User:Jason Rees/PTSRetirees

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Background[edit]

Main article: Tropical cyclone naming

During 1944 and the latter stages of the Second World War forecasters from the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) forward weather center on Saipan, started to informally name typhoons using female names.[1][2] Over the following year the Saipan forward weather center was moved to Guam, while after the Allies had started to liberate the Philippines the USAAF and the USN established new weather centers at Fort McKinley near Manila in the Philippines to facilitate forecasting for Philippine operations.[2][3] During that season the responsibility for detecting and forecasting typhoons was divided between the centers with Guam using names that started with the letters A — M, while the Philippines used names that started with the letters N — Z.[2] After the Second World War ended the practice of naming typhoons continued until 1958, when typhoons started to be named when they became tropical storms rather than typhoons.[1][4] During 1959 the US Pacific Command Commander in Chief and the Joint Chiefs of Staff decided that the various US Navy and Air-force weather units, would become one unit based on Guam entitled the Fleet Weather Central/Joint Typhoon Warning Center which subsequently started naming the systems for the Western Pacific basin.[4][5]



The practice of retiring significant names was started during 1955 by the United States Weather Bureau in the Atlantic basin, after hurricanes Carol, Edna, and Hazel struck the Northeastern United States and caused a significant amount of damage in the previous year.[2] Initially the names were only designed to be retired for ten years after which they might be reintroduced, however, it was decided at the 1969 Interdepartmental hurricane conference, that any significant hurricane in the future would have its name permanently retired.[2][6] Several names have been removed from the Pacific naming lists for various other reasons than causing a significant amount of death/destruction, which include being pronounced in a very similar way to other names and political reasons.[7][8][9]



During 1960 Meteorology entered a new era with the launching of the world's first meteorological satellite TIROS-1, the first two tropical cyclone names were retired

During 1963, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) started using local female names to name tropical cyclones in its self defined area of responsibility.[2]


Bewss 74/78


During the 30th session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee in November 1997, a proposal was put forward by Hong Kong, to give Asian typhoons local names and to stop using the European and American names that had been used since 1945.[10][11] The committee's Training and Research Coordination Group was subsequently tasked to consult with members and work out the details of the scheme in order to present a list of names for approval at the 31st session.[10][11] During August 1998, the group met and decided that each member of the committee would be invited to contribute ten names to the list and that five principles would be followed for the selection of names.[11] It was also agreed that each name would have to be approved by each member and that a single objection would be enough to veto a name.[11] A list of 140 names was subsequently drawn up and submitted to the Typhoon Committees 32nd session, who after a lengthy discussion approved the list and decided to implement it on January 1, 2000.[11][12][13] It was also decided that the Japan Meteorological Agency would name the systems rather than the Joint Typhoon Warning Center.[11][14]

The practice of retiring significant names was started during 1955 by the United States Weather Bureau in the Atlantic basin, after hurricanes Carol, Edna, and Hazel struck the Northeastern United States and caused a significant amount of damage in the previous year.[2] Initially the names were only designed to be retired for ten years after which they might be reintroduced, however, it was decided at the 1969 Interdepartmental hurricane conference, that any significant hurricane in the future would have its name permanently retired.[2][6] Several names have been removed from the Pacific naming lists for various other reasons than causing a significant amount of death/destruction.[11] These include the name being misspelled, while the name Ophelia was

The name Ophelia was retired as the system had an "extremely long track" of around 5,000 mi (8,000 km)*, while the name Vamei was retired in 2004 for being the first recorded tropical cyclone near the equator.[11] The name Sonamu was retired after the system caused an unprecedented panic in eastern Malaysia because of the "similar pronunciation of TS Sonamu to tsunami."[15][16]

Typhoon names retired by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center[edit]

Name Dates SSHS Category Wind speeds
(1-min) 		Pressure Areas affected Deaths Damages References
Lucille May 25 – June 4, 1960 Tropical storm 85 km/h (50 mph) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Philippines 300–500 $2 million [17][18][19][20][21][22]
Ophelia† November 21 – December 6, 1960 Category 4 super typhoon 250 km/h (155 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Caroline Islands 2 Unknown [17][23]
Karen November 7 – 17, 1962 Category 5 super typhoon 295 km/h (185 mph) 894 hPa (26.40 inHg) Guam, Mariana Islands, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands 11 $250 million [24]
Bess October 8 – 14, 1974 Category 1 typhoon 120 km/h (75 mph) 977 hPa (28.85 inHg) Philippines, Hong Kong, China, Vietnam 32 $9.2 million [17][25][26]
Bess July 21 – August 3, 1982 Category 5 super typhoon 260 km/h (160 mph) 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Japan 95 $2.32 billion [27]
Ike August 26 – September 6, 1984 Category 4 typhoon 230 km/h (145 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Guam, Philippines, China 1,142 $1 billion
Roy January 7 – 19, 1988 Category 4 typhoon 215 km/h (135 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Marshall Islands, Mariana Islands, Guam, Philippines 2 $28.5 million
Mike November 5 – 18, 1990 Category 5 super typhoon 280 km/h (175 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Federated States of Micronesia, Philippines, China 748 $220 million
Mireille September 13 – 27, 1991 Category 4 super typhoon 240 km/h (150 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Mariana Islands, Japan, South Korea 66 $10 billion
Thelma November 1 – 8, 1991 Tropical storm 85 km/h (50 mph) 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam 5,081–8,145 $26.7 million [28][29][30][31]
Omar August 20 – September 6, 1992 Category 4 super typhoon 240 km/h (150 mph) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Mariana Islands, Guam, Taiwan, China 2 $457 million
11 Names Reference for retired names.[nb 1] 7,481 $14.3 billion

Typhoon names retired by the World Meteorological Organization's Typhoon Committee[edit]

Name Dates JMA Category Wind speeds
(10-min) 		Pressure Areas affected Deaths Damages References
Vamei† December 26, 2001 – January 1, 2002 Tropical storm 85 km/h (50 mph) 1006 hPa (29.71 inHg) Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia 5 $3.6 million
Chataan June 27 – July 13, 2002 Typhoon 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Chuuk, Guam, Japan 54 $660 million
Rusa August 22 – September 4, 2002 Typhoon 150 km/h (90 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Japan, Taiwan, Korean Peninsula, Russian Far East 238 $4.2 billion
Pongsona December 2 – 12, 2002 Typhoon 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Guam, Northern Mariana Islands 1 $730 million
Yanyan† January 11 – 21, 2003 Tropical storm 65 km/h (40 mph) 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) Guam, Mariana Islands None None
Imbudo July 15 – 25, 2003 Typhoon 165 km/h (105 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Philippines, Hong Kong, China 64 $340 million
Maemi September 4 – 16, 2003 Typhoon 195 km/h (120 mph) 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Ryukyu Islands, Korean Peninsula 117 $4.1 billion
Sudal April 2 – 18, 2004 Typhoon 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Rota, Iwo Jima None $14 million
Tingting† June 24 – July 4, 2004 Typhoon 150 km/h (90 mph) 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) Mariana Islands, Guam, Japan 12 $23.7 million
Rananim August 6 – 15, 2004 Typhoon 150 km/h (90 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, China 169 $2.44 billion
Matsa July 30 – August 9, 2005 Typhoon 150 km/h (90 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, China, South Korea 29 $2.23 billion
Nabi August 29 – September 9, 2005 Typhoon 175 km/h (110 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Guam, Mariana Islands, Japan, South Korea 32 $535 million
Longwang September 25 – October 3, 2005 Typhoon 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, China 149 $971 million [32][33][34][35]
Chanchu May 8 – 19, 2006 Typhoon 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam, Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands 268 $478 million
Bilis July 8 – 16, 2006 Severe tropical storm 110 km/h (70 mph) 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, China 859 $4.4 billion
Saomai August 4 – 11, 2006 Typhoon 195 km/h (120 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Mariana Islands, Philippines, Taiwan, China 458 $2.5 billion
Xangsane September 25 – October 2, 2006 Typhoon 155 km/h (100 mph) 925 hPa (27.76 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand 312 $750 million
Durian November 25 – December 7, 2006 Typhoon 195 km/h (120 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Yap State, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand >1,500 >$400 million
Morakot August 2 – 12, 2009 Typhoon 140 km/h (85 mph) 945 hPa (27.90 inHg) Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Philippines, China, Korean Peninsula 789 $6.2 billion
Ketsana September 23 – 30, 2009 Typhoon 130 km/h (80 mph) 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia 710 $1.09 billion
Parma September 27 – October 14, 2009 Typhoon 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines, Taiwan, China, Vietnam 500 $617 million
Fanapi September 14 – 21, 2010 Typhoon 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Taiwan, China 105 $987 million
Washi December 13 – 19, 2011 Severe tropical storm 95 km/h (60 mph) 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, Philippines 1,268 $48.4 million [36][37]
Bopha November 25 – December 9, 2012 Typhoon 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Federated States of Micronesia, Philippines 1,146 $1.04 billion
24 Names Reference for retired names.[nb 1] 8,785 >$34.8 billion
† Not retired due to impacts.

A[edit]

Name Dates active JMA Category JMA windspeeds Pressure
hPa (inHg)		 JTWC/SSHS Category JTWC windspeeds Areas affected Damage total Deaths Missing Refs
Ophelia November 21 – December 8, 1960 Typhoon 925 (27.32) 250 km/h (155 mph) [38]
Karen November 7 - 18, 1962 Typhoon 900 (26.58) Category 5 super typhoon 295 km/h (185 mph) Guam, Japan 250 million 11 0 [38][39][40]
Bess October 7 - 14, 1974 Not Specified Not Specified 975 (28.80) Category 1 typhoon 295 km/h (185 mph) Philippines, China, Vietnam 9.2 million 26 9 [nb 2][41]
Bess July 21 - August 3, 1982 Typhoon 900 (26.58) Category 5 super typhoon 260 km/h (160 mph) Japan
Ike August 26 - September 6, 1984 Typhoon 900 (26.58) Category 5 super typhoon 295 km/h (185 mph) Guam, Japan 250 million
Roy January 7 - 19, 1988 Typhoon 900 (26.58) Category 5 super typhoon 295 km/h (185 mph) Guam, Japan 250 million
Mike November 7 - 18, 1990 Typhoon 185 km/h (115 mph) 915 (27.02) Category 5 super typhoon 280 km/h (175 mph) Philippines, China 220 million 748  –
Mireille September 15 - 27, 1991 Typhoon 900 (26.58) Category 5 super typhoon 295 km/h (185 mph) Guam, Japan 250 million
Thelma November 1 - 8, 1991 Tropical storm 75 km/h (45 mph) 992 (29.29) Tropical storm 85 km/h (50 mph) Philippines 190 million >5000  -
Omar August 24 - September 6, 1992 Typhoon 185 km/h (115 mph) 920 (27.17) Category 4 super typhoon 240 km/h (150 mph) Guam, Taiwan, China 457 million 2
Vamei December 26 - 28, 2001 Tropical storm 85 km/h (50 mph) 1006 (29.71) Category 1 typhoon 140 km/h (85 mph) Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia 3.6 million 5  –
Chataan June 28 - July 11, 2002 Typhoon 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 (27.46) Category 4 super typhoon 240 km/h (150 mph) Chuuk, Guam, Japan 660 million 54 1 [11][42][nb 3]
Rusa August 22 - September 4, 2002 Typhoon 150 km/h (90 mph) 950 (28.05) Category 4 typhoon 215 km/h (135 mph) Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Russia 4.2 billion 216 33 [45][46]
Reference for names retired.[11]

Typhoon names retired by PAGASA[edit]

PAGASA
Name		 WMO
name		 Dates active Year PAGASA
Category		 Peak 10-minute
sustained
wind speeds		 Pressure Areas affected Damage
(PHP)		 Deaths Missing References
Loleng Babs October 15–24 1998 Typhoon 190 km/h (120 mph) 940 hPa (27.38 inHg) Visayas, Luzon 6.79 billion 303 29 [47][48][49]
Milenyo Xangsane September 25 — 29 2006 Typhoon 140 km/h (80 mph) 972 hPa (28.71 inHg) Luzon, Visayas 6.4 billion 228 [50][51][52]
Reming Durian November 28 — December 2 2006 Typhoon 195 km/h (120 mph) 938 hPa (27.70 inHg) Luzon, Visayas 5.08 billion 734 762 [50][53][54][55]
Cosme Halong May 14 — 20 2008 Severe Tropical Storm 110 km/h (70 mph) 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) Luzon 4.71 billion 61 3 [56][57]
Frank Fengshen June 18 — 23 2008 Typhoon 160 km/h (100 mph) 958 hPa (28.29 inHg) Luzon, Visayas 13.5 billion 557 87 [nb 4][50][58][59]
Ondoy Ketsana September 24 — 28 2009 Severe Tropical Storm 105 km/h (60 mph) 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) Luzon 11 billion 464 37 [50][60][61]
Pepeng Parma September 30 — October 10 2009 Typhoon 195 km/h (120 mph) 938 hPa (27.70 inHg) Eastern Visayas, Luzon 27.3 billion 465 47 [50][61][62]
Juan Megi October 12 —24 2010 Typhoon 230 km/h (145 mph) 885 hPa (26.13 inHg) Luzon 8.22 billion 26 4 [63][64]
Bebeng Aere May 5 – 12 2011 Tropical Storm 85 km/h (50 mph) 992 hPa (29.26 inHg) Northeastern Luzon, Eastern Visayas 2.25 billion 35 2 [65][66][67][68]
Juaning Nock-ten July 24 – 31 2011 Severe Tropical Storm 95 km/h (60 mph) 987 hPa (29.15 inHg) Eastern Visayas, Northern Luzon 4.44 billion 77 0 [67][65][69]
Mina Nanmadol August 21 – 31 2011 Typhoon 195 km/h (115 mph) 938 hPa (27.70 inHg) 2.09 billion 36 0 [65][67][70]
Pedring Nesat September 23 – 30 2011 Typhoon 140 km/h (85 mph) 967 hPa (28.56 inHg) 15.6 billion 85 0 [67][71][72]
Sendong Washi December 13 - 19 2011 Tropical Storm 75 km/h (45 mph) 996 hPa (29.41 inHg) Northern Mindanao and Central Visayas 2.07 billion 1,268 181 [nb 5][73][74][75]
Pablo Bopha November 25 – December 9 2012 Typhoon 185 km/h (115 mph) 934 hPa (27.58 inHg) Mindanao, Visayas, Luzon 7.12 billion 647 780 [76][77][78]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b Reference for the retired names.[17]
  2. ^ A reconnaissance airplane was lost with its crew of 6 left missing/presumed dead while it was investigating Typhoon Bess 1974.[41]
  3. ^ Chattan caused ¥59 billion 2002 JPY (500 million 2002 USD) in damage to Japan.[43] The total was originally reported in Yen and converted via the Oanda Corporation website.[44]
  4. ^ The death and missing columns exclude deaths caused by Typhoon Fengshen (Frank), in the MV Princess of the Stars disaster.
  5. ^ Tropical Storm Sendong's (Washi) death and missing columns exclude deaths caused by leptospirosis and a suicide victim.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Smith, Ray (1990). "What's in a Name?" (PDF). Weather and Climate. 10 (1). The Meteorological Society of New Zealand: 24–26. doi:10.2307/44279572. JSTOR 44279572. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Dorst, Neal; Hurricane Research Division (October 23, 2012). "They Called the Wind Mahina: The History of Naming Cyclones" (PPTX). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. Slides 8–72.
  3. ^ Anstett, Richard (April 30, 1998). "World War II Era". History of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center up to 1998. Archived from the original on June 7, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
  4. ^ a b Anstett, Richard (April 30, 1998). "JTWC Formation, 1958-1959". History of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center up to 1998. Archived from the original on June 7, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 1998. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  5. ^ Fleet Weather Central; Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Annual Typhoon Report: 1959 (PDF) (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. p. 4. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  6. ^ a b "It's time (June) to match for Anna...". The Daily Gleaner. Kingston, Jamaica. Reuters. June 1, 1969. p. 2. – via The Newspaper Archive (subscription required)
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference WMO was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Landsea, Christopher W; Dorst, Neal (June 20, 2014). "Subject: B3) What storm names have been retired?". Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Questions. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  9. ^ Minutes of the 43rd Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference. The Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. p. 23.
  10. ^ a b Lomarda, Nanette C, ed. (September 1998). "The ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee Newsletter" (PDF) (10). The Typhoon Committee Secretariat: 2. Retrieved March 1, 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Zhou, Xiao; Lei, Xiaotu (2012). "Summary of retired typhoons within the Western North Pacific Ocean". Tropical Cyclone Research and Review. 1 (1). The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific/World Meteorological Organization's Typhoon Committee: 23–32. doi:10.6057/2012TCRR01.03. ISSN 2225-6032. Cite error: The named reference "Retired typhoons" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  12. ^ "Northwest Pacific Basin Names". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Retrieved December 20, 2014.
  13. ^ Lomarda, Nanette C, ed. (July 1999). "The ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee Newsletter" (PDF) (11). The Typhoon Committee Secretariat: 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ^ "Appendix B — Tropical Cyclone Names". 1998 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF). United States Navy/United States Airforce. 1998. pp. 199–200. Retrieved December 20, 2014.
  15. ^ Appendix XIX: Retirement of Names from the List of Names of Tropical Cyclones for the Typhoon Committee Region (RAR/Doc). 46th Session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. Bangkok, Thailand: ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. February 20, 2014. pp. 1–4. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  16. ^ Final report of the 46th Session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee (PDF) (Report). ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. February 27, 2014. p. 2. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  17. ^ a b c d Xiaotu Lei and Xiao Zhou (Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration) (February 2012). "Summary of Retired Typhoons in the Western North Pacific Ocean". Tropical Cyclone Research and Review. 1 (1): 23–32. doi:10.6057/2012TCRR01.03. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
  18. ^ "1960 Lucille (1960146N08131)". International Best Track Archive. 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
  19. ^ "Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Lucille" (PDF). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. 1961. pp. 37–40. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
  20. ^ United Press International (May 30, 1960). "Killer Typhoon Rips Philippines". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Manila, Philippines. p. 1. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
  21. ^ "150 Dead In Flood". Daytona Beach Sunday News-Journal. Manila, Philippines. Associated Press. May 30, 1960. p. 1. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
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  24. ^ "Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: Typhoon Karen" (PDF). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. 1963. pp. 202–216. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
  25. ^ "Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: Bess" (PDF). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. 1975. pp. 39–40. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
  26. ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident: Lockheed WC-130H Hercules 65-0965 South China Sea". Aviation Safety Network. 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
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  28. ^ "Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: Typhoon Thelma (27W)" (PDF). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. 1992. pp. 132–135. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
  29. ^ "Philippines Floods Nov 1991 UNDRO Situation Reports 1-8". United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. ReliefWeb. November 29, 1991. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
  30. ^ Monte L. Peterson (July 1992). "Reconnaissance Report: Flooding Resulting From Typhoon Uring In Ormoc City, Leyte Province, The Philippines" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers. pp. 1–49. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
  31. ^ Cris Evert Lato (November 12, 2010). "Ormoc rises from flash flood tragedy". Ormoc, Philippines: The Inquirer. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
  32. ^ Gary Padgett, Kevin Boyle, John Wallace, Huang Chunliang, and Simon Clarke (February 12, 2006). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: September 2005" (Report). Typhoon 2000. Retrieved July 9, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  34. ^ "Weather: Longwang leaves two dead". Taipei Times. October 4, 2005. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
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  36. ^ RSMC Tokyo — Typhoon Center (January 18, 2012). "Severe Tropical Storm Washi Best Track Analysis". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on February 23, 2012. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
  37. ^ Ramos, Benito T. Final Report on the Effects and Emergency Management re Tropical Storm "Sendong" (Washi) (PDF) (Report). National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Center. Archived from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
  38. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference 60-69 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  39. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (January 19, 2012). "Tropical Storm 27W 1962 (Karen) best track analysis". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  40. ^ United States Fleet Weather Center/Joint Typhoon Warning Center (January 28, 1963). JTWC Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1962 (PDF) (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. p. 202. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
  41. ^ a b United States Fleet Weather Center/Joint Typhoon Warning Center. JTWC Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1974 (PDF) (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. p. 202. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
  42. ^ Angel, William; Hinson, Stuart; Mooring, Rhonda; National Climatic Data Center (May 30, 2003). November 2002 Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena with Late Reports and Corrections (Storm Data). Vol. 44. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service. p. 142, 145–149. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2012.
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  44. ^ "Historical Exchange Rates". Oanda Corporation. 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2012.
  45. ^ Guy Carpenter (January 30, 2003). Tropical Cyclone Review 2002 (PDF) (Report). Marsh & McLennan Companies. p. 21. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
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External links[edit]

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