User:Mr. Ibrahem/Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

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"FASD" redirects here. For other uses, see FASD (disambiguation).

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Baby with fetal alcohol syndrome, showing some of the characteristic facial features
SpecialtyPsychiatry, pediatrics, toxicology
SymptomsAbnormal appearance, short height, low body weight, small head size, poor coordination, low intelligence, behavior problems[1][2]
DurationLong term[1][3]
TypesFetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, alcohol-related birth defects[1]
CausesDrinking alcohol during pregnancy[1]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms[1]
PreventionAvoiding drinking alcohol during pregnancy[4]
TreatmentParent-child interaction therapy, efforts to modify child behavior, possibly medications[5]
Frequency1–5% (US, EU)[6]

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy.[1] Symptoms can include an abnormal appearance, short height, low body weight, small head size, poor coordination, low intelligence, behavior problems, learning difficulties and problems with hearing or sight.[1][2] Those affected are more likely to have trouble in school, legal problems, participate in high-risk activities and have problems with alcohol or other drugs.[7] The most severe form of the condition is known as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).[1] Other types include partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS), alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) and alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD).[1][8] Some accept only FAS as a diagnosis, seeing the evidence as inconclusive with respect to other types.[9]

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are caused by a mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy.[1] Surveys from the United States found that about 10% of pregnant women drank alcohol in the past month, and 20% to 30% drank at some point during the pregnancy.[10] About 3.6% of pregnant American women are alcoholics.[11] The risk of FASD depends on the amount consumed and the frequency of consumption as well as at what point in pregnancy the alcohol was consumed.[10] Other risk factors include older age of the mother, smoking, and poor diet.[12][10] There is no known safe amount or time to drink alcohol during pregnancy.[1][13] While drinking small amounts does not cause abnormalities in the face, it may cause behavioral issues.[11] Alcohol crosses the blood–brain barrier and both directly and indirectly affects a developing baby.[14] Diagnosis is based on the signs and symptoms in the person.[1]

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are preventable by avoiding alcohol.[4] For this reason, medical authorities recommend no alcohol during pregnancy or while trying to become pregnant.[15][16][17] While the condition is permanent, treatment can improve outcomes.[1][3] Interventions may include parent–child interaction therapy, efforts to modify child behavior, and possibly medications.[5]

FASD is estimated to affect between 1% and 5% of people in the United States and Western Europe.[6] FAS is believed to occur in between 0.2 and 9 per 1,000 live births in the United States.[6] In South Africa, some populations have rates as high as 9%.[8] The negative effects of alcohol during pregnancy have been described since ancient times.[8] The lifetime cost per child with FAS in the US was $2,000,000 in 2002.[6] The term fetal alcohol syndrome was first used in 1973.[8]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Facts about FASDs". 16 April 2015. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  2. ^ a b Chudley; et al. (2005). "Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis". CMAJ. 172 (5 Suppl): S1–S21. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1040302. PMC 557121. PMID 15738468.
  3. ^ a b Rasmussen, Carmen; Andrew, Gail; Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie; Tough, Suzanne (20 November 2016). "Neurobehavioural outcomes of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A Canadian perspective". Paediatrics & Child Health. 13 (3): 185–191. ISSN 1205-7088. PMC 2529423. PMID 19252695.
  4. ^ a b "Alcohol Use in Pregnancy". 17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  5. ^ a b Roszel, EL (13 April 2015). "Central nervous system deficits in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder". The Nurse Practitioner. 40 (4): 24–33. doi:10.1097/01.npr.0000444650.10142.4f. PMID 25774812.
  6. ^ a b c d "Data & Statistics Prevalence of FASDs". Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 16 April 2015. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  7. ^ Coriale, G; Fiorentino, D; Di Lauro, F; Marchitelli, R; Scalese, B; Fiore, M; Maviglia, M; Ceccanti, M (2013). "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): neurobehavioral profile, indications for diagnosis and treatment". Rivista di Psichiatria. 48 (5): 359–69. doi:10.1708/1356.15062. PMID 24326748.
  8. ^ a b c d Riley, EP; Infante, MA; Warren, KR (June 2011). "Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: an overview". Neuropsychology Review. 21 (2): 73–80. doi:10.1007/s11065-011-9166-x. PMC 3779274. PMID 21499711.
  9. ^ "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) – conditions and interventions". www.sbu.se. Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services (SBU). 14 December 2016. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
  10. ^ a b c "Fetal Alcohol Exposure". April 2015. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  11. ^ a b McHugh, RK; Wigderson, S; Greenfield, SF (June 2014). "Epidemiology of substance use in reproductive-age women". Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 41 (2): 177–89. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.02.001. PMC 4068964. PMID 24845483.
  12. ^ Gupta, Keshav Kumar; Gupta, Vinay Kumar; Shirasaka, Tomohiro (2016). "An Update on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome—Pathogenesis, Risks, and Treatment". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 40 (8): 1594–1602. doi:10.1111/acer.13135. PMID 27375266.
  13. ^ Williams, J. F.; Smith, V. C. (19 October 2015). "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders". Pediatrics. 136 (5): e1395–e1406. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3113. PMID 26482673.
  14. ^ Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Management and Policy Perspectives of FASD. John Wiley & Sons. 2011. pp. 73–75. ISBN 9783527632565. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  15. ^ Vice Admiral Richard H. Carmona (2005). "A 2005 Message to Women from the U.S. Surgeon General" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  16. ^ Institute of Medicine; Committee to Study Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (1995). Stratton, Kathleen; Howe, Cynthia; Battaglia, Frederick C. (eds.). Fetal alcohol syndrome: diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ISBN 978-0-309-05292-4. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016.
  17. ^ "Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council". Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
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