User:Garygo golob/Kozje-Bizeljsko dialect/sandbox
| Kozje-Bizeljsko dialect | |
|---|---|
| Bizeljsko-Sotla dialect | |
| Native to | Slovenia, Croatia |
| Region | Southeastern Slovene Styria, from Podčetrtek to Brežice, Croatian villages of Dubravica and Kumrovec |
| Ethnicity | Slovenes, Croats |
Indo-European
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Early forms | Southeastern Slovene dialect
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| Dialects |
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| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
 Kozje-Bizeljsko dialect. | |
| South Slavic languages and dialects |
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The Kozje-Bizeljsko dialect (Slovene: kozjansko–bizeljsko narečje [kɔzˈjáːnskɔ biˈzéːlskɔ naˈɾéːt͡ʃjɛ][1]), also known as the Brežice-Kozje dialect (brežiško–kozjansko narečje [ˈbɾéːʒiʃkɔ kɔzˈjáːnskɔ naˈɾéːt͡ʃjɛ][2]) or the Bizeljsko-Sotla dialect (bizeljsko-obsoteljsko narečje [biˈzéːlskɔ ɔpˈsóːtəlskɔ naˈɾéːt͡ʃjɛ][3]) is a Slovene dialect spoken in southern Styria. As opposed to Lower Sava Valley dialect, it is a more typical Styrian dialect, but it still shows some transitional nature with the Lower Carniolan dialect. It borders Lower Sava Valley dialect to the west, Central Styrian dialect to the north, as well as Kajkavian Zagorje-Međimurje dialect to the northeast and Lower Sutlan dialect to the southeast.[4][5] The dialect belongs to the Styrian dialect group and evolved from Southern Styrian dialect base.[4][6]
Geographical extension[edit]
The dialect is spoken in southern Styria, in the far northeast of Lower Sava Valley, east of Bohor, in Kozjansko region and extending north up to Jezerce pri Dobjem and Podčetrtek. It also extends to Croatia, in Kumrovec and Dubravica. Significant places include Podčetrtek, Dobje pri Planini, Žegar, Planina pri Sevnici, Pilštanj, Kozje, Kumrovec, Bistrica ob Sotli, Podsreda, Bizeljsko, Pišece, Kapele, Dobova and Brežice.[4]
Accentual changes[edit]
The dialect has lost pitch accent as all other Styrian dialects and has recently also lost length distinctions because all of the short vowels have lengthened.[7] In transitional microdialect of Mostec, the short accent in monosyllabic words remained short[8] and the former acute accent is bimoraic, but the circumflex is monomoraic.[9] It has undergone the *ženȁ → *žèna, *məglȁ → *mə̀gla[10] and *visȍk → *vìsok accent shifts.[7] Because of simplification of accent in declension, some microdialects have also morphologically correlated *sěnȏ > *sě̀no accent shift.
Phonology[edit]
Because the dialect lies on the border with Lower Carniolan dialect plane (Lower Sava Valley dialect) and Kajkavian, all diphthongs have monophthongized, which is a rarity for Slovene dialects (the major exception, however is most of Upper Carniolan dialect, on which Standard Slovene is based).[11] The only known microdialect with diphthongs for historically long vowels is that of Lesično.[12]
Long yat (*ě̄) and non-final short yat (*ě̀-) turned into äː or eː in the northwest, around Planina pri Sevnici even to aː, elsewhere it turned into ẹː. Other long or later lengthened e-like vowels all turned into äː/eː in the north, eː in the central area (where they have a different reflex than *ě̄) and to ẹː in the south. Syllabic *ł̥̄ and *ō/*ò- have the same reflex, which is uː on the whole area. Nasal *ǭ and *ǫ̀- is pronounced as ọː in most of the area; in some microdialects in the north and central area, as well as in the transitional microdialect of Mostec, it is pronounced as uː. *ū is centralized (üː). Long and later lengthened vowels *ā and *ī evolved typically Styrian into oː and iː/iːi̯, respectively, although *ā keeps the original pronunciation as aː in some southern microdialects and is pronounced as åː in the transitional microdialect of Mostec. The southern (Bizeljsko) microdialects vocalized the long semivowel to aː/åː, while in the northern (Kozje) microdialects, it has merged with *ę̄ and *ē.[13][6][14] High vowels are lowered before r,[9] while stressed syllabic *r̥ developed mostly into ar, and unaccented version developed into ər.[15]
Recently lengthened final short vowels show some more reduction. They often merged with already long vowels or turned into äː, ö, iː etc. Vowels of the type *bràt turned into briːet in the northwest. The semivowel in most microdialects turned into äː, åː or eː. Same development is also true for stressed vowels after the accent shifts.[13][6][14]
Soft *ĺ merged with *l, *ń mostly turned to j, but might be realised as n at the end of a word. Sonorant *w turned into f before non-voiced non-sonorants and at the end of a word. It also appeared as a prothesis before *u as [v]. Cluster *šč simplified into *š. Clusters *tl, *tn, *dn and *dl have sometmes turned into *kl, *kn, *gn and *gl, respectively.[16] Word-final *ł and *w also had major developments. They may have completely disappeared (e.g. fkraː in Sedlarjevo for 'ukradel'); other possibilities are also merging with the preceding vowel into o (typically Styrian) or u, as well as development into f (e.g. sọf for sol in Nezbiše).[15]
Morphology[edit]
The morphology is similar to other Styrian dialects. There is no distinction between soft and hard declensions and the analogical t/d in l-participles before -l are mostly undeveloped.[14] It still has mixed accent, but it is often replaced due to the *sěnȏ > *sě̀no accent shift. Styrian feature of a-stem instrumental singular ending -oj (instead of -o) is common only in the south.[15]
References[edit]
- ^ Smole, Vera. 1998. "Slovenska narečja." Enciklopedija Slovenije vol. 12, pp. 1–5. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p. 2.
- ^ Toporišič, Jože. 1992. Enciklopedija slovenskega jezika. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, pp. 88.
- ^ Toporišič, Jože. 1992. Enciklopedija slovenskega jezika. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, pp. 11.
- ^ a b c "Karta slovenskih narečij z večjimi naselji" (PDF). Fran.si. Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ^ Kapović, Mate (2015). Vukušić, Luka (ed.). Povijest hrvatske akcentuacije. Fonetika [History of Croatian Accentuation. Phonetics] (in Croatian). Zagreb: Matica Hrvatska. pp. 40–46. ISBN 978-953-150-971-8.
- ^ a b c Šekli (2018:340–342)
- ^ a b Šekli (2018:340)
- ^ Toporišič (2007:105)
- ^ a b Toporišič, Jože. 1992. Enciklopedija slovenskega jezika. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, pp. 12.
- ^ Šekli (2018:311–312)
- ^ Logar (1996:4)
- ^ Zorko (2014:113)
- ^ a b Logar (1996:190–192)
- ^ a b c Zorko (2014:111–113)
- ^ a b c Ramovš (1935:150–155)
- ^ Gostenčnik, Januška (2023-12-08). "Fonološki opis govora kraja Kapele (SLA T349)". Jezikoslovni zapiski (in Slovenian). 29 (2): 267–285. doi:10.3986/JZ.29.2.11. ISSN 1581-1255.
Bibliography[edit]
- Ramovš, Fran (1935). Historična gramatika slovenskega jezika [Historical grammar of the Slovene language]. VII. Dialekti (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Znanstveno društvo za humanistične vede v Ljubljani.
- Šekli, Matej (2018). Legan Ravnikar, Andreja (ed.). Tipologija lingvogenez slovanskih jezikov. Collection Linguistica et philologica (in Slovenian). Translated by Plotnikova, Anastasija. Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU. ISBN 978-961-05-0137-4.
- Zorko, Zinka (2014-10-02). Kozjansko – bizeljsko narečje – glasoslovje pišečkega govora (in Slovenian). pp. 111–113.
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