User:Mr. Ibrahem/Proximal humerus fracture
| Proximal humerus fracture | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Proximal humeral fracture |
 | |
| Multi-fragmented fracture of the proximal humerus with involvement of the greater tuberosity | |
| Specialty | Orthopedics |
| Symptoms | Pain, swelling, decreased ability to move the shoulder[1] |
| Types | 1 part, 2 part, 3 part, 4 part[2] |
| Causes | Fall onto the arm, direct trauma to the arm[3] |
| Risk factors | Osteoporosis[4] |
| Diagnostic method | X-rays, CT scan[3] |
| Treatment | Arm sling, specific exercises, surgery[3] |
| Frequency | Common[4] |
A proximal humerus fracture is a break of the upper part of the bone of the arm (humerus).[3] Symptoms include pain, swelling, and a decreased ability to move the shoulder.[1] Complications may include axillary nerve or axillary artery injury.[3]
The cause is generally a fall onto the arm or direct trauma to the arm.[3] Risk factors include osteoporosis and diabetes.[4][5] Diagnosis is generally based on X-rays or CT scan.[3] It is a type of humerus fracture.[6] A number of classification systems exist.[5]
Treatment is generally with an arm sling for a brief period of time followed by specific exercises.[3] This appears appropriate in many cases even when the fragments are separated.[7] Less commonly surgery is recommended.[3]
Proximal humerus fractures are common.[4] Older people are most commonly affected.[3] In this age group they are the third most common fractures after hip and Colles fractures.[5] Women are more often affected than men.[5]
References[edit]
- ^ a b "Shoulder Trauma (Fractures and Dislocations)". OrthoInfo - AAOS. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ^ Carofino BC, Leopold SS (January 2013). "Classifications in brief: the Neer classification for proximal humerus fractures". Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 471 (1): 39–43. doi:10.1007/s11999-012-2454-9. PMC 3528923. PMID 22752734.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Proximal Humeral Fractures". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ^ a b c d Jo MJ, Gardner MJ (September 2012). "Proximal humerus fractures". Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 5 (3): 192–8. doi:10.1007/s12178-012-9130-2. PMC 3535090. PMID 22644599.
- ^ a b c d Bentley, George (2009). European Instructional Lectures: Volume 9, 2009; 10th EFORT Congress, Vienna, Austria. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 81. ISBN 9783642009662.
- ^ "Humerus Fracture (Upper Arm Fracture) | Johns Hopkins Medicine Health Library". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ^ Handoll HH, Brorson S (November 2015). "Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (11): CD000434. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000434.pub4. PMID 26560014.