User:Mr. Ibrahem/Sudden infant death syndrome

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Sudden infant death syndrome
Other namesCot death, crib death
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SpecialtyPediatrics
SymptomsDeath of a child less than one year of age[1]
Usual onsetSudden[1]
CausesUnknown[1]
Risk factorsSleeping on the stomach or side, overheating, exposure to tobacco smoke, bed sharing[2][3]
Diagnostic methodNo cause found after an investigation and autopsy[4]
Differential diagnosisInfections, genetic disorders, heart problems, child abuse[2]
PreventionPutting newborns on their back to sleep, pacifier, breastfeeding, immunization[5][6][7]
TreatmentSupport for families[2]
Frequency1 in 1,000–10,000[2]

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), also known as cot death or crib death, is the sudden unexplained death of a child of less than one year of age.[1] Diagnosis requires that the death remain unexplained even after a thorough autopsy and detailed death scene investigation.[4] SIDS usually occurs during sleep.[2] Typically death occurs between the hours of 00:00 and 09:00.[8] There is usually no noise or evidence of struggle.[9]

The exact cause of SIDS is unknown.[3] The requirement of a combination of factors including a specific underlying susceptibility, a specific time in development, and an environmental stressor has been proposed.[2][3] These environmental stressors may include sleeping on the stomach or side, overheating, and exposure to tobacco smoke.[3] Accidental suffocation from bed sharing (also known as co-sleeping) or soft objects may also play a role.[2][10] Another risk factor is being born before 39 weeks of gestation.[7] SIDS makes up about 80% of sudden and unexpected infant deaths (SUIDs).[2] The other 20% of cases are often caused by infections, genetic disorders, and heart problems.[2] While child abuse in the form of intentional suffocation may be misdiagnosed as SIDS, this is believed to make up less than 5% of cases.[2]

The most effective method of reducing the risk of SIDS is putting a child less than one year old on their back to sleep.[7] Other measures include a firm mattress separate from but close to caregivers, no loose bedding, a relatively cool sleeping environment, using a pacifier, and avoiding exposure to tobacco smoke.[5] Breastfeeding and immunization may also be preventive.[5][6] Measures not shown to be useful include positioning devices and baby monitors.[5][6] Evidence is not sufficient for the use of fans.[5] Grief support for families affected by SIDS is important, as the death of the infant is sudden, without witnesses, and often associated with an investigation.[2]

Rates of SIDS vary nearly tenfold in developed countries from one in a thousand to one in ten thousand.[2][11] Globally, it resulted in about 19,200 deaths in 2015, down from 22,000 deaths in 1990.[12][13] SIDS was the third leading cause of death in children less than one year old in the United States in 2011.[14] It is the most common cause of death between one month and one year of age.[7] About 90% of cases happen before six months of age, with it being most frequent between two months and four months of age.[2][7] It is more common in boys than girls.[7] Rates have decreased in areas with "safe sleep campaigns" by up to 80%.[11]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS): Overview". National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 27 June 2013. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kinney HC, Thach BT (August 2009). "The sudden infant death syndrome". The New England Journal of Medicine. 361 (8): 795–805. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0803836. PMC 3268262. PMID 19692691.
  3. ^ a b c d "What causes SIDS?". National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 12 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  4. ^ a b "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Sudden Infant Death". Archived from the original on March 18, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d e Moon RY, Fu L (July 2012). "Sudden infant death syndrome: an update". Pediatrics in Review. 33 (7): 314–20. doi:10.1542/pir.33-7-314. PMID 22753789.
  6. ^ a b c "How can I reduce the risk of SIDS?". National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 22 August 2014. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "How many infants die from SIDS or are at risk for SIDS?". National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 19 November 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  8. ^ Optiz, Enid Gilbert-Barness, Diane E. Spicer, Thora S. Steffensen; foreword by John M. (2013). Handbook of pediatric autopsy pathology (Second ed.). New York, NY: Springer New York. p. 654. ISBN 9781461467113. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Scheimberg, edited by Marta C. Cohen, Irene (2014). The Pediatric and perinatal autopsy manual. p. 319. ISBN 9781107646070. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2017. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "Ways To Reduce the Risk of SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Causes of Infant Death". NICHD. 20 January 2016. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  11. ^ a b Duncan, Jhodie R.; Byard, Roger W. (2018), Duncan, Jhodie R.; Byard, Roger W. (eds.), "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: An Overview", SIDS Sudden Infant and Early Childhood Death: The Past, the Present and the Future, University of Adelaide Press, ISBN 9781925261677, PMID 30035964, archived from the original on 2 July 2020, retrieved 2019-08-01
  12. ^ GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442. {{cite journal}}: |author1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Wang, Haidong; Naghavi, Mohsen; Allen, Christine; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Zian; Coates, Matthew M.; Coggeshall, Megan; Dandona, Lalit; Dicker, Daniel J.; Erskine, Holly E.; Ferrari, Alize J.; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Foreman, Kyle; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Fraser, Maya S.; Fullman, Nancy; Gething, Peter W.; Goldberg, Ellen M.; Graetz, Nicholas; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hay, Simon I.; Huynh, Chantal; Johnson, Catherine O.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kulikoff, Xie Rachel (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Hoyert DL, Xu JQ (2012). "Deaths: Preliminary data for 2011" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 61 (6): 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-02-02.
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