User:MajorTom2GroundControl/Hydraulic fracturing by country
 | This is the sandbox page where you will draft your initial Wikipedia contribution.
If you're starting a new article, you can develop it here until it's ready to go live. If you're working on improvements to an existing article, copy only one section at a time of the article to this sandbox to work on, and be sure to use an edit summary linking to the article you copied from. Do not copy over the entire article. You can find additional instructions here. Remember to save your work regularly using the "Publish page" button. (It just means 'save'; it will still be in the sandbox.) You can add bold formatting to your additions to differentiate them from existing content. |
United States[edit]
.jpg)
Hydraulic fracturing was exempted from underground injection controls of the Safe Drinking Water Act[1] by the Energy Policy Act of 2005. The Fracturing Responsibility and Awareness of Chemicals Act (later called the FRAC Act) was introduced to end the exemption of hydraulic fracturing practices from the Clean Water Act. This measure was purposed first in 2009 and later in 2011, however failed to pass in Congress on both occasions.[2] Lack of federal regulation for hydraulic fracturing has allowed U.S. States great latitude to decide their own policy, leading to varied regulations across the United States.[3] State policies have been influenced by many factors, including local public opinions on fracking, natural gas reserves within the state, and industrial lobbying.[4][5]
In May 2012, the state of Vermont became the first state to outlaw hydraulic fracturing[6] and New York state, which unlike Vermont has significant gas reserves, banned the practice in December 2014.[7] Maryland introduced a temporary fracking ban in 2015,[8] which was made permanent in 2017.[9][10] Washington joined these states by banning hydraulic fracturing in May of 2019.[11]
A type of fracking technique called slickwater fracking was used in Texas in 1998 to complete natural gas wells in the Barnett Shale.[12] This type of completion was made possible by a number of advances in directional drilling and microseismic 3-dimensional imaging supported by the Department of Energy and other federal agencies,[13] drilling into shale now accounts for 30 percent of US gas production.[14] This method of well completion has become controversial in high-activity states like Texas, Pennsylvania, Arkansas, West Virginia, Oklahoma, and Ohio, because of the complaints about pollution, health effects and Earthquakes.[15]
References[edit]
- ^ "Regulation of Hydraulic Fracturing by the Office of Water". US EPA. 6 October 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
- ^ "Fracturing Responsibility and Awareness of Chemicals Act". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
- ^ Cook, Jeffrey J. (2014-06). "Research Article: Who's Regulating Who? Analyzing Fracking Policy in Colorado, Wyoming, and Louisiana". Environmental Practice. 16 (2): 102–112. doi:10.1017/S1466046614000027. ISSN 1466-0466.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Cook, Jeffrey J. (2015-08-21). "Let's make a deal: unraveling stakeholder influence on Colorado fracking policy". Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research: 1–19. doi:10.1080/19390459.2015.1080899. ISSN 1939-0459.
- ^ Lee, Junesoo; Lee, Jeongyoon (2018-01-02). "Seeds of distrust: conflicts over sustainable development in a local fracking policy network in New York State". Public Management Review. 20 (1): 108–135. doi:10.1080/14719037.2017.1293146. ISSN 1471-9037.
- ^ "Vermont Becomes 1st State to Ban Fracking". 17 May 2012. Archived from the original on 31 August 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
- ^ "Citing Health, Environment Concerns, New York Moves To Ban Fracking". Npr.org. 18 December 2014.
- ^ Cama, Timothy (2015-06-01). "Maryland bans fracking". TheHill. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
- ^ "We Banned Fracking in Maryland". Chesapeake Climate Action Network. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
- ^ Cama, Timothy (2015-06-01). "Maryland bans fracking". TheHill. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
- ^ "Governor signs prohibition on fracking in Washington". Sen. Jesse Salomon. 2019-05-08. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
- ^ "Interview with Dan Steward, Former Mitchell Energy Vice President". Breakthrough blog. The Breakthrough Institute. 20 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
- ^ Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus (16 December 2011). "A boom in shale gas? Credit the feds". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
- ^ Terrence Dopp (13 February 2012). "New Jersey Senate Committee Again Passes Gas-Fracking Ban". Businessweek. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
- ^ "Hydraulic Fracturing and Tort Litigation: A Survey of Landowner Lawsuits" (PDF). Real Property, Trust and Estate Law. American Bar Association. September–October 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2018.