User:Electionworld/sandbox/Russia

Multiple timeline of Russia

This scheme is a multiple timelime of the history of Russia, part of the series of Series of multiple timelines of European countries and territories. Timeline of Russia

Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines - Russia

Caucasus - Crimea - Dagestan - Northern Russia - Southern principalities - Southern Russia - Other regions in main section

The Russian Federation (Российская Федерация) is a federal republic with a popularly elected executive president, a bicameral parliament, the Federal Assembly, with the State Duma elected in multi-party elections and the Federation Council with representatives of the federal entities, and a government respnsible to the president. Russia annexed Crimea which is internationally recognized as part of Ukraine.

This timeline of Russia gives an outline of the history of northern and western Russia expanding into united Russia. The history of other parts of Russia can be found at Northern Russia (until 1501), Southern Russia (until 1783), Caucasus (until 1774/2000), Dagestan (until 1860s), and on the Southern Principalities (882-1389/1654). The history of Siberia is not included. As far as Crimea can be considered part of Russia, its history is outlined at Crimea. before 650: Parts of present-day Russia is populated by East Slavic tribes. 800s: The western and northern parts of present-day Russia are populated by Eastern Slavic, Finno-Ugric, Ilmen, Vepsian, Votes and other tribes. A conglomerate of city-states, rendered as Rus' Khaganate comes to existence. 860: The Rus' Khaganate attacks Constantinople, but withdraws. Grand Principality of Rus' 882: Varangians from Sweden settle in present-day Northern Russia. Rurik or Rørik, a Varangian chieftain, became in 862 the first prince of Rus', centered in Novgorod. His son Oleg conquers Kiev (Kiyiv) and makes it the capital of Rus'. The state is from that moment also rendered as Kievan Rus'. Rus' includes large parts of present-day Northern, Western and South Western Russia, Ukraine, Polish Galicia and Belarus. In this state the Varangians merge into the East Slavs.Novgorod becomes a principality inside Rus'. 907: Kievan Rus' attacks Constantinople. The attack ends with a treaty that regulates the status of the colony of Varangian merchants in the city. 941: The attack by Igor, son of Rurik, on the Bosporus and Byzantine Bithynia is defeated. 971: After a succesful invasion of Thrace and Bulgaria, grand prince Svyatoslav is defeated by the Byzantine emperor Ioannes Tzimiskes. After the capture of the Bulgarian tsar Boris II, he claims the annexation of Bulgaria. The conquest of Bulgaria commences. Since 980s: Khazaria is defeated by Rus'. The grand princes of Rus'(or Kiev), like Vladimir Svyatoslavich, create principalities inside Rus' as appanages. Among them are Chernigov, Halych, Kiev, Minsk, Moscow, Murom-Ryazan, Novgorod, Novgorod-Seversk, Pereyaslavl, Polotsk, Rostov, Smolensk, Tmutarkan, Turov, Tver, Vladimir-Suzdal, Volhynia, and Yaroslavl. 988: To surpress an uprising, emperor Basileios II is supported by the Rus' grand prince Vladimir. Vladimir accepts to make Rus' a Christian nation. 1048: Renmants of Khazaria are conquered by Rus'. 1093: The Cumans defeat at the Stugna River an alliance of Rus' princes. Principality of Rostov 1113: Yuri Vladimirovich becomes the first prince of Rostov. Principality of Rostov-Suzdal 1125: Yuri becomes prince of Rostov-Suzdal. Grand Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal 1157: Andrey Yurevich becomes prince of Vladimir-Suzdal. Vladimir becomes dominant inside Rus'. Principality of Rostov 1207: Konstantin Vsevolodovich becomes prince Rostov. 1216: Konstantin Vsevolodovich becomes also prince of Vladimir-Suzdal. Principality of Rostov 1218: After the death of Konstantin his son Vasilko Konstantinovich becomes prince of Rostov. Principality of Yaroslavl 1218: After the death of Konstantin his son Vsevolod Konstantinovich becomes prince of Yaroslavl. 1218: After the death of Konstantin Yuri II Vsevolodovich becomes prince of Vladimir-Suzdal. 1238: Beloozero secedes from Rostov 1238: Yuri II is succeeded by Yaroslavl II Vsevolodovich. The Mongols defeat at the Sit River and devastate Vladimir and Moscow. Grand Principality of Suzdal 1246: Suzdal is separated from Vladimir with Andrey II Yaroslavich as grand prince. Grand Principality of Vladimir 1246: Vladimir remains ruled by Yaroslavl II. Grand Principality of Tver 1246: Yaroslav III Yaroslavich becomes grand prince of Tver. 1252: Aleksandr Yaroslavich Nevsky, son of Yaroslavl Vsevolodovich, becomes ruler of Vladimir and resigns in Novgorod. Grand Principality of Moscow 1283: Daniel, son of Aleksandr Nevsky, becomes grand prince of Moscow. Grand Principality of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod 1341: Konstantin Vasiliyevich becomes grand prince of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod. 1332: Grand prince Ivan I Danielovich becomes also grand duke of Vladimir. 1327: The Golden Horde organizes a punitive expedition to Tver and suppress a rebellion. 1360s: Moscow and Novgorod dispute the rule over Northern Russia. 1368-1372: Grand duke Algirdas of Lithuania intervenes in the war between Tver and Moscow. In the Treaty of Lyubutsk Algirdas agrees with prince Dmitry Donskoy to stop the war. 1380: Dmitry Donskoy leads a united Russian army to a victory at Kulikovo over the Mongols. 1382: Khan Tokhtamysh sieges and conquers Moscow. Moscow remains a vassal of the Golden Horde. 1389: Moscow annexes Murom. 1395: Moscow annexes Tarusa. 1408: Moscow defeats Lithuania and conquers Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk. 1420: Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk fall to Lithuania. 1368-1372: Grand duke Algirdas of Lithuania intervenes in the war between Tver and Moscow. In the Treaty of Lyubutsk Algirdas agrees with prince Dmitry Donskoy to stop the war. 1425: Vasily II Vasiliyevich becomes grand prince and annexes Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod. His reign (until 1462) is plagued by the Muscovite Civil War between him and his uncle Yury Dmitrievich and sons. 1433: Vasily II is overthrown by Yury Dmitrievich. He dies in 1434 and is succeeded by Vasily Yuriyevich. 1435: Vasily II regains the throne. 1438: The Tatars from Kazan raid Moscow. 1445: A Kazan campaign ends with their victory at Suzdal. Grand prince Vasily II is captured and released against a enormous ransom. 1446: Vasily II is overthrown by Dmitry Shemyaka, but recaptures the throne the same year. 1451: Perm becomes a vassal state of Moscow. 1452: Qasim becomes a vassal state of Moscow. 1456: After a victory of Moscow over Novgorod, the Treaty of Yazhelbitsy establishes peace between Vasily II and the people of Novgorod. 1462: Ivan III Vasiliyevich becomes grand prince. He triples the territory of his state and ends the dominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus' principalities. 1463: Prince Aleksandr Fyodorovich Brukhaty of Yaroslavl resigns, Yaroslavl is annexed to Moscow. 1467-1469: Russia is together with its ally Qasim at war with Kazan. 1471: Ivan III annexes Novgorod. 1474: Ivan III annexes Rostov. 1480: When Ahmed Khan bin Küchük of the Golden Horde withdraws his army at the Ugra River, the end of the Tatar yoke in Russia is a reality. 1486: Ivan III conquers Tver. 1486: Ivan III conquers Beloozero. 1487: Grand Prince Ivan III intervenes in Kazan and puts Möxämmädämin on the throne. 1493: Ivan III commences a war with grand duke Aleksandras Jogailaitis of Lithuania over the possession of the region at the Oka river. The next year Lithuania loses territory including Mosalsk to Russia. 1495: Russia and Denmark commence a war against Sweden. 1500: Ivan III stages a new war with Aleksandras Jogailaitis, leading after a victory at Vedrosha and further fightings to further losses of territory to Russia in 1503. 1503: Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk fall to Moscow. 1505: Grand Prince Vasily III Ivanovich annexes Perm to Moscow. 1506: Despite a victory over Moscow, Möxämmädämin pays homage to grand prince Vasily III. 1507: Vasily III intervenes in a rebellion against grand duke Žygimantas of Lithuania. 1508: Both the Russians and the rebels are defeated. 1510: Vasily III annexes Pskov. 1512: Vasily III commences a new war with Poland-Lithuania. 1514: Moscow conquers Smolensk. With the victory at Orsha Poland-Lithuania stops the further expansion of Moscow into their dominion. 1521: Vasily III annexes Ryazan. The combined forces of Crimea under Mehmed Giray and his Kazan allies attack Moscow. 1522: The war between Moscow and Poland-Lithuania ends with a truce. 1532: After a Russian victory, Russia replaces Safa Giray with Canghali, until that moment Khan of Qasim. 1534-1537: Grand duke Žygimantas of Lithuania commences a war to regain the lost territories. The war ends after little gains with a truce. 1535: Kazan, led by Safa Giray and his successors, enact various raids on Russian cities. Tsardom of Russia 1547: Grand Prince Ivan IV Vasiliyevich, a.k.a. Ivan the Terrible, makes himself the first tsar of Russia. 1500s: Cossacks, Russian colonists from the north, settle in the south. The Cossacks who settle near the Don river, the Don Cossacks establish inside Russia the Don Cossack Host or Almighty Don Host. 16th/18th century: The Northern Caucasus is long time disputed between Russia, Persia and the Ottoman Empire. The region is populated by various peoples. 1552: The last khan, Yadegar Mokhammad, is captured by Russia and Kazan is annexed to Russia. A rebellion starts, but is defeated in 1556. 1556: Ivan IV annexes Astrakhan. 1557: The Treaty of Novgorod between Russia and Sweden ends a war that started in 1554 with a truce. 1558: Russia commences the Livonian War to conquer present-day Estonia and Latvia against Poland-Lithuania, Sweden and Denmark. The Bishopric of Dorpat is destroyed by Russia. 1566: Russia annexes Trubetsk. 1570: Ivan IV orders the massacre of inhabitants of Novgorod. 1571: Khan Devlet Giray of Crimea invades and devastates Moscow. 1582: With the Truce of Yam-Zapolsky the victory of the Polish king Báthory István over tsar Ivan IV is confirmed. Yermak Timofeyevich starts the conquest of the Khanate of Sibir. 1590: Russia invades Swedish Estonia. 1595: The Treaty of Teusina restored to Russia all territory ceded in 1583 to Sweden except for Narva. Russia renounces all claims on Estonia. 1598: Boris Godunov is elected by the estates to become tsar. He annexes the Khanate of Sibir (1598) and starts the conquest the rest of Siberia (completed in 1639). In 1601–03, Russia suffers a famine that killed one-third of the population. 1603: Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk fall to Poland-Lithuania. 1605: After the death of Boris Godunov, Russia goes to the time of troubles. Polish-Lithuanian private armies and mercenaries start raiding Moscow. During the Polish-Muscovite War parts of Russia are occupied by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. 1606: Vasily IV Shuyskiy becomes tsar of Russia. 1607: A rebellion for the abolition of serfdom is suppressed. 1609: Poland-Lithuania gets into a formal war with Moscow. 1610: The Polish-Lithuanian army defeats at Klushino a combined Russian-Swedish army and conquers Moscow. Vasily IV is overthrown. Russia is ruled by seven boyars. They select the Polish prince Władysław IV Vasa as tsar. De facto Russia is ruled by the Poles. It is followed by a truce in 1611 between Poland-Lithuania and Sweden. Sweden declares the Ingrian War against the new rulers in Russia. 1611: The Polish-Swedish War ends with a truce. Russia loses Smolensk to Poland-Lithuania. Vladislav IV of the House of Vasa becomes tsar and succeeds the last tsar of the Rurik dynasty. 1612: The Poles are defeated in Moscow. 1613: The time of troubles ends with the election of Mikhail Fyodorovich Romanov of the house of Romanov by the estates as tsar of Russia. 1617: The Treaty of Stolbovo ends the Ingrian War between Sweden and Russia. Russia loses Ingria, populated by Izhorians and Votes to Sweden and is stripped of of its access to the Baltic Sea. 1618: The Truce of Deulino ends the war between Poland-Lithiania and Moscow, after a Polish-Lithuanian victory. 1632: Russia commences the Smolensk War to conquer Smolensk from Poland-Lithuania. 1634: Russia is defeated by the Poles and and with the Treaty of Polyanovka the war ends. Russia annexes the Nogai Horde. 1645: After his death, Michail is succeeded by Aleksey Mikhailovich Romanov. 1648: Cossacks in Polish Ukraine start an uprising against Polish nobility. Russia annexes Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk. The Cossacks establish the Cossack Hetmanate, a.k.a. the Zaporizhian Host. 1654: Russia together with the Zaporizhian Host commences a war with Poland-Lithuania. Russia annexes Smolensk. 1655: Russia conquers large parts of the east of Poland-Lithuania. 1656: Russia starts a war with Sweden and invades Livonia. In the war between Russia and Poland-Lithuania the Truce of Vilna is agreed. 1658: The war between Russia and Poland-Lithuania resumes. 1661: In the Treaty of Cardis the Second Northern War between Russia and Sweden ends and Russia returns the conquered territories. 1667: After recapturing most of the areas earlier conquered by Russia, the Treaty of Andrusovo ends the war between Russia and Poland-Lithuania. Russia annexes Kiev and other Ukrainian cities. 1670–1671: The Cosack leader Stepan Razin starts a rebellion. The rebellion is suppressed. 1676: The Ottoman Empire commences a war against Russia in Ukraine. 1681: The Treaty of Bakhchisarai ends the war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire and establishes a truce whereby the Dnieper River separates the Ottoman Empire from Russian territories. After the death of khanbika Fatima Soltan of Qasim, Qasim is reincorporated into Russia. 1686: With the Treaty of Perpetual Peace Russia and Poland agree on their borders in Ukraine. Russia joins the war against the Ottoman Empire. 1698: A uprising of the Streltsy regiments against the tsar is suppressed. 1699: The Treaty of Karlowitz ends the Great Turkish War with the Ottoman Empire. 1700: The Treaty of Constantinople confirms the peace with the Ottoman Empire, that cedes Azov to Russia. Tsar Pyotr Alekseyevich Romanov, a.k.a. Peter the Great, leads a coalition with Denmark, Saxony and Poland-Lithuania to contest in the Great Northern War the supremacy of Sweden in Northern Europe. During the war Great Britain, Brunswick-Lüneburg (1715) and Prussia join the coalition. 1703: Russia conquers part of Ingria and establishes in the region its new capital Saint Petersburg. 1707–1708: A rebellion of Don Cossacks is defeated. 1709: Russia defeats at Poltava the Swedish army. 1710: The Swedes in Livonia, Estonia and Ingria surrender in the Swedish-Russian Great Northern War to Russia and th region is annexed to Russia. The annexation of Estonia, Livonia and Ingria is confirmed at the Treaty of Nystad in 1721. After the flee of the Swedish king to the Ottoman Empire, it refuses to evict the king. A Russian-Moldavian Pruth River Campaign commences of Russia and Moldavia against the Ottoman Empire. Russia loses the war and in the Treaty of the Pruth Azov is returned to the Ottomans. 1720/1721: Sweden loses the war against the coalition. With the Treaty of Nystad the annexation of the Swedish possessions Estonia, Livonia and Ingria as well as parts of Karelia is confirmed. Russian Empire 1721: Pyotr proclaims himself emperor of All Russia. 1722–1723: Russia commences a Russo-Persian War with Persia. Russia wins the war and annexes Derbent and the region around Baku. 1723: Pyotr converts household slaves into house serfs 1724: Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Constantinople, partitioning Persia between themselves. 1732–1734: Crimean Tatars raid into Russia. 1735: Russia commences a war with the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate after Crimean attacks on the Cossack Hetmanate. Russia cedes Derbent to Persia. 1737: Austria joins Russia in the war with the Ottoman Empire. 1739: Russia defeats at Savuchany the Ottomans. At the same time the Ottomans defeat the Austrians and in the Treaty of Belgrade the Kingdom of Serbia is abolished and returned to the Ottoman Empire. 1740: Russia supports Maria Theresia as archduchess of Austria and her husband Franz Stefan as Holy Roman Emperor in the War of the Austrian Succession. 1741: Sweden invades from Finland Russia. The invasion fails. 1743: Russia conquers Finland, but agrees in the Treaty of Åbo to end the occupation. 1748: The Treaty of Aachen ends the War of the Austrian Succession. 1756: Austria's desire to recover Silesia from Prussia leads France and Austria to put aside their rivalry. A Seven Years' War involving most European great power and affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India and the Philippines commences between two coalitions, led by the Great Britain (incl. Prussia, Portugal, Brunswick-Lüneburg and other small German states) on one side and led by France (incl. Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, Russia, Spain and Sweden on the other. 1762: The war ends with a Status quo ante bellum in Europe. The Treaty of Saint Petersburg arranges peace between Prussia and Russia. 1763: Empress Yekaterina II a.k.a. Catherine the Great, starts the war to conquer Circassia, which last more than a century. 1764: Under here rule Russia annexes the Zaporizhian Host. 1768: Russia and the Ottoman Empire commence a war over the Northern Caucausus, but is also fought in other border areas. 1771: Kalmykia is fully incorporated into Russia. 1772: The Russian victory over the Bar Confederation leads to the first partition of Poland and Lithuania. Russia annex part of the country. 1774: The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca ends the war after a decisive Russian victory. The Ottomans cede areas to Russia at both the Ukrainian and Caucasian fronts. In addition, the Crimean Khanate is granted independence, in reality becoming a Russian satellite state. The same year a large cossacks rebellion is defeated. Russia annexes Kabardia. 1777: The north western part of Moldavia, Bukovina is annexed to Russia. 1783: The Treaty of Georgievsk makes Kartli-Kakheti a protectorate under suzerainty of Russia. The Crimean Khanate is annexed to Russia. 1787: The Ottoman Empire commences a war with Russia to reconquer the lost areas. 1788: King Gustav III of Sweden commences a war against Russia. As part of the Russo-Turkish war, Russia occupies Moldavia. 1790: The Russian-Swedish war ends inconclusive with the Treaty of Värälä. 1792: In reaction to a new constitution an alliance of Polish nobles and Russia stage a war. The Russian victory leads to the second partition of Poland, in which Russia and Prussia annexes large parts of the country. The same year the Russian-Ottoman war ends after a Russian victory with the Treaty of Jassy, in which the Ottomans cede another area (Yedisan) to Russia. Russia conquers Moldavia east of the Dnestr. 1793: In the second partition Russia annexes a larger part of Poland-Lithuania, including the city of Minsk. 1794: An uprising against Poland’s foreign occupiers commences. Poland is defeated at Maciejowice by Russia and the uprising is suppressed. 1795: In a reaction to the Kościuszko Uprising Russia, Prussia and Austria decide to wipe out Poland-Lithuania and with the third partition they divide Poland-Lithuania between themselves. 1801: Russia annexed Kartli-Kakheti. During the ule of Aleksandr Pavlovich Romanov Russia conquers more of the Caucasus is conquered. 1804-1813:Persia commences a war to reconquer lost areas in Georgia. 1805: France decisively defeats at Austerlitz an Austrian-Russian army and ends the War of the Third Coalition with both countries. The Ganja Khanate is annexed. 1806: After the Russian defeat, the Ottoman sultan overthrows the pro-Russian hospodars of Wallachia and Moldavia. A war between the Ottoman Empire and Russia commences. The Derbent, Baku and the Quba Khanates are annexed. 1807: With the Treaties of Tilsit France, Russia and Prussia create the Duchy of Warsaw. France is victorious at the decisive Battle of Friedland which marks the end of the War of the Fourth Coalition with amongst others Russia. 1808: Russia starts the Finnish War against Sweden by invading Finland. 1809: The Treaty of Fredrikshamn confirms the Russian victory in 1808 over Sweden. Sweden cedes Finland to Russia, the tsar of Russia becomes grand prince of Finland. 1810: Imereti is annexed by the Russian Empire. 1812: After a Russian victory, the Ottoman Empire cedes in the Treaty of Bucharest part of Georgia and of Moldavia (Bessarabia) to Russia. The French emperor Napoléon invades Russia. After initial successes, including entering Moscow, largely abandoned, France has to retreat. 1812: The French emperor Napoléon invades Russia. After initial successes, including entering Moscow, largely abandoned, France has to retreat. 1812: France is defeated at Berezina and the invasion of Russia fails. 1813: The allied forces of Russia, Austria, Prussia, Sweden defeats at Leipzig the forces of France and allies. The same year Russia wins the war with Persia and in the Treaty of Gulistan, Persia is forced to irrevocably cede what is now Georgia, Dagestan, including Tabasaran, parts of Armenia and most of Azerbaijan to Russia. Bessarabia is annexed. 1814: France is finally defeated in the War of the Sixth Coalition. In the Treaty of Fontainebleau Russia, Prussia and Austria accept Napoleon's abdication as Emperor of France. France loses the annexed territories. 1815: The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna provides for the Russian annexation of most of the Duchy of Warsaw as the Kingdom of Poland. 1817: Russia commences its conquest of the Caucasus. 1818: Russia and Georgia dispute over Sochi. 1819: The Shaki Khanate is annexed. 1820: The Shirvan Khanate is annexed. 1822: The Karabakh Khanate is annexed. 1825: A revolt is defeated. In the upcoming years Russia annexes the Talysh Khanate, the Elisu Sultanate and the Nakhichevan Khanate (1828). 1826: Russia and the Ottoman Empire agree in the Akkerman Convention to the Ottoman retreat from Moldavia and Wallachia and to grant autonomy to Serbia. Persia commences the Russio-Persian War to retake territory lost to Russia. 1828: After the Ottoman Empire revokes the Akkerman Convention and closes the Dardanelles to Russian ships, a war between the Ottomans and Russia commences. Russia occupies Moldavia and Wallachia. Russia defeats Persia and Persia irrevocably cedes in the Treaty of Turkmenchay Armenia (Erivan Khanate) and Azerbaijan to Russia. The Caucasian Imamate is formed in resistance to Russia. 1829: Russia defeats the Ottoman Empire and in the Treaty of Adrianople the Ottoman Empire cedes areas at the Black Sea coast to Russia and recognizes Russia's possession of Imeretia, Mingrelia and Guria. 1831: An uprising in Poland and Lithuania since 1830 is defeated at Warsaw. 1832: The occupation of Moldavia and Wallachia ends. They become Russian protectorates. 1846: Russia annexes the Kazakh Khanate. 1848: After a defeated revolution, Russia, the Ottoman Empire and Austria occupy Wallachia. 1853: France and the United Kingdom start the Crimean War with Russia over Crimea. The Ottoman Empire and Sardinia join France and the United Kingdom. 1855: Sevastopol is conquered by French and British forces. 1856: The war is lost by Russia, which is confirmed with the Treaty of Paris. The protectorate over Moldavia and Wallachia ends. 1857: Russia conquers [[user:electionworld/sandbox/Georgia#1857|Mingrelia}} 1859: Russia conquers Svaneti and the Caucasian Imamate. 1860: Russia annexes the Gazikumukh Khanate. 1861: Russia abolishes serfdom. 1864: An uprising, started in 1863, of Polish and Lithuanian insurgents is crushed by Russia. Russia ends the conquest of the Northern Caucasus with the victory in the Russo-Circassian War over the Circassians, which leads to the annexation of Circassia and a mass expulsion of Circassians. Abkhazia and the Avar Khanate are annexed to Russia. 1867: Russia sells Russian America to the United States of America. The same year the Kingdom of Poland is fully integrated into Russia as is Tarki. 1876: Russia annexes the Khanate of Kokand. 1877: In reaction to the Ottoman reprisals after uprising in Bulgaria, Russia starts the Russo-Turkish War against the Ottoman Empire. 1878: The Treaty of Berlin ends the war and recognizes formal independence of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania. Bulgaria becomes autonomous. 1881: The assassination of tsar Aleksandr II leads to major suppression of civil liberties and a wave of pogroms. 1904: Japan commences a war against Russia. 1905: After initial successes, a bourgeois-liberal revolution is suppressed. Peasants establish during the 1905 uprisings the Markovo Republic. It is defeated the next year. After a Japanese victory the war with Japan ends with the Treaty of Portsmouth which stops the Russian expansion in the Far East. In reaction to the revolution, tsar Nikolay II Aleksandrovich enacts some reforms. 1906: A parliament with limited power is established, elected in multi-party elections on a limited suffrage. 1914: After Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary and Germany. Russian Republic 1917: A broad revolution commences. After parts of the army joins the revolution, tsar Nikolay abdicates in favor of a provisional government. The monarchy is abolished and Russia becomes a republic. An coup attempt by the commander-in-chief is rapidly defeated. In a second revolution the communists , led by Vladimir Lenin, a.k.a. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, overthrows the provisional government. Lenin becomes chairman of the Committee of People's Commissars. Despite this second revolution a constituent assembly is elected in relative free multi-party elections on a universal suffrage. The communists ignore this assembly and stay in power. In reaction to the revolution the Russian Civil War commences in which non-Bolshevik forces as well as more left wing forces fight the new government. The Bolsheviks start a Ukrainian–Soviet War to fight separatist forces. Finland, Ukraine, Naissaar, Buryat-Mongolia, Crimea, and Idel-Ural secede. Idel-Ural State 1917: Idel-Ural secedes and elects a parliament, that appoints a government. Russian Soviet Republic 1918: The Bolsheviks rename the country. Russia pulls out of the war with the second Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Former tsar Nikolay II is executed together with his his family. Foreign intervention in the civil war starts, e.g. in North Russia and Siberia. Finnish volunteers take part in conflicts in territories inhabited by other Baltic Finnic peoples in Russia. Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic 1918: The communist rename the country into Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. The Bolshevik secret police enacts a mass repression against opponents. Soviet Russia commences campaigns to restore Russian power in lost areas, like Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Ukraine. → Almighty Don Host 1918: The assembly of the Don Cossacks secedes. The state is governed by a provisional government of anti-communist Cossacks. Kuban People's Republic 1918: Kuban secedes, governed by a provisional anti-bolshevik military council. 1918: The Baltic State, Belarus, Courland and Semigallia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Transcaucasia secede. Idel-Ural and the Central Caspian Dictatorship (1918-1918) are defeated. The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus secedes. *1918: The communist government dissolves the constituent assembly. 1919: After a dispute with Georgia, Sochi becomes Russian. The wars with Poland, Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Georgia come to an end with Soviet defeats. The North Caucasian Emirate secedes. Republic of North Ingria 1919: North Ingria secedes and is governed by a provisional government. Republic of Uhtua 1919: Karelian Uhtua secedes and is governed by a provisional parliament and government. 1919: Krasnov is succeeded by Afrikan Bogayevsky. 1919: Kuban is defeated by Soviet-Russia. 1920: A Tatar peasant uprising is suppressed. Various treaties establish the borders with Georgia, Estonia, Finland and Latvia. The Treaty of Sèvres between the France, the United Kingdom and Italy and other allied powers with the Ottoman Empire ends the war. The Ottoman Empire is partitioned and it loses huge parts of the country to its (partially new) neighbours in the Middle East. The whites are defeated in the south. Only forces in the far east continue. The Don Republic, North-Ingria, Uhtua, Crimea, the North Caucasian Emirate, Northern Caucasus are defeated. The Far Eastern Republic is established. 1921: Soviet-Russia invades Georgia. A sailor rebellion is suppressed as well as a peasant rebellion. The war between Poland and Soviet Russia ends with the Peace of Riga. Polish forces prevent Soviet occupation of Poland, Poland takes control of Western Ukraine and West Belarus and the Soviet forces take control of Eastern Ukraine and East Belarus. Buryat-Mongolia is defeated. 1922: The whites are defeated. The Far Eastern Republic is re-united with Soviet-Russia. An uprising in East Karelia is suppressed. The civil war ends in European Russia. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1922: The Russian SFSR forms together with Belarus, Transcaucasia and Ukraine the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, shortly the Soviet Union, of which these states become constituent states. The Soviet Union gets a general executive committee as head of state. The Union is ruled by the communist party. The supreme body is the Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union, with as executive body the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union. 1923: The last anti-communist armies in Asian Russia are defeated. 1924: The death of Lenin triggers a power struggle, after which Josif Stalin, a.k.a. Josif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, becomes the leader of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union annexes Bukhara and Khorezm. Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are seceded from Russia to become new contituent republics. 1925: The KPR(b) is continued by the All-Union Communist Party (b) (VSKP(b)) 1928: Josif Stalin enforces a collectivization of the agricultural sector consolidating individual landholdings and labour into kolkhozy and sovkhozy. Many kulaks, independent farmes, are executed, arrested or deported to the eastern parts of the Soviet Union. 1929: Tajikistan is seceded from Uzebkistan to become a new contituent republic. 1930: The Stalin governement establishes a system of forced labour camps for political and other prisoners. 1932: A famine kills millions of people in Ukraine and the Kuban region, which can be considered a genocide carried out by the Soviet government. 1934: The Soviet Union joins the League of Nations. 1935: The Stalin government starts mass deportations of minorities to Siberia and the Central Asian republics. This continues until 1949. 1936: The Soviet Union gets a bicameral parliament, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, directly elected in a one-party system (first in 1938). The government which is de jure responsible to the parliament. Real power is in the hands of the leader of the VSKP(b). Transcaucasia is dissolved and Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan become constituent republics. Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are seceded as separate republics from Russia. Russia is renamed. Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are seceded as separate republics from Russia. The RSFSR is renamed into the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The government enacts a purge against (supposed) opponents in and outside the communist party. This purge lasts until 1938. It has been estimated between 600,000 and 3 million people died in the purge. 1936-1938: The suppression of oppositional forces in and outside the party costs between 600,000 and 3 million deads. 1939: Nazi Germany and the Soviet-Union sign the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. World War II starts with the invasion by Nazi Germany of Poland. France and the United Kingdom declare war on Nazi Germany. The Soviet Union invades Poland. Poland is divided between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union is expelled from the League of Nations. Estonia. Latvia and Lithuania are forced to accept Soviet bases in their countries, The Soviet Union start the Winter War against Finland. 1940: Finland is defeated by the Soviet Union and loses some of its territory. The Soviet Union invades and annexes Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The Soviet Union invades Romania and annexes Bessarabia and Bukovina. An autonomous insurgency in Chechnya against Soviet rule starts. 1941: sandboxNazi Germany and its allies Hungary and Romania invade the Soviet Union and conquer part of the union. Finland resumes the Continuation War with the Soviet Union. 1941: Nazi Germany and its allies Hungary and Romania invade the Soviet Union and conquer part of the union. Nazi Germany starts a genocide in which around six million jews are killed. 1943: German forces are defeated at Stalingrad, marking the beginning of the Nazi-German collapse in the Soviet Union. Parts of Ukraine are re-conquered. 1944: The western parts of the Soviet Union are reconquered. The Chechen insurgency ends with the deportation of the entire Chechen population. With the Moscow Armistice Finland is forced to end the war and has to cede Petsamo. In Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania a rebellion starts, which lasts until the 1950s. The Soviet Union annexes Tannu Tuva and secedes the Karelo-Finnish SSR from Russia. 1945: Nazi Germany is defeated and occupied by the allied forces (Soviet Union, United States, France and the United Kingdom). They divide Germany in occupation zones with Berlin having a separate status. East Prussia is conquered by the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union annexes the northern part of East Prussia and adds it to the Russian SFSR. The southern part falls to Poland. The Soviet Union also keeps the conquered parts of Poland. Vienna is conquered by the Soviet Union. The Allied Powers secede Austria from Germany and occupy the country. The Soviet Union as well as Ukraine and Belarus are founding members of the United Nations. It is also a founding member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon). 1949: The Soviet occupation zone of Germany becomes the German Democratic Republic. 1953: Stalin dies and is succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev. The Soviet army suppresses together with the East German army a widespread uprising in the German Democratic Republic. 1955: The Austrian State Treaty ends the occupation and re-establishes a sovereign and democratic Austria. The Soviet Union is a founding member of the Warsaw Pact. 1956: The Karelo-Finnish SSR is incorporated into Russia. The Soviet Union invades Hungary to suppress a broad revolution against the communist government. 1964: Khrushchev is ousted as party leader and succeeded by Leonid Brezhnev. 1968: The Soviet Union and other member states of the Warsaw Pact invade Czechoslovakia and overthrow the reform government of Alexander Dubček. 1982: Brezhnev dies and is succeeded as party leader and head of state by Yuri Andropov. 1984: Andropov dies and is succeeded by Konstantin Chernenko. 1985: Chernenko dies. He is succeeded as party leader by Mikhail Gorbachev. 1987: The last forced labour camp is closed. 1989: Gorbachev ends the monopoly of the communist party at the elections. Partially free elections are held for the Congress of People's Deputies in which oppositionals are elected. The Congress remains dominated by the communists. Republic of Tatarstan 1990: The Tatarstan parliament declares it to be a sovereign republic. 1990: The communist dictatorship is overthrown. Lithuania and Tatarstan secede from the USSR. 1991: An attempt to overthrow Gorbachev by a communist group is defeated. Parliament is dissolved, Gorbachev resigns as party leader and the Soviet Union falls apart. Estonia and Latvia secede from the USSR. The same year the USSR is dissolved. The KPSS is banned. The Warsaw Pact and the Comecon are disbanded. Russia continues the membership of the Soviet Union in the United Nations and is a founding member of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Russian Federation 1991: Russia becomes independent as do Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine as well as Azerbaijan (with Nagorno-Karabakh) and the Central-Asian republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Chechnya secedes from Russia. 1992: Tatarstan approves a new constitution which is declared invalid by the Russian constitutional court. 1992–1993: Russia intervenes in Abkhazia to support Abkhazian separatists in the war with Georgia. 1993: After a second referendum Russia gets a new constitution that stipulates that Russia is a federal republic with a bicameral parliament, a chamber elected in multi-party elections and a chamber with representatives of the federal entities and a popularly elected executive president. 1994: Tatarstan is reincorporated into Russia. Russia is a founding member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization. A separatist First Chechen War commences. 1996: Russia joins the Council of Europe. Chechyans and the Russian government agree in the Khasavyurt Accord to a cease fire. 1999: Russia defeats the Islamic International Brigade in Dagestan. This is followed by the second Chechen rebellion. 2000: Chechnya is conquered by and annexed to Russia. Yeltsin is succeeded after the Presidential elections by Putin, who as president (until 2008), as prime minister (2008-2012) and again as president (2012-) rules Russia. The Chechen rebellion is defeated and a pro-Russian Chechen government is established inside the Russian Federation. 2007: Insurgencies develop into a Civil war in Ingushetia. 2008: After an attempt to regain control over Abkhazia and South Ossetia, Russia intervenes in Georgia to secure their de facto independence. Georgia loses the areas of Abkhazia and South Ossetia it controlled. 2009: The separatist insurgensies in Chechnya come to an end. At the same time insurgencies in the northern Caucasus by the Caucasus Emirate commence. 2014: The government of Ukrainian Crimea is overthrown. After a referendum Crimea secedes from Ukraine. The same year Crimea joins unrecognized Russia. By most countries Crimea is considered to be legally part of Ukraine. 2015: Russia is a founding member of the Eurasian Economic Union. The separatist insurgencies in Ingushetia come to an end. Groups affiliated to the Islamic State become active in the Northern Caucasus.

Timeline of Caucasus Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines - Russia Caucasus - Crimea - Dagestan - Northern Russia - Southern principalities - Southern Russia - Other regions in main section

Alania c.700: Alania is established as a state in the northern Caucasus by migrating Alans from the Pontic Steppe. North Caucasus is long time disputed between Russia, Persia and the Ottoman Empire. The region is populated by various peoples. Among them are the Circassians, especially the Adyghea, the Kabardians, the Cherkess and the Abazinians. North-eastern Caucasian tribes include the Avars, the Lezgins, the Chechens, the Laks, the Ingushetians and the Dargins. Turkic peoples include the Balkars, the Karachays and the Kumyks. Other peoples include the Ossetians and the Cossacks. Part of these people’s form there own countries, which leads to the formation of Circassia, Gazikumukh (Laks, 12th century), Avar Khanate (13th century), Kabardia (1557), Tabasaran (Lezgins, 1642), Tarki (Kumyks, 1642) and Derbent Khanate (1747). Circassia 13th century: Circassia emerges as a coherent entity. The status is not always clear, sometimes under control of Mongolian hordes and Crimean Tatars Golden Horde 1250s: Alania is destroyed by the Golden Horde. Most of the Northern Caucasus is controlled by the Golden Horde. Kabardia 1557: Kabardia, led by Temryuk is separated from the Ottoman Empire and becomes a protectorate of Russia. 1500s: North Caucasus remains disputed Persia and the Ottoman Empire. 1590: The Treaty of Ferhat Paşa ends the war between the Ottoman Empire and Persia, giving the Ottomans control over the Caucasus region. 17th century: Circassia comes under Ottoman suzerainity. 1739: Kabardia becomes a joint Russian-Ottoman protectorate. 1700s: The Russian Empire claims the Northern Caucasus. 1763: Empress Jekaterina II starts the Russo-Circassian War to conquer Circassia, which last more than a century. Russian Empire 1774: As a result of the Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire, the Ottomans cede in the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca areas, including Kabardia, to Russia. 1826: The Ottoman suzerainity ends. Caucasian Imamate 1828: When most of the Northern Caucasus is conquered by Russia, the Caucasian Imamate, active in Chechnya and Dagestan, resists the Russian conquest of the Northern Caucasus. De first imam is Qazi Mullah. 1859: The Caucasian Imamate, led by Şeyx Şamil is defeated and incorporated into Russia. 1864: Russia ends the conquest of the Northern Caucasus with the victory in the Russo-Circassian War over the Circassians, which leads to the annexation of Circassia by Russia and a mass expulsion of Circassians. Russian Republic 1917: After the revolutions in Russia, a civil war commences in which non-Bolshevik forces, separarist forces as well as more left wing forces fight the new government. Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic 1918: The Bolsheviks rename the country into Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus 1918: The Northern Caucasus secedes from Russia. The Northern Caucasus is governed by a provisional government. North Caucasian Emirate 1919: In the same region the North Caucasian Emirate secedes from Russia. 1920: Both Northern Caucasus and North Caucasus are defeated by and incorporated into Russia. 1921: Inside Russia the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic is established. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1922: The Russian SFSR becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The Chechen Autonomous Oblast is separated from the Mountain ASSR. 1924: The Mountain ASSR is dissolved. 1934: Chechnya becomes part of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Oblast, 1936: The autonomous oblast is raised in rank to the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. 1942-1943: The ASSR is partially occupied by Nazi Germany. 1943: The Caucasus is recaptured by the Soviet Union. 1944: Chechnya-Ingushetia is dissolved. 1957: The Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic is restored. 1991: The ASSR is divided into the Chechen Republic and Ingushetia. Russian Federation 1991: The USSR is dissolved and Russia becomes independent as the Russian Federation Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 1991: The same year Chechnya declares unilaterally independence from Russia, without being recognized. 1992: The constitution stipulates a parliament elected in multi-party elections on a universal suffrage and a directly elected executive president. 1993: The parliament is dissolved. 1994: A separatist First Chechen War in Chechnya commences. 1996: Chechyans and the Russian government agree in the Khasavyurt Accord to a cease fire. 2000: Chechnya is defeated and reincorporated as the Chechen Republic into Russia.

Timeline of Dagestan Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines - Russia Caucasus - Central Russia - Crimea - Dagestan - Northern Russia - Southern principalities - Southern Russia - Other regions in main section

500s: In a part of present-day Dagestan the Laks are settled. The region were they settle is know as Lakia and several polities are formed inside Lakia. In the same region Tabasarans and Lezgins live. Kingdom of Sarir 5th century: Sarir, inhabited by Avars. 12th century: Sarir disappears as a country. Gazikumukh Shamkhalate 12th ce: In Lakia the Lak state of Gazikumukh comes to existence. The last shamkhal is Aidemir ibn Sultan Mahmud. Surkhai II moves the shamkhalate to Tarki Avar Khanate early 13th century: Avars create the Avar Khanate as continuation of disappeared Sarir. 1642: Gazikumukh is partitioned. Shamkhalate of Tarki 1642: Shamkhal Surkhai II becomes shamkhal of Tarki. Gazikumukh Khanate 1642: Alibek I becomes khan of Gazikumukh. Tabasaran Principality 1642: The partition leads to the establishment of Tabasaran. Russian Empire 1722–1723: Russia commences a Russo-Persian War with Persia. Russia wins the war and annexes Derbent. Persian Empire 1735: Russia cedes Derbent back to Persia. Derbent Khanate 1747: Muhammad Hassan becomes khan of independent Derbent. Quba Khanate 1765: Khan Fatali Khan of Quba conquers Derbent and annexes it. Muhammad Hassan is blinded and improsened. 1775: The rule of Umma-Khan marks the zenith of the Avar ascendancy in the Caucasus. Derbent Khanate 1799: Under Hasan Aga, son of Fatli Khan, the independence of Derbent is restored. Russian Empire 1806: Russia conquers Derbent. 1813: Russia wins the war with Persia and in the Treaty of Gulistan, Persia is forced to irrevocably cede Dagestan to Russia. Tarki becomes a vassal state of Russia. 1813: Russia wins the war with Persia and in the Treaty of Gulistan, Persia is forced to irrevocably cede Dagestan to Russia. Tabasaran and Derbent are annexed to Russia. 1860: Khan Aglar Beg is defeated and Gazikumukh is annexed to Russia. 1864: The Avar Khanate is annexed to Russia. 1867: Shamkhal Xams al-Din is defeated and Tarki is fully annexed to Russia.

Timeline of Northern Russia Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines - Russia Caucasus - Crimea - Dagestan - Northern Russia - Southern principalities - Southern Russia - Other regions in main section

800s: The western and northern parts of present-day Russia are populated by Eastern Slavic, Finno-Ugric, Ilmen, Vepsian, Votes and other tribes. A conglomerate of city-states, rendered as Rus' Khaganate comes to existence. Principality of Rus' 862: Varangians from Sweden settle in present-day Northern Russia and are said to have found the state of Rus', centered in Novgorod. The first ruler is Rurik or Rørik, a Varangian chieftain, who becomes prince of Rus'. It succeeds the Rus' Khaganate. Grand Principality of Rus' 882: Ruriks son, Oleg conquers Kiev (Kiyiv) and makes it the capital of Rus'. It succeeds the Rus' Khaganate. The state is from that moment also rendered as Kievan Rus'. Rus' includes large parts of present-day Northern, Western and South Western Russia, Ukraine, Polish Galicia and Belarus. In this state the Varangians merge into the East Slavs.Novgorod becomes a principality inside Rus'. Since 980s: Khazaria is defeated by Rus'. The grand princes of Rus'(or Kiev), like Vladimir Svyatoslavich, create principalities inside Rus' as appanages. Among them are Chernigov, Halych, Kiev, Minsk, Moscow, Murom-Ryazan, Novgorod, Novgorod-Seversk, Pereyaslavl, Polotsk, Rostov, Smolensk, Tmutarkan, Turov, Tver, Vladimir-Suzdal, Volhynia, and Yaroslavl. Novgorod Republic 1136: Novgorod secedes from Rus'. It includes large parts of present-day Northern Russia. 1232: Aleksandr Yaroslavich Nevsky, son of Yaroslavl Vsevolodovich, the future ruler of Vladimir, becomes ruler of Novgorod. 1252: Aleksandr Nevsky resigns in Novgorod and becomes ruler of Vladimir. 1273: The Golden Horde twice attacks Novgorod. 1311: Sweden and Novgorod fight each other in Finland. 1318: Novgorod invades Swedish Finland. 1323: After a war Novgorod and Sweden divide present-day Karelia, populated since the first millennium AD by Finnish tribes in the south, amongst them. East Karelia becomes part of Novgorod. Principality of Great Perm 1323: Great Perm, populated by Komi, secedes. Pskov Republic 1348: Pskov secedes from Novgorod. 1337: A Karelian uprising is supported by Sweden. 1360s: Moscow and Novgorod dispute the rule over Northern Russia. 1456: After a victory of Moscow over Novgorod, the Treaty of Yazhelbitsy establishes peace between grandprince Vasily II Vasiliyevich of Moscow and the people of Novgorod. 1451: Perm becomes a vassal state of Moscow. Grand Principality of Moscow 1471: Ivan III Vasiliyevich of Moscow annexes Novgorod. 1505: Vasily III Ivanovich annexes Perm to Moscow. 1510: Vasily III annexes Pskov to Moscow.

Timeline of the Southern principalities Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines - Russia Caucasus - Crimea - Dagestan - Northern Russia - Southern principalities - Southern Russia - Other regions in main section

Grand Principality of Rus' 882: Varangians from Sweden settle in present-day Northern Russia. Rurik or Rørik, a Varangian chieftain, became in 862 the first prince of Rus', centered in Novgorod. His son Oleg conquers Kiev (Kiyiv) and makes it the capital of Rus'. It succeeds the Rus' Khaganate. The state is from that moment also rendered as Kievan Rus'. Rus' includes large parts of present-day Northern, Western and South Western Russia, Ukraine, Polish Galicia and Belarus. In this state the Varangians merge into the East Slavs. Since 980s: The grand princes of Rus'(or Kiev), like Vladimir Svyatoslavich, create principalities inside Rus' as appanages. Among them are Chernigov, Halych, Kiev, Minsk, Moscow, Murom-Ryazan, Novgorod, Novgorod-Seversk, Pereyaslavl, Polotsk, Rostov, Smolensk, Tmutarkan, Turov, Tver, Vladimir-Suzdal, Volhynia, and Yaroslavl. Principality of Chernigov 1024: Mitislav Vladimirovichŭ, son of Vladimir, becomes prince of Chernigov. Principality of Smolensk 1054: Vyacheslav Yaroslavich becomes prince of Smolensk. 1097: 1097: Chernigov is partitioned. Davyd Svyatoslavich becomes prince of Chernigov. Principality of Novgorod-Seversk 1097: Oleg Svyatoslavich becomes prince of Novgorod-Seversk Principality of Murom-Ryazan 1097: Yaroslav Svyatoslavich is said to be prince of Murom-Ryazan. Principality of Rostov 1113: Beloozero is part of Rostov Principality of Ryazan 1129: Svyatoslav Yaroslavich becomes prince of Ryazan. Principality of Murom 1129: Yury Yaroslavich becomes prince of Murom. Principality of Rostov-Suzdal 1125: Rostov becomes part of Rostov-Suzdal. Grand Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal 1157: Rostov-Suzdal falls to Vladimir-Suzdal. Principality of Trubetsk 1164: Vsevolod IV Svyatoslavich secedes as prince of Trubetsk. 1196-1202: Trubetsk is controlled by Novgorod-Seversk. 1211-1212: Trubetsk is controlled by Novgorod-Seversk. Principality of Rostov 1207: Konstantin Vsevolodovich becomes prince Rostov. Mongol Empire 1240: Trubetsk is conquered by the Mongols. Principality of Beloozero 1238: Beloozero secedes from Rostov Golden Horde 1259: Trubetsk is ruled by the Golden Horde. Principality of Trubetsk 1357: Trubetsk secedes from the Golden Horde. Grand Principality of Moscow 1389: Murom falls to Moscow. Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1401: Chernigov and and Novgorod-Seversk fall to Lithuania. 1404: Smolensk falls to Lithuania. 1408: Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk fall to Moscow. 1420: Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk fall to Lithuania. 1486: Beloozero is annexed by Moscow. 1503: Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk fall to Moscow. 1514: Smolensk falls to Moscow. 1521: Ryazan is annexed to Moscow. Tsardom of Russia 1547: Moscow is renamed into the Tsardom of Russia. ← 1566: Trubetsk is annexed to Russia. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1603: Chernigov and Novgrod-Severks fall to Poland-Lithuania. 1611: Smolensk falls to Poland-Lithuania. 1648: Russia annexes Chernigov and Novgord-Seversk. 1654: Russia annexes Smolensk.

Timeline of Southern Russia Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines - Russia Caucasus - Crimea - Dagestan - Northern Russia - Southern principalities - Southern Russia - Other regions in main section

11th-8th century BC: The area north of the Black Sea in present-day Southern Russia and present-day Ukraine is populated amongst other by Scythians, Eastern Iranian tribes. Other tribes are the Cimmerian tribes. Scythia 8th century BC: The Scythians develop Scythia, a loose state in present-day Southern Russia and Ukraine. 7th century BC: Bartatua and Madius are listed as Scythian kings.Sarmatians, a confederation of Iranian tribes, emerge in part of the region, living in relatively peaceful co-existence with the Scythians. 600s BC: Scythians settle in the interior of present-day Crimea. 4th century BC: Scythia is ruled by king Ateas. He conquers the region around the mouths of the Danube and further to the south. 339 BC: Ateas is defeated by king Phílip II of Macedonia. Scythia falls apart. Sarmatia 3rd century BC: Scythia is conquered by the Sarmatians. Sarmatians rule present-day Ukraine, Southern Russia and surroundings. Huns 4th century: The area is conquered by the Nomadic Huns, a nomadic tribal confederation coming from the Caucasus and/or Central Asia. They defeat the Goths led by king Aírmanareiks and conquer parts of present-day Ukraine. They begin invading Europe from the eastern steppes, instigating the Great Age of Migrations. 5th century: The Huns together with the Alans further conquer and rule an area including large parts of Central-Europe, including present-day Hungary, where their realm is concentrated. 454: The Huns withdraw after the death of their king Attila. 5th century: Slavic tribes migrate in the area. Turkic Khaganate 552: The Gökturks create the Turkic Khaganate. Western Turkic Khaganate 581: The Khaganate is partitioned. The Western Turkic Khaganate rules part of present-day Southern Russia. Kingdom of Khazaria 642: The first war between the Arab Caliphate and the Khazars, a semi-nomadic Turkic people, commences. 646: The Arabs defeat a Roman army in Armenia, reinforced with Khazar contingents. 652: The Khazars defeat at Balanjar the Arab Caliphate. 659: The Khazars create after the break-up of the Western Turkic Khaganate the Kingdom of Khazaria, said to be founded by Irbis. Bulgarian Empire c 635s: The semi-nomadic Turkic tribes of the Bulgars and the Onogurs, led by khan Kubrat establish in the Pontic-Caspian steppe in present-day Ukraine and Russia the Bulgarian Empire. late 7th century: Busir is khagan of Khazaria. 668: This Bulgarian state is destroyed by Khazaria. Part of the Bulgars migrate to the west near the Danube, where they create Bulgaria, part of them settle near the Volga present-day Tatarstan. 717: The second war between the Arab Caliphate and the Khazars commences. 737: The Arabs defeat the Khazars, weakening the Khazar Khaganate. c 750: Present-day Romanian Moldavia and Moldova populated by Vlachs, are part of Khazaria. Bulgar state c. 700: They establish the Bulgar state. Pecheneg Khanates 860: The Khazars are defeated by the Pechenegs, who establish the Pecheneg Khanates. 900s: The Pechenegs are led by successively Kurya, Metiga and Kuchug. 860: Khazaria is limited tot the south-east of the region. 920s: Volga Bulgaria becomes a islamic state. Cuman-Kipchak Confederation 1048: Khazaria is disestablished. Part of the area is conquered by the Turkic Cumans and Kipchaks. Other parts become part of Rus’. 1091: The Pechenegs are annihilated as an independent force by the Rus’ and the Cumans and most of their area is included in the Cuman-Kipchak Confederation. Great Mongol State 1220: The Cuman Kipchak-Confederation is destroyed byGenghis Khan, khagan of the Mongol Empire. 1223: The Mongol Empire attacks the Bulgar State, followed by a decisive victory at the Kalka River, the first engagement between the Mongols and the Rus' warriors. 1230: Large parts of what is now Russia, Central Asia, China and the Middle East, is conquered by and annexed to the Mongol Empire. 1223: The Mongol Empire attacks the Bulgar State. 1236: The Mongol Empire invades and conquers the Bulgar State and finally defeat the Cumans. 1238: Volga Bulgaria is conquered by and annexed to the Mongol Empire. The Bulgars develop into the Tatars and switch to the Tataric language. 1236-1239: The Mongol Empire invades under Chormaqan Georgia and Armenia. 1237: Under the leadership of Batu Khan, the Mongol Empire begins their campaign to subjugate Kievan Rus' 1238: The Mongols defeat at the Sit River and devastate Vladimir and Moscow. It conquers the northern Crimea. 1240: The Mongols sack Kiev and conquer Trubetsk. 1241: A joint army of Poland, Moravia and Germans is defeated at Legnica and a Hungarian army at Mohi by the Mongol Empire. After the death of Ögedei Khan the Mongols retreat and devaste Serbia and Bulgaria. 1243: The Mongols defeat the Seljuks. 1240s: The Mongol Empire is divided in sectors, in the north west the Golden Horde. Vladimir-Suzdal becomes a vassal of the Golden Horde. 1256: The Mongol leader Baycu Noyan crushed the rebellion of the Seljuks. 1258/1259: The Mongols incurse against Lithuania. 1259/1260: The Mongols raid against Poland. Golden Horde 1259: The Golden Horde under Orda Ezen separates itself from the Mongol Empire. The Golden Horde rules an area including parts of the Caucasus. 1271-1285: The Golden Horde holds various raids against Volga Bulgaria. 1273: The Golden Horde twice attacks Novgorod. 1275: The Golden Horde raids Lithuania. 1283: Moscow secedes from Vladimir-Suzdal and becomes a tributary of the Golden Horde. The other successor states of Vladimir-Suzdal, like Tver, Pereslavl, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Uglich, Beloozero, Kostroma and Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod as well as states like Novgorod become also tributaries of the Golden Horde. 1284-1285: The Golden Horde raids Hungary. 1287-1288: The Golden Horde raids Poland. 1315: Öz Beg Khan converts himself and the Golden Horde to Islam and persecutes non-Muslim Tatar-Mongols. 1324 and 1337: The Golden Hode incurses against Roman Thrace. 1327: The Golden Horde organizes a punitive expedition to Tver and suppresses a rebellion. 1357: Trubetsk secedes from the Golden Horde. 1380: Grand prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow leads a united Russian army to a victory at Kulikovo over the Mongols. 1382: Khan Tokhtamysh sieges and conquers Moscow. Moscow remains a vassal of the Golden Horde. 1438: The Golden Horde gradually collapses. 1441: The Crimean Khanate secedes. Khanate of Kazan 1438: Kazan secedes from the Golden Horde. The Tatars from Kazan raid Moscow. 1445: A Kazan campaign ends with their victory at Suzdal. Grand prince Vasily II is captured and released against a enormous ransom. 1467-1469: Russia is together with its ally Qasim at war with Kazan. Qasim Khanate 1452: Moscow makes Qasim Khan khan of Qasim, an area populated by Islamic Tatars and Volga Bulgars, as vassal of Moscow. 1456: The Kazakh Khanate secedes. 1468: The Siberia Khanate secedes. Astrakhan Khanate 1466: Mahmud bin Küchük becomes khan of Astrakhan. 1480: When Ahmed Khan bin Küchük withdraws his army at the Ugra River, the end of the Tatar yoke in Russia is a reality. Moscow ends the tributary status. 1487: Grand Prince Ivan III [[intervenes in Kazan and puts Mokhammad Amin on the throne. 1492: Ghabdellatif overthrows Muhammad Amin. Crimean Khanate 1502: At the end of this proces It is destroyed by the Crimean Khanate and divided between Moscow, the Crimean Khanate and other succesor states. Nogai Horde 1500s: The Nogai Horde secedes. 1502: Mokhammad Amin is restored to the throne by a diplomatic intervention of Moscow. 1506: Despite a victory over Moscow, Mokhammad Amin pays homage to grand prince Vasily III. 1532: After a Russian victory, Russia replaces Safa Giray with Canghali, until that moment Khan of Qasim. 1535: In a coup Canghali is assassinated and replaced by Safa Girayy. In the upcoming years Kazan troops enact various raids on Russian cities. Tsardom of Russia 1552: The last khan, Yadegar Mokhammad, is captured by Russia and Kazan is annexed to Russia. A rebellion starts, but is defeated in 1556. 1556: Dervish Ali is defeated by and Astrakhan is annexed to Russia. Kalmyk Khanate 1630s: Oirats settle in the region. They defeat the Nogai Horde and their leader Kho Orluk becomes khan under allegiance to Russia. 1634: The Nogai Horde is subsequently annexed to Tsardom of Russia. The Nogai leave the region and settle in the Crimean Khanate and other countries. 1679: After khan Sayed Borhan abdicates, his mother Fatima Soltan, becomes khanbika. During his reign the Khanate was totally placed under control of Russia → 1681: After the death of Fatima Soltan, Qasim is reincorporated into Russia. Russian Empire 1721: Russia is renamed. 1724: After the death of Ayuka Khan Russia dilutes the authority of the khan and diminuish the autonomy of the Kalmyks. 1771: Ubashi Khan leads the return of the majority of the Kalmyk people to Dzungaria. Kalmykia is fully incorporated into Russia. 1783: The Crimean Khanate is annexed to Russia.