User:Mr. Ibrahem/Minimal change disease
| Minimal change disease | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Minimal change glomerulopathy, minimal change nephrotic syndrome, nil disease, lipoid nephrosis[1][2] |
 | |
| The three hallmarks of minimal change disease seen on electron microscopy: diffuse loss of podocyte foot processes, vacuolation, and the appearance of microvilli. | |
| Specialty | Nephrology |
| Symptoms | Swelling, foamy urine[1] |
| Complications | Blood clots, infections, high cholesterol[1] |
| Usual onset | 2 to 3 years old[3] |
| Causes | Unknown[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Generally based on symptoms, labs, and urine testing[2] |
| Differential diagnosis | Glomerulonephritis, heart failure, lymphedema[2] |
| Treatment | Corticosteroids, blood pressure medication[4] |
| Prognosis | Generally good[2] |
| Frequency | 1 in 20,000 children per year[2] |
Minimal change disease (MCD) is a kidney disease with significant protein in the urine but a relatively normal kidney biopsy when examined by a light microscope.[4] Symptoms include swelling and foamy urine.[1] Complications can include blood clots, infections, dehydration, and high cholesterol.[1][2] Kidney failure is rare.[1]
The cause is generally unknown.[1][2] It may be triggered by an infection or allergic reaction.[1] The underlying mechanism involves damage to the glomeruli.[1] Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms together with urine and lab tests.[2] If the diagnosis is unclear a kidney biopsy may be useful.[2]
Treatment may include corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, or cyclosporine.[4] High blood pressure may be managed with an ACE inhibitor or calcium channel blocker.[1] A low salt diet and a diuretic may be used to control swelling.[4] Outcomes are generally good in all age groups.[2] In more than 80% of adults, the disease resolves with treatment.[1]
About 1 in 20,000 children are affected a year.[2] It is most common in those around the age of 2 to 3 years old.[3] In children males are more commonly affected than females.[2] It is uncommon in adults.[2] It is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, and responsible for 10 to 25% of cases in adults.[1][5] The disease was first described by Munk in 1913.[6]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Minimal change disease | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Zamora, G; Pearson-Shaver, AL (January 2020). "Minimal Change Disease". PMID 32809474.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b Cheung, Alfred K. (2005). Primer on Kidney Diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-4160-2312-8.
- ^ a b c d "Glomerular Diseases | NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
- ^ Hogan J, Radhakrishnan J (April 2013). "The treatment of minimal change disease in adults". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 24 (5): 702–11. doi:10.1681/ASN.2012070734. PMID 23431071.
- ^ Yu, Alan S. L.; Chertow, Glenn M.; Luyckx, Valerie; Marsden, Philip A.; Skorecki, Karl; Taal, Maarten W. (2015). Brenner and Rector's The Kidney E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1016. ISBN 978-0-323-26259-0.