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The succession and the Xinyou coup[edit]
The dying emperor[edit]
Prince Gong and Empress Dowager Cixi[edit]
Large-scale rebellions[edit]
The Taiping rebellion[edit]
The Nien rebellion[edit]
Muslim rebellions in Yunnan and the northwest[edit]
Reconstruction[edit]
Important officials[edit]
The local gentry[edit]
Economic policies[edit]
Western imperialism[edit]
The end of the Second Opium War[edit]
The issue of treaty revisions[edit]
Reactions to the "Tianjin massacre"[edit]
Self-strengthening[edit]
Military modernization[edit]
The Maritime Customs Service[edit]
Western learning[edit]
Political reforms[edit]
Tributary system vs. treaty system[edit]
The Zongli yamen[edit]
International law[edit]
Social and economic transformations[edit]
Economic stagnation[edit]
Gentry activism[edit]
References[edit]
