User:Sburton17/signature whistle

Signature Whistle

Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in the wild.

A signature whistle is a learned, individually distinctive whistle type in a Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) acoustic repertoire that gives the identity of the whistle owner. The whistles are identified and studied in the wild or in captivity by researchers using hydrophones. Vocal learning strongly influences the development of signature whistles, which can remain stable for up to at least 12 years. More often than not, calves develop signature whistles by the sounds they hear while making sure that they differ from close associates. However, male calves tend to learn signature whistles that resemble their mother's. They are believed to be most frequently used in communication of captive bottlenose dolphins, along with having specialized functions and properties. Researchers define it as a whistle with a unique frequency curve that dominates in the repertoire of a dolphin. Each dolphin has a distinct signature whistle that other members of its social group use to individually identify the whistler. They are typically used for localisation purposes, however they also provide dolphins with behavioural context. Signature whistles also play an important role in group cohesion and social interaction.

Identification of signature whistles

Identification of signature whistle calls from wild, unrestrained bottlenose dolphin's is essential in order to understand how they are used in their natural environment.

Signature whistles of bottlenose dolphins can be recorded in the wild or in captivity. Hydrophones are used in both cases, but the number of devices may vary based on the researcher's preference and methodology. Using multiple hydrophones allows the researchers to better identify which dolphin emitted which whistle. Although multiple hydrophones are used, signature identification uses a single hydrophone and allows better identification. Variation between signature whistles can be tested by examining the whistle contours frequency modulation pattern. A frequency modulation pattern differs between dolphins, which is usually identified by using standard acoustic parameter measurements, such as beginning, end, maximum or minimum frequency. Combining the measurements of the frequencies will show the modulation pattern of the individuals signature whistle.

Signature whistles are difficult to identify because bottlenose dolphins emit non-signature whistles as well. However, there is a distinct amount of time in between each signature whistle that helps researchers distinguish them from the rest of dolphin noises. Signature whistles are emitted within 1 to 10 milliseconds of each other, while non-signature whistles occur with longer or shorter intervals between each whistle. This distinction can be used to identify signature whistles in hydrophone recordings.

Development

A dolphin's signature whistle development is influenced by auditory experience, and usually fully develops within the first year of life, rarely changing throughout adulthood. Stable whistle call structure for at least a decade is necessary for long term call recognition between bottlenose dolphin's. A calf develops its own signature whistle based on the sounds they hear and most calves develop signature whistles that differ from their close associates. Calves tend to model their signature whistles after those of adult dolphins who they do not spend much time with. Due to the fact that signature whistles are unique, a calf's signature whistle never matches a single whistle but instead has similarities to multiple whistles. However, male calves tend to develop signature whistles that resemble the signature whistles of their mother's. The male calf does not copy the whistle, instead it uses it as a model.

Vocal learning is essential in a dolphin calf's signature whistle development. It plays an important role in development because it helps to build an individualized whistle with a unique frequency modulation pattern. It is an animal's ability to imitate vocalizations from other animals of the same species, and eventually produces its own sounds. Social interaction plays a significant role in vocal learning. Although vocal learning is often associated with aggressive behavior in some animals, this is not the case in dolphins. Rather, vocal learning strengthens social bonds, such as those between mother-calf pairs and alliance partners.

Apart from signature whistles being developed socially there are other behavioural, ecological, genetic and modification factors that can also influence the development of a dolphin's whistle. For example, signature whistles may vary from a behavioural factor and the temporal production of whistles can be affected by stress or other psychological influences. Determining the contribution of different influences on signature whistle variation, aside from social influence, is difficult to achieve due to minimal populations. It is best examined in multiple populations using recordings collected from various behavioural contexts.

Group interaction

Bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus) playing the wild, contributing to within-group social interaction.

Between groups

Dolphins also use signature whistles to provide identity information when meeting new groups of dolphins. When groups of dolphin's first join whistle exchanges are a necessary component of the social interaction. Signature whistles between groups are the primary source in providing identity information due to the fact that only 10 percent of joins occurred without whistles. Signature whistle emission rates are nine times higher when two groups encounter each other than in peak whistle rates during general socialization within pods; and they repeat them multiple times during the exchange. The repetition of signature whistle's increases the chances of correct identification.

Whistle matching may occur when two or more groups of dolphins encounter each other, as well. Bottlenose dolphin's have low rates of aggression towards close associates and other members of the species. It is observed when a dolphin copies another individual's whistle and repeats it back. Matching occurs in order for one dolphin to acknowledge another individual's presence, which can occur when the animals are up to 600 meters apart. Signature whistles may play an important role in interactions between groups.