User:Mr. Ibrahem/Cocaine

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Mr. Ibrahem/Cocaine
Clinical data
Pronunciationkəʊˈkeɪn
Trade namesNeurocaine,[1] Goprelto,[2] Numbrino,[3] others
Other namesBenzoylmethylecgonine, coke, blow, crack (in freebase form)
AHFS/Drugs.comMicromedex Detailed Consumer Information
License data
Dependence
liability		High[4]
Addiction
liability		High[5]
Routes of
administration		Topical, by mouth, insufflation, intravenous
Drug class
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability
Metabolismliver CYP3A4
MetabolitesNorcocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene
Onset of actionseconds to minutes[11]
Duration of action5 to 90 minutes[11]
ExcretionKidney
Identifiers
  • Methyl (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC17H21NO4
Molar mass303.353 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point98 °C (208 °F)
Boiling point187 °C (369 °F)
Solubility in water≈1.8
  • CN1[C@H]2CC[C@@H]1[C@@H](C(OC)=O)[C@@H](OC(C3=CC=CC=C3)=O)C2
  • InChI=1S/C17H21NO4/c1-18-12-8-9-13(18)15(17(20)21-2)14(10-12)22-16(19)11-6-4-3-5-7-11/h3-7,12-15H,8-10H2,1-2H3/t12-,13+,14-,15+/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:ZPUCINDJVBIVPJ-LJISPDSOSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant most frequently used as a recreational drug.[14] It is commonly snorted, inhaled as smoke, or dissolved and injected into a vein.[11] Mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation.[11] Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, and large pupils.[11] High doses can result in very high blood pressure or body temperature.[15] Effects begin within seconds to minutes of use and last between five and ninety minutes.[11] Cocaine has a small number of accepted medical uses such as numbing and decreasing bleeding during nasal surgery.[16]

Cocaine is addictive due to its effect on the reward pathway in the brain.[14] After a short period of use, there is a high risk that dependence will occur.[14] Its use also increases the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, lung problems in those who smoke it, blood infections, and sudden cardiac death.[14][17] Cocaine sold on the street is commonly mixed with local anesthetics, cornstarch, quinine, or sugar, which can result in additional toxicity.[18] Following repeated doses a person may have decreased ability to feel pleasure and be very physically tired.[14]

Cocaine acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.[14] This results in greater concentrations of these three neurotransmitters in the brain.[14] It can easily cross the blood–brain barrier and may lead to the breakdown of the barrier.[19][20] In 2013, 419 kilograms were produced legally.[21] It is estimated that the illegal market for cocaine is 100 to US$500 billion each year.[14] With further processing, crack cocaine can be produced from cocaine.[14]

Cocaine is the second most frequently used illegal drug globally, after cannabis.[22] Between 14 and 21 million people use the drug each year.[14] Use is highest in North America followed by Europe and South America.[14] Between one and three percent of people in the developed world have used cocaine at some point in their life.[14] In 2013, cocaine use directly resulted in 4,300 deaths, up from 2,400 in 1990.[23] It is named after the coca plant from which it is isolated.[11] The plant's leaves have been used by Peruvians since ancient times.[18] Cocaine was first isolated from the leaves in 1860.[14] Since 1961, the international Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs has required countries to make recreational use of cocaine a crime.[24]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Nordegren, Thomas (2002). The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. Universal-Publishers. p. 461. ISBN 9781581124040. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  2. ^ "Goprelto- cocaine hydrochloride solution". DailyMed. 3 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  3. ^ "Numbrino- cocaine hydrochloride nasal solution". DailyMed. 28 February 2020. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  4. ^ Ghodse, Hamid (2010). Ghodse's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-139-48567-8. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  5. ^ Introduction to Pharmacology Third Edition. Abingdon: CRC Press. 2007. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-1-4200-4742-4. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  6. ^ "DEA / Drug Scheduling". www.dea.gov. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
  7. ^ a b Fattinger K, Benowitz NL, Jones RT, Verotta D (July 2000). "Nasal mucosal versus gastrointestinal absorption of nasally administered cocaine". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 56 (4): 305–10. doi:10.1007/s002280000147. PMID 10954344.
  8. ^ Barnett G, Hawks R, Resnick R (1981). "Cocaine pharmacokinetics in humans". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 3 (2–3): 353–66. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(81)90063-5. PMID 7242115.
  9. ^ Jeffcoat AR, Perez-Reyes M, Hill JM, Sadler BM, Cook CE (1989). "Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 17 (2): 153–9. PMID 2565204.
  10. ^ Wilkinson P, Van Dyke C, Jatlow P, Barash P, Byck R (March 1980). "Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetics". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 27 (3): 386–94. doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.52. PMID 7357795.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Zimmerman JL (October 2012). "Cocaine intoxication". Critical Care Clinics. 28 (4): 517–26. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003. PMID 22998988.
  12. ^ "Cocaine topical (C-Topical Solution) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 10 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  13. ^ "Interpreting Urine Drug Tests (UDT)". Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Pomara C, Cassano T, D'Errico S, Bello S, Romano AD, Riezzo I, Serviddio G (2012). "Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (33): 5647–57. doi:10.2174/092986712803988811. PMID 22856655.
  15. ^ Connors NJ, Hoffman RS (November 2013). "Experimental treatments for cocaine toxicity: a difficult transition to the bedside". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 347 (2): 251–7. doi:10.1124/jpet.113.206383. PMID 23978563.
  16. ^ Harper SJ, Jones NS (October 2006). "Cocaine: what role does it have in current ENT practice? A review of the current literature". The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 120 (10): 808–11. doi:10.1017/s0022215106001459. PMID 16848922.
  17. ^ Sordo L, Indave BI, Barrio G, Degenhardt L, de la Fuente L, Bravo MJ (September 2014). "Cocaine use and risk of stroke: a systematic review". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 142: 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.041. PMID 25066468.
  18. ^ a b Goldstein RA, DesLauriers C, Burda AM (January 2009). "Cocaine: history, social implications, and toxicity--a review". Disease-A-Month. 55 (1): 6–38. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2008.10.002. PMID 19081448.
  19. ^ Sharma HS, Muresanu D, Sharma A, Patnaik R (2009). "Cocaine-induced breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and neurotoxicity". International Review of Neurobiology. 88: 297–334. doi:10.1016/S0074-7742(09)88011-2. ISBN 978-0-12-374504-0. PMID 19897082.
  20. ^ Karch, Steven B. (2009). Karch's pathology of drug abuse (4 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-8493-7881-2. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  21. ^ Narcotic Drugs 2014 (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. 2015. p. 21. ISBN 9789210481571. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2015.
  22. ^ Karila L, Zarmdini R, Petit A, Lafaye G, Lowenstein W, Reynaud M (January 2014). "[Cocaine addiction: current data for the clinician]". Presse Médicale. 43 (1): 9–17. doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2013.01.069. PMID 23727012.
  23. ^ GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442. {{cite journal}}: |author1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Room R, Reuter P (January 2012). "How well do international drug conventions protect public health?". Lancet. 379 (9810): 84–91. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61423-2. PMID 22225673. The international treaties have also constrained national policy experimentation because they require nation states to criminalise drug use
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