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Coordinates: 40°39′18″N 74°00′59″W / 40.65503°N 74.01633°W / 40.65503; -74.01633
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Bush Terminal before 1920

Bush Terminal is a large and historic complex of piers, docks, warehouses, factories, and rail sidings on 200 acres (810,000 m2) on the waterfront of Brooklyn, New York. It was designed as a massive intermodal shipping, warehousing, and manufacturing center and rail-marine terminal and was the first facility of its kind in New York.

Part of Sunset Park, Brooklyn, Bush Terminal covered 200 acres (abut 81 hectares) at its peak. It is bounded by Upper New York Bay's Gowanus Bay to the west and north, by 3rd Avenue to the east, and--at its peak--between 27th Street, Brooklyn to the north and 50th Street to the south.[1]

The terminal was the largest of its kind in the world, served as an intermodal hub for railways and cargo ships, and model for other integrated cargo facilities. The Bush Terminal Co. handled all the shipping for tenants of the buildings within the terminal. . It was the first American example of completely integrated manufacturing and warehousing, served by both rail and water transportation, under a unified management, as well as the largest multi-tenant industrial property in the United States. [2]

1895-1902: Concept and Beginnings[edit]

Bush Terminal is named after its founder Irving T. Bush, whose family name comes from Jan Bosch, a native of the Netherlands who in 1662 immigrated to New Amsterdam, now New York[3]. Bush Terminal is thus in no way related to the Bush political family.[4]

What set Bush Terminal apart from other rail-marine terminals in New York was its distance from Manhattan and the magnitude of its warehousing and manufacturing operations.

Wholesalers in Manhattan faced the expensive time, transportation, and labor costs when importing and then re-sending goods. So in 1895, Irving T. Bush, working under the family company The Bush Co., Limited, organized six warehouses and one pier on the waterfront of South Brooklyn as a freight handling terminal.[3] There had only been one warehouse on the site in 1890 [1], and before that, the land contained an oil refinery belonging to Rufus T. Bush, Irving T. Bush's father. Standard Oil bought this refinery from Bush & Denslow in the 1880s and dismantled it, but Irving T. Bush bought the land back from the company using his father's inheritance after Rufus T. Bush's death in 1890.[5]

The terminal was originally derided as "Bush's Folly."[6] Railroad officials would not ship directly to Brooklyn, which required the extra cost of loading freight cars on car floats for the trip across New York Harbor to the ferry slips at the terminal, unless they first had orders of freight. Irving T. Bush resorted to sending an agent to Michigan and telling him to buy 100 carloads of hay, then attempt to have it sent in the original railcar to Bush's terminal in Brooklyn. Eastern railroad companies declined their western agents' request to send the hay, until eventually, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad agreed to accept the offer and negotiate directly with the new terminal. Other railways followed. [3][5]

To demonstrate that ocean vessels could (and should) dock at the piers, Irving T. Bush leased ships and entered the banana business (and made a profit while doing so). Likewise, to induce businesses to store goods at his terminal's warehouses, he warehoused coffee and cotton himself.[5]

Once Bush Terminal succeeded and expanded, sources credited Bush's "keen foresight" for undertaking such a "quixotic" business venture.[3]

1902 through World War II: Expansion and Zenith[edit]

The Bush Company terminal business became the Bush Terminal Co. in 1902 when Irving T. Bush bought the land from the Standard Oil Co. [2].[7] The warehouses were built circa 1892-1910, the railroad from 1896 to 1915, and the factory lofts between 1905 and 1925[2]

As of 1918, Bush Terminal owned 3,100 feet (944 meters) of waterfront in Brooklyn and covered 20 waterfront blocks. Seven piers extended over 1,200 feet into the harbor and were at least 150 feet wide. Each pier was enclosed.[7] Twenty-five steamship lines used these piers,[1] and as of 1910, Bush Terminal handled 10 per cent of all steamships arriving at New York.[3] Eventually, Bush Terminal handled fifty thousand railroad freight cars and had eight piers that docked vessels from 25 steamship lines.[1]

Once freight was offloaded from vessels or ready for shipment, it could be stored within one of 118 warehouses, ranging in height from one to eight stories. Together, they could hold 25,000,000 cubic feet (708,000 cubic meters) of goods.[7]

The company operated the Bush Terminal Railroad Co., which had about twenty miles of track within the terminal.[7] The railroad removed shippers' cost to haul freight from their facilities to a railyard.[2]The first tracks were laid about 1896 and the railway was complete circa 1915. The rail yard could hold about 1,000 freight cars and was six blocks long.[2] The terminal also owned two miles of track through Brooklyn to connect with the Pennsylvania Railroad.[3](See also List of streetcar lines in Brooklyn.)

The twelve buildings for manufacturers that had been built by 1918 housed about 300 companies.[7] The buildings, which had 150 freight elevators[8] were mostly u-shaped to facilitate loading at rail sidings. To give an example of Bush Terminal's scale, as of the 1970s, the facility's buildings had 263,740 window panes in their walls and 138 miles of fire sprinklers running within them.[9] The terminal had two power plants for steam and light, plus a bank, restaurants, and even a trolley to provide transportation for workers. In addition to a hall for longshoremen, an administration building was constructed circa 1895 to 1902.[2]

Together, Bush Terminal offered economies of scale for its tenants, so that even the smallest concerns had available to them the type of facilities normally only available to large, well-capitalized firms.[2].

World War I[edit]

The U.S. Navy first commandeered the piers and warehouses of the Bush Terminal Co. on Dec. 31, 1917.[7] By June 1918, Assistant Secretary of the Navy (and later President of the United States) Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote to Irving T. Bush to tell him that the Navy would be also be commandeering four of Bush Terminal's twelve manufacturing buildings, meaning that 64 manufacturers employing 4,500 people would have to vacate.[10] The United States Navy tied its rail lines into those of the Bush Terminal in 1918[11] Irving T. Bush complied and helped to design the nearby Brooklyn Army Terminal in 1918.[9][6] The Federal Government quietlty returned Bush Terminal to private ownership during the 1920s and 1930s.

The Interwar Years[edit]

Bush Terminal was an integral part of Sunset Park, Brooklyn.[12] The terminal's fortunes rose with those of the borough of Brooklyn, which had more than 2.5 million residents in by 1930.[13]The terminal employed thousands directly and many thousands more worked for firms within Bush Terminal.

Besides its own police force, fire department, rail system, steam and power plants, and deep water piers,[1] workers at the plant created their own self-policing courts.[14]

Though Bush Terminal Company went into receivership during the Depression, operations continued relatively unaltered through the 1930s.[2]

Structures Outside Brooklyn[edit]

Early in the century, the Bush Terminal Company commissioned architects Kirby, Petit, and Green to design its headquarters building in Manhattan at 100 Broad St (at the intersection with Pearl, and Bridge Sts.). The relatively small yet notable five-story office building was located on the site of Manhattan's first church (from 1633)[15] and featured a "Gothic design with a strong flavor of Dutch."[16]

The terminal also funded construction of Bush Tower, a 30-story skyscraper near Times Square in Manhattan where tenants of Bush Terminal were offered display space to showcase their goods[9]

The Bush Terminal Company attempted a similar melding of commercial displays and social space at Bush House in London, built in three phases during the 1920s, but the concept was not fully carried through at that project. [17]

World War II[edit]

During World War II, Bush Terminal buildings were again seized by the federal government for war use Franklin D. Roosevelt's campaign swing around New York City on Oct. 21, 1944 started at the Brooklyn Army Base and adjacent Bush Terminal.[18]

Since World War II: Active Buildings, Declining Piers[edit]

Sunset Park began to suffer economic decline even before World War II, due to the Great Depression, the end of the 3rd Avenue elevated line and the 1941 construction and widening of the Gowanus Expressway.

After the war, "white flight," the maritime industry's move to New Jersey, and the deactivation of the Brooklyn Army Terminal from the 1970s (until its reopening in as a industrial park in 1987) also hurt the neighborhood.[12]

But this decline did not greatly affect Bush Terminal. Though its piers are now defunct and its rail system is much smaller than it was before World War II (and is no longer operated by Bush Terminal), the buildings and warehouses at Bush Terminal did not suffer the abandonment so common across the United States after World War II.

Irving T. Bush died in 1948 and a statue to him was dedicated in 1950 at Bush Terminal's Brooklyn administration building by his niece Helen Tunison in front of 3,000 notables and terminal employees.[19]

Shortly thereafter, starting in the early 1950s, Topps of chewing gum and baseball card fame, produced baseball cards at Bush Terminal but moved its production to Pennsylvania in 1965 and its offices to Manhattan in 1994.[20][21]

By 1961, the Bush Terminal Company sold its lower Manhattan headquarters building (which was soon demolished) and consolidated its offices at the terminal itself.[15]

A real estate group led by Harry Helmsley (husband of Leona Helmsley) bought Bush Terminal in 1963. At the time, it had six million square feet of floor space, plus eight piers, a railway system, and 150 elevators, along with it own police and fire departments.[8] The complex maintained 95 percent occupancy through the middle of the 1970s, when 25,000 people were employed by the terminal company or firms located there.[9] Renamed Industrial City, by the mid-1980s, it housed the highest concentration of garment manufacturers in New York City outside of Manhattan.[20] Even in the 1990s, the terminal offered 6.5 million square feet of floor space (about 600,000 square meters) in 16 buildings, as tall as twelve stories and was still mostly occupied.[1]

The railway however greatly declined after World War II, and Bush Terminal Railway went defunct in the 1970s, its operations continued by the New York Dock Railroad.[9] As of 2006, the car floats and Bush Terminal Rail Yard are operated by New York New Jersey Rail LLC.[22]

Shipping activity at Bush Terminal also declined after World War II. The introduction of containerized shipping and the construction of the Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal in New Jersey hastened the decline of sea traffic to Bush Terminal.

Prior to 1974, Bush Terminal was still an active port facility, with vessels that docked between its piers. In 1974, the City of New York Department of Ports and Terminals hired a private company to create fresh land by filling the spaces between Piers 1 to 4 to make space for parking shipping containers[2]. Filling however was halted in 1978 after reports of environmental violations. New York City later learned that toxic wastes including oils, oil sludges, and wastewaters had been dumped at the site, making the piers a brownfield.[23] In 2006, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Governor George E. Pataki announced a $36 million plan to clean up and redevelop the Bush Terminal Piers. The plan included a $17.8 million grant from the state of New York, the most New York state had ever granted to clean a single brownfield site .[24]

Legacy[edit]

Bush Terminal was not only one of the first and largest integrated cargo and manufacturing sites in the world, it served as a model for other industrial parks, offered employment to thousands, and still exists today. Besides funding other important buildings such as a Bush Tower and Bush House, it served during both World Wars, influenced the design of the Brooklyn Army Terminal, and affected the growth of Brooklyn and New York City.

Bush Terminal Gallery[edit]

  • Portion of Bush Terminal industrial lofts - distant view from Sunset Park in Brooklyn's Sunset Park neighborhood.
    Portion of Bush Terminal industrial lofts - distant view from Sunset Park in Brooklyn's Sunset Park neighborhood.

See Also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Gallagher, John J. (1995). "Bush Terminal". In Kenneth T. Jackson (ed.). The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven, CT & New York: Yale University Press & The New York Historical Society. p. 171. ISBN 0-300-05536-6.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Raber, Micheal and Thomas Flagg (1988). Historic American Engineering Record: Bush Terminal Company (Bush Terminal), HAER no. NY-201. Philadelphia, PA: Historic American Engineering Record, Mid-Atlantic Region, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Bush, Irving Ter". The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Being the History of the United States as Illustrated in the Lives of the Founders, Builders, and Defenders of the Republic, and of the Men and Women who are Doing the Work and Moulding the Thought of the Present Time. Vol. 14 (Supp. 1). New York: J. T. White Company. 1910. pp. 102–103. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
  4. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions About BBC World Service". London: BBC World Service. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
  5. ^ a b c Copley, F. B. (Oct. 1913). "Interesting People: Irving T. Bush." The American Magazine, 76 (4), p. 57-59
  6. ^ a b "Irving T. Bush dies; Terminal founder." (Oct. 22, 1948). The New York Times, p. 25
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Bush Terminal Plant Largest of Its Kind; Warehouses in Brooklyn Number 118, with capacity of 25,000,000 Cubic Feet and 8 Piers" (Jan. 1, 1918). The New York Times, p. 1
  8. ^ a b "Syndicate buys Bush Terminal." (May 14, 1963). The New York Times, p. 62
  9. ^ a b c d e Horseley, Carter B. (Sep. 12, 1976). "Bush Terminal shouldn't be a success - but it is". The New York Times, Section 8, p. 1
  10. ^ "Navy Commandeers 4 Buildings" (June 22, 1918). The New York Times, p. 14
  11. ^ "Historic Federal Buildings: Power Plant (Brooklyn Navy Yard)". U.S. General Services Administration. Retrieved 3 Jan. 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  12. ^ a b Snyder-Grenier, Ellen Marie (1995). "Sunset Park". In Kenneth T. Jackson (ed.). The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven, CT & New York: Yale University Press & The New York Historical Society. pp. 1143–1144. ISBN 0-300-05536-6.
  13. ^ Kenneth T. Jackson, ed. (1995). "Brooklyn". The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven, CT & New York: Yale University Press & The New York Historical Society. p. 152. ISBN 0-300-05536-6.
  14. ^ "Workers have their courts in New York." (Jan. 13, 1929). The New York Times, p. 22
  15. ^ a b "Bush Terminal Sells a Landmark" (June 24, 1961). The New York Times, p. 22:2
  16. ^ Stern, Robert A. M, Gregory Gilmartin, and John Montague Massengale (1983). New York 1900: Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism, 1890-1915 New York: Rizzoli, 1983, p. 181
  17. ^ Saint, Andrew (1984). "Americans in London: Raymond Hood and the National Radiator Building." AA Files 7, 37-38.
  18. ^ "Vast throngs see Roosevelt on tour" (Oct. 22, 1944). The New York Times, p. 35
  19. ^ "A memorial to founder of Bush Terminal." (Jun. 21, 1950). The New York Times, p. 55
  20. ^ a b Kennedy, Shawn D. (April 30, 1986). "Industrial Condominiums at the Old Bush Terminal." The New York Times, p. A24
  21. ^ "Topps Turns to Whitehall Street; Cementing a Deal For Space Downtown " (March 6, 1994) The New York Times
  22. ^ "Floating Railroad Continues a Proud Tradition". The Seafarers International Union, Atlantic, Gulf, Lakes and Inland Waters District/NMU, AFL-CIO. Nov. 2006. Retrieved 5 Dec. 2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  23. ^ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Environmental Remediation (March 2004). Environmental Restoration Record of Decision, Bush Terminal Landfill Piers 1-4, Brooklyn, Kings County, New York, Site Number B00031-2, p. 2-3. (A 66-page PDF linked to from New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Bush Terminal Landfill Piers 1-4) (accessed January 3, 2009)
  24. ^ "Mayor Bloomberg And Governor Pataki Announce $36 Million For Environmental Cleanup And Redevelopment Of Bush Piers". Office of the Mayor, City of New York. April 20, 2006. Retrieved 3 Jan. 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

External Links[edit]


Further Reading[edit]


40°39′18″N 74°00′59″W / 40.65503°N 74.01633°W / 40.65503; -74.01633


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