User:Mr. Ibrahem/Stomach cancer

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Stomach cancer
Other namesGastric cancer
A stomach ulcer that was diagnosed as cancer on biopsy and surgically removed
SpecialtyOncology
SymptomsEarly: Heartburn, upper abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite.[1]
Later: Weight loss, yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, blood in the stool[1]
Usual onsetOver years[2]
TypesGastric carcinomas, lymphoma, mesenchymal tumor[2]
CausesHelicobacter pylori, genetics[2][3]
Risk factorsSmoking, dietary factors such as pickled vegetables, obesity[2][4]
Diagnostic methodBiopsy done during endoscopy[1]
PreventionMediterranean diet, stopping smoking[2][5]
TreatmentSurgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy[1]
PrognosisFive-year survival rate:
< 10% (advanced cases),[6]
32% (US),[7] 71% (Japan)[8]
Frequency3.5 million (2015)[9]
Deaths783,000 (2018)[10]

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a cancer that develops from the lining of the stomach.[11] Most cases of stomach cancers are gastric carcinomas, which can be divided into a number of subtypes including gastric adenocarcinomas.[2] Lymphomas and mesenchymal tumors may also develop in the stomach.[2] Early symptoms may include heartburn, upper abdominal pain, nausea and loss of appetite.[1] Later signs and symptoms may include weight loss, yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, vomiting, difficulty swallowing and blood in the stool among others.[1] The cancer may spread from the stomach to other parts of the body, particularly the liver, lungs, bones, lining of the abdomen and lymph nodes.[12]

The most common cause is infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which accounts for more than 60% of cases.[2][3][13] Certain types of H. pylori have greater risks than others.[2] Smoking, dietary factors such as pickled vegetables and obesity are other risk factors.[2][4] About 10% of cases run in families, and between 1% and 3% of cases are due to genetic syndromes inherited from a person's parents such as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer.[2] Most of the time, stomach cancer develops in stages over years.[2] Diagnosis is usually by biopsy done during endoscopy.[1] This is followed by medical imaging to determine if the disease has spread to other parts of the body.[1] Japan and South Korea, two countries that have high rates of the disease, screen for stomach cancer.[2]

A Mediterranean diet lowers the risk of stomach cancer, as does the stopping of smoking.[2][5] There is tentative evidence that treating H. pylori decreases the future risk.[2][5] If stomach cancer is treated early, it can be cured.[2] Treatments may include some combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and targeted therapy.[1][14] If treated late, palliative care may be advised.[2] Some types of lymphoma can be cured by eliminating H. pylori.[15] Outcomes are often poor, with a less than 10% five-year survival rate in the Western world for advanced cases.[6] This is largely because most people with the condition present with advanced disease.[6] In the United States, five-year survival is 31.5%,[7] while in South Korea it is over 65% and Japan over 70%, partly due to screening efforts.[2][8]

Globally, stomach cancer is the fifth leading type of cancer and the third leading cause of death from cancer, making up 7% of cases and 9% of deaths.[16] In 2018, it newly occurred in 1.03 million people and caused 783,000 deaths.[10] Before the 1930s, in much of the world, including most Western developed countries, it was the most common cause of death from cancer.[17][18] Rates of death have been decreasing in many areas of the world since then.[2] This is believed to be due to the eating of less salted and pickled foods as a result of the development of refrigeration as a method of keeping food fresh.[19] Stomach cancer occurs most commonly in East Asia and Eastern Europe.[2] It occurs twice as often in males as in females.[2]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Gastric Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)". NCI. 2014-04-17. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 5.4. ISBN 978-9283204299.
  3. ^ a b Chang AH, Parsonnet J (October 2010). "Role of bacteria in oncogenesis". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 23 (4): 837–57. doi:10.1128/CMR.00012-10. PMC 2952975. PMID 20930075.
  4. ^ a b González CA, Sala N, Rokkas T (September 2013). "Gastric cancer: epidemiologic aspects". Helicobacter. 18 (Suppl 1): 34–8. doi:10.1111/hel.12082. PMID 24011243.
  5. ^ a b c "Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)". NCI. 2014-02-27. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  6. ^ a b c Orditura M, Galizia G, Sforza V, Gambardella V, Fabozzi A, Laterza MM, Andreozzi F, Ventriglia J, Savastano B, Mabilia A, Lieto E, Ciardiello F, De Vita F (February 2014). "Treatment of gastric cancer". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 20 (7): 1635–49. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i7.1635. PMC 3930964. PMID 24587643.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ a b "Cancer of the Stomach - Cancer Stat Facts". SEER. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 2020-02-01.
  8. ^ a b "がん診療連携拠点病院等院内がん登録生存率集計：[国立がん研究センター　がん登録・統計]". ganjoho.jp. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  9. ^ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b Bray, F; Ferlay, J; Soerjomataram, I; Siegel, RL; Torre, LA; Jemal, A (November 2018). "Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 68 (6): 394–424. doi:10.3322/caac.21492. PMID 30207593. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  11. ^ "Stomach (Gastric) Cancer". NCI. January 1980. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  12. ^ Ruddon, Raymond W. (2007). Cancer biology (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 223. ISBN 9780195175431. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015.
  13. ^ Sim, edited by Fiona; McKee, Martin (2011). Issues in public health (2nd ed.). Maidenhead: Open University Press. p. 74. ISBN 9780335244225. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
  14. ^ Wagner AD, Syn NL, Moehler M, Grothe W, Yong WP, Tai BC, Ho J, Unverzagt S (August 2017). "Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 8: CD004064. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004064.pub4. PMC 6483552. PMID 28850174.
  15. ^ Stathis, A; Bertoni, F; Zucca, E (September 2010). "Treatment of gastric marginal zone lymphoma of MALT type". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 11 (13): 2141–52. doi:10.1517/14656566.2010.497141. PMID 20586708.
  16. ^ "Chapter 1.1". World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. ISBN 978-9283204299.
  17. ^ Hochhauser, Jeffrey Tobias, Daniel (2010). Cancer and its management (6th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 259. ISBN 9781444306378. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Khleif, Edited by Roland T. Skeel, Samir N. (2011). Handbook of cancer chemotherapy (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolter Kluwer. p. 127. ISBN 9781608317820. Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Moore, edited by Rhonda J.; Spiegel, David (2004). Cancer, culture, and communication. New York: Kluwer Academic. p. 139. ISBN 9780306478857. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
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