User:Mr. Ibrahem/Valvular heart disease

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Valvular heart disease
Other namesCardiac valvular disorder, heart valve disease
Diagram of the valves of the heart. The aortic and mitral valves are shown in the left heart, and the tricuspid and pulmonic valves are shown in the right heart.
SpecialtyCardiology
SymptomsShortness of breath, leg swelling, tiredness, palpitations[1]
Types
Risk factorsOlder age, rheumatic heart disease, prior heart attack, high blood pressure, diabetes, infectious endocarditis, Marfan syndrome, heart related birth defect[2][3]
Diagnostic methodHeart murmur, ultrasound[1]
TreatmentHealthy lifestyle, surgery[4][1]
Frequency2.5% (USA)[5]

Valvular heart disease is a disorder of one or more of the four valves of the heart (aortic and mitral on the left, pulmonic and tricuspid on the right).[3] Symptoms may include shortness of breath, leg swelling, tiredness, and palpitations.[1] Complications can include heart failure and stroke.[3]

Risk factors include older age, rheumatic heart disease, prior heart attack, high blood pressure, diabetes, infectious endocarditis, Marfan syndrome, and heart related birth defect.[2][3] They may be divided into inadequate opening (stenosis) and leaking (insufficiency).[1] Diagnosis may be suspected based on a heart murmur and confirmed by ultrasound.[1]

Mild disease may be followed via periodic checks.[1][6] A healthy lifestyle including exercise is recommended.[4] Antibiotics are recommended in those with a history of rheumatic hear disease.[4] Surgery in the form of valve repair (valvuloplasty) or replacement (insertion of an artificial heart valve) may be indicated for more severe disease.[1]

Valvular heart disease affects about 2.5% of people in the United States, with aortic valve disease resulting in the most deaths.[5][7] While heart valves were first described around 200 AD by Galen, problems with the valves were not described until the 1600s and 1700s.[8][9] Surgical treatment was first performed in 1913 by Theodore Tuffier in Paris, France.[9]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Overview of Heart Valve Disorders - Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Heart valve disease - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d "Heart Valve Disease". www.nhlbi.nih.gov. NHLBI, NIH. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Otto, CM; Nishimura, RA; Bonow, RO; Carabello, BA; Erwin JP, 3rd; Gentile, F; Jneid, H; Krieger, EV; Mack, M; McLeod, C; O'Gara, PT; Rigolin, VH; Sundt TM, 3rd; Thompson, A; Toly, C (2 February 2021). "2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 143 (5): e72–e227. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000923. PMID 33332150.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b Iung, B; Vahanian, A (March 2011). "Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in the adult". Nature reviews. Cardiology. 8 (3): 162–72. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2010.202. PMID 21263455.
  6. ^ "Overview of Cardiac Valvular Disorders - Cardiovascular Disorders". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  7. ^ Coffey, Sean; Cairns, Benjamin J; Iung, Bernard (1 January 2016). "The modern epidemiology of heart valve disease". Heart. 102 (1): 75–85. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2014-307020.
  8. ^ Goldstein, Steven A.; Kronzon, Itzhak; Khandheria, Bijoy K.; Mor-Avi, Victor (2015). ASE’s Comprehensive Echocardiography E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 453. ISBN 978-0-323-32734-3.
  9. ^ a b Kuijpers, Petra (5 February 2020). "History in medicine: the aortic valve". e-Journal of Cardiology Practice. 18. doi:10.37461/escejcp.18.9.
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