchestras and choirs, such as the Sheffield Symphony Orchestra, the Sheffield Philharmonic Orchestra, the City of Sheffield Youth Orchestra, and the Sheffield Philharmonic Chorus.[119][120][121][122]

Sheffield now hosts a number of festivals, most notably the Grin Up North Sheffield Comedy Festival,[123] and the Tramlines Festival. The Tramlines Festival is an annual music festival which has been running since 2009, attracting 35,000 people, a figure which it is expected to double at its 2010 event. It is held throughout venues in Sheffield City Centre, and features local and national artists.[124]

Attractions[edit]

Main article: Visitor attractions in Sheffield
The newly redeveloped Crucible theatre in Sheffield, UK. Also visible is the redeveloped Tudor Square (bottom) and the the Lyceum theatre (right).
The Crucible theatre (centre), Tudor Square and the Lyceum Theatre (right)

Sheffield has two large theatres, the Lyceum Theatre and the Crucible Theatre, which together with the smaller Studio Theatre make up the largest theatre complex outside London.[125] There are four major art galleries, including the Millennium Galleries, which hosts the collection of the Guild of St George founded by John Ruskin, and visiting exhibitions from the Victoria and Albert Museum and Tate collections.[126] The Sheffield Walk of Fame in the City Centre honours famous Sheffield residents past and present in a similar way to the Hollywood version.[127]

The city also has a number of other attractions such as the Sheffield Winter Garden and the Peace Gardens. The Botanical Gardens recently underwent a £7 million restoration.[128] There is also a city farm at Heeley City Farm and a second animal collection in Graves Park that is open to the public.[129][130] The city also has several museums, including the Weston Park Museum, the Kelham Island Museum, the Sheffield Fire and Police Museum, Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet, and Shepherd Wheel.

Millennium Square (adjacent to the Peace Gardens) and Sheffield Winter Gardens, at night. Vsisble are several large, lit, steel balls at the centre of the square and the modern architecture of the Winter Gardens is visible in the background.
Millennium Square and the Winter Gardens

There are about 1,100 listed buildings in Sheffield (including the whole of the Sheffield postal district).[131] Of these, only five are Grade I listed. Fifty-nine are Grade II*, but the overwhelming majority are listed as Grade II.[132] Compared to other English cities, Sheffield has few buildings with the highest Grade I listing—Liverpool, for example, has 26 Grade I listed buildings. This situation led the noted architecture historian Nikolaus Pevsner, writing in 1959, to comment that the city was "architecturally a miserable disappointment", with no pre-19th century buildings of any distinction.[133] By contrast, in November 2007, Sheffield's Peace and Winter Gardens beat London's South Bank to gain the Royal Institute of British Architects' Academy of Urbanism "Great Place" Award, as an "outstanding example of how cities can be improved, to make urban spaces as attractive and accessible as possible".[134]

Sheffield has many parks, including Millhouses Park, Endcliffe Park and Graves Park, the latter of which is the largest in the city.[135][136][137]

Valley Centertainment is a leisure and entertainment complex in the Don Valley. It was built on land previously occupied by steel mills near what is now Meadowhall and the Sheffield Arena. It is home to several restaurants, bars, a cinema multiplex, and a bowling alley.[138]

Media and film[edit]

Sheffield has two commercial newspapers, The Star and Sheffield Telegraph, both published by Johnston Press PLC. The Star has been published daily since 1897; the Sheffield Telegraph, now a weekly publication, originated in 1855.[139]

Sheffield does not have a television station. It is currently served by BBC Yorkshire and Yorkshire Television.

Five local radio stations broadcast in the city. The professional services are BBC Radio Sheffield, the independent Hallam FM, and its sister station Magic AM. Sheffield is also home to two FM licensed community radio stations: Sheffield Live 93.2, and Burngreave Community Radio on 103.1.

HBS Radio (Hospital Broadcasting Sheffield) broadcasts a 24 hour service to the Royal Hallamshire, Jessop Wing, Northern General and Weston Park Hospitals. HBS is operated by volunteers from studios at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital and is provided free to bedside terminals via Hospedia and on medium wave 1431am from a transmitter at the Northern General Hospital.

Grey skyscraper with a glass curtain wall. Some of the windows have had coloured blinds added to make a mosaic-like picture of a flower
The Arts Tower, on the University of Sheffield campus

The films and plays The Full Monty, Threads, Looks and Smiles, When Saturday Comes, Whatever Happened to Harold Smith?, The History Boys and Four Lions are set in the city.[140] F.I.S.T. also included several scenes filmed in Sheffield. The documentary festival Sheffield Doc/Fest has been run annually since 1994 at the Showroom Cinema,[141] and in 2007 Sheffield hosted the Awards of the International Indian Film Academy.[142]

Education[edit]

Main article: Education in Sheffield

Sheffield has two universities, the University of Sheffield and Sheffield Hallam University. The two combined bring about 54,000 students to the city every year.[143][144] Sheffield has two further education colleges, The Sheffield College and Longley Park Sixth Form College. The Sheffield College is organised on a federal basis and was originally created from the merger of six colleges around the city, since reduced to just four: Sheffield City (formerly Castle)[145] near the city centre, Hillsborough, serving the north of the city and Norton and Peaks to the south.

There are also 137 primary schools, 25 secondary schools—of which 7 have sixth forms—and a sixth-form college, Longley Park Sixth Form College.[146] The city's five independent private schools include Birkdale School and the Sheffield High School for Girls.[147]

Sister Cities[edit]

Sheffield has four sister cities.[148] The "Sheffield International Linking Committee" promotes Sheffield overseas, especially with these sister cities:

Also, a further four cities have a Friendship Agreement with Sheffield:

Two roads in Sheffield have been named after sister cities; a section of the Sheffield Parkway in Norton is named Bochum Parkway, and a road in Hackenthorpe is named Donetsk Way.

See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sheffield.
Look up sheffield in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Skinsmoke/Sandbox/Sheffield.

References and notes[edit]

  1. ^ The mid-2022 population for the City of Sheffield was according to the Office for National Statistics ("Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.). This figure takes into account the whole area included in the city. Some population figures, for example those given at List of English cities by population, use just the urban core of the city and are therefore lower.
  2. ^ "Income & Wealth". Sheffield City Council. 30 November 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  3. ^ a b c "Sheffield Geography". Sheffield City Council. 17 December 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  4. ^ Pike, Alistair W.G. (2005). "Verification of the age of the Palaeolithic cave art at Creswell Crags, UK". Journal of Archaeological Science. 32 (11): 1649–1655. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.002. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Vickers, J. Edward (1999). Old Sheffield Town. An Historical Miscellany (2nd ed.). The Hallamshire Press Limited. ISBN 1-874718-44-X. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  6. ^ Cox, Tony (2003). "The Ancient Kingdom of Elmet". The Barwicker. 39: 43. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  7. ^ The word Wales derives from the Germanic word Walha, and was originally used by the Anglo-Saxons to refer to the native Britons. In reference to the villages of Wales and Waleswood, S.O. Addy, in his A Glossary of Words Used in the Neighbourhood of Sheffield, p. 274, states "The Anglo-Saxon invaders or settlers called the old inhabitants or aborigines of this country wealas, or foreigners." See also, "Welsh" in Oxford English Dictionary. Clarendon Press. 1989. ISBN 019210019X. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  8. ^ In an entry dated 827, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states "Egbert led an army against the Northumbrians as far as Dore, where they met him, and offered terms of obedience and subjection, on the acceptance of which they returned home" (transcription). Most sources (for example Vickers, Old Sheffield Town) state that the date given in the chronicle is incorrect, and that 829 is the more likely date for this event.
  9. ^ Hunter, Joseph (1819). "Sheffield under De Busli and De Lovetot". Hallamshire: The History and Topography of the Parish of Sheffield in the County of York. Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mayor, and Jones. pp. 24–29. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  10. ^ "Markets history - 1700's and before". Sheffield City Council. 30 April 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  11. ^ Geoffrey Chaucer in The Reeve’s Tale from his book The Canterbury Tales wrote: "Ther was no man, for peril, dorste hym touche. A Sheffeld thwitel baar he in his hose. Round was his face, and camus was his nose"
  12. ^ Hey, David (1997). "The Establishment of the Cutlers Company". In Clyde Binfield & David Hey (ed.). Mesters to Masters: a History of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire. Oxford University Press. pp. 12–25. ISBN 0198289979. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  13. ^ Leader, John Daniel (1880). Mary queen of Scots in captivity: a narrative of events from January 1569, to December, 1584, whilst George Earl of Shrewsbury was the guardian of the Scottish Queen. Leader & Sons. OCLC 57701910. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  14. ^ Tweedale, Geoffrey (1986). "Metallurgy and Technological Change: A Case Study of Sheffield Specialty Steel and America, 1830–1930". Technology and Culture. 27 (2). The Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of the Society for the History of Technology: 189–222. doi:10.2307/3105143. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  15. ^ Phillips, Helen L. (2004). "Boulsover, Thomas (1705–1788)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/53918. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  16. ^ Southall, Aidan William (2000). "The transformation of the city: from the Feudal to the Capitalist mode of production, and on to the apocalypse". The city in time and space. Cambridge University Press. pp. 306–419. ISBN 0521784328. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  17. ^ "History of the Lord Mayor". Sheffield City Council. Retrieved 19 September 2007.
  18. ^ Harrison, Samuel (1864). A complete history of the great flood at Sheffield on March 11 & 12, 1864. S. Harrison. ISBN 0904293017. OCLC 2905832.
  19. ^ Orwell, George (1937). "Chapter 7". The Road to Wigan Pier. Victor Gollancz Ltd. p. 72. ISBN 0905712455. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  20. ^ Walton, Mary (1980). Raiders over Sheffield: the story of the air raids of 12th & 15th December 1940. Sheffield City Libraries. ISBN 0900660554. OCLC 7273086. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Taylor, Ian R. (1996). "The catastrophic decline of Sheffield's industrial district". A tale of two cities: global change, local feeling and everyday life in the North of England : a study in Manchester and Sheffield. Taylor & Francis. pp. 63–72. ISBN 0415138299. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "SI (Chris Knight, Keith Tyssen and Brett Payne) with Keiko Mukaide 'Cutting Edge', 2006". Public Art Research Archive. Sheffield Hallam University. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
  23. ^ "Paul Scriven retains leadership of Sheffield Council". BBC News. BBC. 19 May 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  24. ^ "Lib Dems take power in Sheffield". BBC News. BBC. 2 May 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
  25. ^ "The Lord Mayor". Sheffield City Council. Retrieved 19 September 2007.
  26. ^ Price, David (2008). "Blunkett and the Socialist Republic of South Yorkshire". Sheffield Troublemakers: Rebels and Radicals in Sheffield History. Phillimore & Co. Ltd. pp. 149–160. ISBN 978-1-86077-569-7. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  27. ^ Harston, Jonathan G. (2005). "Sheffield City Council Members: 1974–2004". MDFS. Jonathan G. Harston. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
  28. ^ "Introducing Museums Sheffield". Museums Sheffield website. Sheffield Galleries & Museums Trust. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
  29. ^ "About SIMT". Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust website. Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  30. ^ Harston, Jonathan G. "Sheffield Parliamentary Boundary Review". MDFS. Jonathan G. Harston. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  31. ^ Harston, Jonathan G. (2005). "The borders of Sheffield from 1843 to 1994". MDFS. Retrieved 26 December 2005.
  32. ^ "Greenstructure and Urban Planning - Case Study - Sheffield, UK". Greenstructures and Urban Planning. European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research. 26 September 2005. Retrieved 17 July 2010. {{cite web}}: Text "European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research" ignored (help)
  33. ^ It is often stated that Sheffield is built on seven hills (for an example, see George Orwell's The Road to Wigan Pier). However, a study by J.G.Harston found there to be eight.
  34. ^ Beer, A. R. (2000). "Sheffield Metropolitan District - Major Greenspace and other Land Use Statistics". Greenstructure and Greenspace in Urban Planning. Map21 Ltd. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  35. ^ "Trees & Woodlands in Sheffield". Sheffield City Council. Retrieved 11 August 2006.
  36. ^ "Gardens and Open Spaces". Sheffield City Council. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
  37. ^ Barbosa, O; Tratalos, Jamie A.; Armsworth, Paul R.; Davies Richard G.; Fuller Richard A.; Johnson, Pat and Gaston Kevin J. (2007). "Who benefits from access to green space? A case study from Sheffield, UK". Landscape and Urban Planning. 83: 187–195. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.04.004.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ "About Us - Trees & Woodlands Section". Sheffield City Council. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
  39. ^ "New village officer will boost rural communities". Peak District National Park Authority. 22 June 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2009.
  40. ^ a b "North East England: climate". Met Office. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  41. ^ a b "Sheffield 1971–2000 averages". Met Office. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  42. ^ "Sheffield's Carbon Footprint". Sheffield City Council. Retrieved 16 September 2009.
  43. ^ Boon, Gaynor (2008). "Is Sheffield's weather changing?: Some recent trends in the weather". Museums Sheffield. Retrieved 16 September 2009.
  44. ^ a b "Whatever the Weather". Museums Sheffield. Retrieved 16 September 2009.
  45. ^ "Whatever the Weather" (Microsoft Word document). Museum of Croydon. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
  46. ^ "Sheffield Is My Planet". Sheffield Is My Planet. Sheffield City Council. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  47. ^ "Sheffield's Ward Boundaries". Sheffield City Council. Retrieved 29 December 2005.
  48. ^ "Types of Elections". Sheffield City Council. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
  49. ^ a b United Kingdom Census 2001. "Sheffield (Local Authority)". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 11 July 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ "Usual Resident population: Census 2001, Key statistics for urban areas". Office for National Statistics.
  51. ^ "Sheffield". United Kingdom Census 2001. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 21 December 2005.
  52. ^ "Mid-2005 Population Estimates; Quinary age groups and sex for Primary Care Organisations (PCOs) for England; estimated resident population (experimental). On boundaries as at 1 October 2006". National Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 2 April 2007.
  53. ^ "South Yorkshire (Met County)". United Kingdom Census 2001. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
  54. ^ Alexander, Don (2001). Orreight Mi Ol': observations on dialect, humour and local lore of Sheffield & District. Northern Map Distributors. p. 8. ISBN 1-901587-18-5. It had largely died out by the time of the Survey of English Dialects.
  55. ^ "Yorkshire Dialect Words of Old Norse Origin". The Vikings. The Viking Network. Retrieved 5 January 2005.
  56. ^ "Sheffield District: Total Population". A Vision of Britain Through Time. Great Britain Historical GIS Project. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
  57. ^ "Population estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland". National Statistics Online. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  58. ^ a b c d Baldwin, John; Bottoms, A.E; and Walker, Monica A. (1976). The urban criminal: a study in Sheffield. Social science paperbacks. Vol. 159. Taylor & Francis. p. 47. ISBN 0422748706. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |isbn13= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  59. ^ Clyde Binfield, ed. (1993). The History of the City of Sheffield, 1843–1993: Society. Vol. 2. Sheffield Academic Press. p. 5. ISBN 1850754314. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |isbn13= ignored (help)
  60. ^ Burgoyne, Jacqueline Lesley; and Clark, David (1984). Making a go of it: a study of stepfamilies in Sheffield. Routledge. p. 45. ISBN 0710203187. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |isbn13= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  61. ^ a b Hampton, William A. (1970). Democracy and community: a study of politics in Sheffield. Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 0192153218.
  62. ^ a b c Taylor, Ian R.; Evans, Karen and Fraser, Penny (1996). A tale of two cities: global change, local feeling and everyday life in the North of England : a study in Manchester and Sheffield. International library of sociology. Routledge. pp. 28, 87–88. ISBN 0415138280. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |isbn13= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  63. ^ a b Peter H. Mann (1965). An approach to urban sociology. International library of sociology and social reconstruction (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 91. ISBN 0710034539. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |isbn13= ignored (help)
  64. ^ "Wealth hotspots 'outside London'". BBC News. BBC. 7 July 2004. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  65. ^ "Sheffield 'hotbed' for investment". BBC News. BBC. 6 November 2005. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
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  67. ^ "Office for National Statistics GVA figures 2007, released 2009" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. December 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  68. ^ UK Cities Monitor 2008. Cushman & Wakefield. 2008.
  69. ^ There are numerous sources showing the international reputation of Sheffield for metallurgy, and in particular steel and cutlery manufacture. Some examples are: the Oxford English Dictionary, which begins its entry for Sheffield, "The name of a manufacturing city of Yorkshire, famous for cutlery"; and the Encyclopaedia Britannica, which in its entry for Sheffield states that by 1830 Sheffield had earned "recognition as the world centre of high-grade steel manufacture". David Hey in the preface to his 1997 book Mesters to Masters: A History of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire. (Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-828997-9) states "It (Sheffield) was known for its cutlery wares long before the incorporation of the Cutlers' Company in 1624, and long before it acquired an international reputation as the steel capital of the world."
  70. ^ Mezenin, N. (1972). "Huntsman". Metallurgist. 16 (7). Springer: 510–512. doi:10.1007/BF00731738.
  71. ^ "Harry Brearley 1871–1948". Tilt Hammer. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
  72. ^ Llewellyn, D.T. (1998). Steels: metallurgy and applications. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 196–290. ISBN 0750637579. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  73. ^ Rae, Bob (25 January 2008). "Hi-tech centre celebrates a year of success". The Star. Johnston Press Digital Publishing. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
  74. ^ "The AMP". Advanced Manufacturing Park website. Yorkshire Forward. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
  75. ^ Taylor, Ian R. (1996). "Shop 'Til You Drop: The 'Nice Shops' and the Markets in Manchester and Sheffield". A tale of two cities: global change, local feeling and everyday life in the North of England: a study in Manchester and Sheffield. Taylor & Francis. pp. 115–162. ISBN 0415138299. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  76. ^ Pierce, Morris A. (1996). "Sheffield Heat and Power". District Energy in Great Britain. World Wide Web Virtual Library for District Energy. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  77. ^ "Facts & Figures". Veolia Environmental Services website. Veolia Environmental Services. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  78. ^ "Retail Footprint 2010 reveals Britain's shopping successes and strugglers". CACI Ltd. 21 May 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  79. ^ a b c "Grid reference SK 35 87". Get A Map. Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  80. ^ "national rail train operators" (PDF). Network Rail website. Network Rail. May 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  81. ^ "Coach Timetables for Halifax, Huddersfield, Barnsley, Sheffield & London" (PDF). National Express Coaches. National Express. 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  82. ^ "Coach Timetables for Bradford, Leeds and Sheffield to Heathrow & Gatwick" (PDF). National Express Coaches. National Express. 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  83. ^ "National Express Coach Timetables for Sheffield". Travel Search/National Express Coaches. Carl Berry. 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  84. ^ "History of the Sheffield & South Yorkshire Navigation". waterscape. British Waterways. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
  85. ^ Edwards, Lewis A. (2007). "Sheffield & South Yorkshire Navigation". Inland Waterways of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Read Books. pp. 269–273. ISBN 1406714704.
  86. ^ "Robin Hood Airport Background Information". Robin Hood Airport website. Robin Hood Airport. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
  87. ^ Brown, Deborah (2008). "Project History - The Inner Relief Road". Sheffield City Council. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  88. ^ Townroe, Peter (1995). "The Coming of Supertram: The Impact of Urban Rail Development in Sheffield". In Banister, David (ed.). Transport and urban development. Taylor & Francis. p. 163. ISBN 0419203907.
  89. ^ "Liverpool, Leeds, Manchester, Sheffield rail map" (PDF). National Rail Enquiries. ATOC Limited. Retrieved 7 August 2009.
  90. ^ "About Us". Stagecoach Supertram website. Stagecoach Group. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
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External links[edit]

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