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Coordinates: 51°21′40″N 2°20′33″W / 51.3610°N 2.3425°W / 51.3610; -2.3425
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Combe Down
Combe Down is located in Somerset
Combe Down
Combe Down
Location within Somerset
Population5,419 (2011) [1]
OS grid referenceST761625
Unitary authority
Ceremonial county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townBATH
Postcode districtBA2
Dialling code01225
PoliceAvon and Somerset
FireAvon
AmbulanceSouth Western
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Somerset
51°21′40″N 2°20′33″W / 51.3610°N 2.3425°W / 51.3610; -2.3425

Combe Down is a village suburb of Bath, England in the Bath and North East Somerset unitary authority within the ceremonial county of Somerset. Combe Down sits on a ridge above Bath approximately 1.5 miles to the south of the city centre. "Combe" or "coombe" is a word meaning a steep-sided valley derived from Old English cumb and ultimately from the same Brythonic source as the Welsh cwm. Down comes from the Old English dūn, dūne, shortened from adūne ‘downward’, from the phrase of dūne ‘off the hill’.[2] Combe Down village is immediately to the South of large areas of natural woodland (Fairy Wood, Long Wood, Klondyke Copse, Rainbow Wood) with many public footpaths offering magnificent views overlooking the City of Bath. The woods are managed by the National Trust and incorporate the famous Bath Skyline Walk. To the south of the village are spectacular views overlooking Midford Valley.

Combe Down village sits above an area of redundant 18th and 19th century stone quarries bought by Ralph Allen in the 1720s. These quarries were fully infilled and stabilised during a central government-funded project which took place between 2005 and 2010.[3] Combe Down village was started by Ralph Allen in about 1729 when De Montfort Place was built to house some of his quarry workers.[4] He later had a Palladian mansion, Prior Park, built for himself from 1738. This has now become the main building for Prior Park College and some of the land from his estate has become Prior Park Landscape Garden owned by the National Trust.

Combe Down includes the original village consisting predominantly of 18th and 19th century Bath stone built villas, terraces and workers' cottages; the post World War II Foxhill estate of former council houses; and a range of Georgian, Victorian and 20th century properties along both sides of North Road and Bradford Road. Formerly part of the Parish of Monkton Combe, Combe Down village was incorporated into the city of Bath in the 1950s.[5]

From 1940 to 2011 the Admiralty (later part of the Ministry of Defence) had a 46 acre site at Foxhill on the Bradford Road. In 2013 Curo, a non profit housing organization, bought the site to develop 700 new homes, open spaces and community facilities to be called Mulberry Park.

History and Governance[edit]

John Leland, the 16th century antiquarian and traveller, wrote that he approached Bath from Midford ‘...And about a Mile farther I can to a Village and passd over a Ston Bridge where ranne a litle broke there & they caullid Midford-Water..2 good Miles al by Mountayne and Quarre and litle wood in syte...’ [6] which could be a reference to quarrying around Horsecombe Vale, between Midford and Combe Down

By 1700 little had changed Combe Down, had little habitation and some small open stone quarries. Most of the land and the quarries were purchased by Ralph Allen in 1726 [7].

In 1791 John Collinson describes Combe Down as still undeveloped:

"On the summit of Combedown a mile northward from the church [mc], among many immense quarries of fine free stone, are large groves of firs, planted by the late Ralph Allen, esq; for the laudable purpose of ornamenting this (at that time rough and barren) hill. Among these groves is a neat range of buildings belonging to this parish. It consists of eleven houses [De Montalt Place], built of wrought stone, raised on the spot ; each of which has a small garden in front. These were originally built for the workmen employed in the quarries, but are now chiefly let to invalids from Bath who retire hither for the sake of a very fine air-, (probably rendered more salubrious by the Plantation of firs) from which many have received essential benefit. The surrounding beautiful and extensive prospects ; the wild, but pleasing irregularities of the surface and scenery, diversified with immense quarries, fine open cultivated fields, and extensive plantations of firs…" [8].

From 1800 D. Lee Pitcairn and Alfred Richardson state that:

"The houses in Isabella Place were built about 1800, and in 1805 when the De Montalt Mills were founded cottages were erected in Quarry Bottom and Davidges Bottom to take the place of wooden booths which labourers and workmen had hitherto occupied for the day and in which they had sometimes slept during the week.. From this time onwards the place began to develop little by little… In 1829 when the Combe Down quarries were disposed of by Mrs. Cruickshank, building further increased…" [9].

The population increased from 1,600 in 1841 to 2,372 in 1901 [10] and was 5,419 in 2011 [11], though these numbers may not cover exactly the same geographical area as there have been a number of boundary changes and local government changes for Combe Down.

Bath and North East Somerset was created in 1996 by the Local Government Act 1992. It provides local government with responsibility for almost all functions including local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection, recycling, cemeteries, crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism. It is also responsible for education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, Trading Standards, waste disposal and strategic planning, although fire, police and ambulance services are provided jointly with other authorities through the Avon Fire and Rescue Service, Avon and Somerset Constabulary and the Great Western Ambulance Service. Bath and North East Somerset's area covers part of the ceremonial county of Somerset but it is administered independently of the non-metropolitan county.

Local amenities[edit]

Combe Down is a thriving community with many local amenities including schools, churches, shops, local societies and pubs.

The local state primary school is Combe Down CEVC (Church of England Voluntary Controlled) Primary School, housed partly in a unique log cabin imported from Finland.[12] The nearest state secondary school with sixth form is Ralph Allen School. A private school for children aged between 2 and 18, Prior Park College is located on Ralph Allen Drive, a short walk away from the village centre. Another private school, Monkton Combe School is located in the local village of Monkton Combe but the Prep School, Pre-Prep and Nursery are in Combe Down.

Shops in the centre of the village include a co-op, a cycle shop, a delicatessen with coffee shop, two estate agencies and a pharmacy, together with a hair salon, a beautician, a crockery hire business and an art gallery. A car repair garage and an undertaker's are both close to the centre of the village. There is a small branch of Barclays Bank on North Road, adjacent to a second-hand children's clothes shop, and there is a fish and chip shop on Bradford Road. The village post office closed in 2006 despite much public opposition and the nearest post office branch is now located inside a grocery store in a row of shops serving the Foxhill community on the Bradford Road which also includes a co-op, pharmacy, bakers and pet shops. There is also a timber and building supplies merchant near to Entry Hill.

There are three local pubs, an Anglican church (Holy Trinity [13]) and a non-conformist chapel (Union Chapel [14]) within walking distance for most residents, while a Roman Catholic church (Saint Peter and Saint Paul) is on the edge of the village, adjacent to the Foxhill estate. The Church Rooms in the centre of the village are available for hire by local groups.

Combe Down also has two flourishing rugby union clubs and a cricket club, a children's nursery, a doctors' surgery and a dentist as well as an active Cub and Scout Group (10th Bath) with its own Scouts' Hut. There are several societies, including an active local history group (the Combe Down Heritage Society), a branch of the Women's Institute and the Combe Down Art Group.

There is a private hospital, BMI Bath Clinic (part of BMI Healthcare), on Claverton Down Road, based at Longwood House the former home of the Mallet family of Mallet Antiques. Margaret Mary Mallett (1882 – 1959), who lived at Longwood House, and her daughters, Margaret Elizabeth Mallett (1905 – 1991) and Barbara Penelope Mallett Lock (1896 – 1978) donated 347 acres of land on Combe Down and Claverton Down including Rainbow Wood farm, Klondyke Copse, Fairy Wood and Bushey Norwood to the National Trust. Just near the hospital is a 4 star hotel and health club - Combe Grove Manor - with 69 acres of gardens and woodland.

The village pubs are the King William IV,[15] the Hadley Arms [16] and the Foresters', renamed the Forester and Flower in 2006.

A large public open space (Firs Field) incorporates the village war memorial and a play area with children's play equipment. Three parcels of land make up the Firs Field open space, two of which are under the control of the local Council. The deeds state that the Firs Field is intended for the recreation of the residents of Combe Down in perpetuity. Firs Field was restored to meadowland status following the successful completion of the stabilisation works in 2010. A residents' group (The Friends of Firs Field) exists to ensure the appropriate representation of local residents' interests with regard to the management of the field.

There are half-hourly daily bus services direct to the village from Bath city centre (service number 1). In the evenings these services are less frequent. The privately owned Bath 'circular tour' bus route passes along the outskirts of the village and down Ralph Allen Drive. The Bath Circular bus (service number 20A) operates along the main road and into the city centre, catering for students travelling to the University of Bath.

Stone mines and quarries[edit]

See also Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines.

The mines at Combe Down were Oolitic (oolite) limestone mines, mainly worked in the 18th and 19th century. Stone was extracted by the "room and pillar" method, by which chambers were mined out, leaving pillars of stone to support the roof. The Bath stone used for many of the buildings in Bath - as well as for other important buildings around the United Kingdom including Buckingham Palace - was mined from beneath and around Combe Down. Many of these workings were once owned by the eighteenth century entrepreneur Ralph Allen (1694–1764). The mines were closed in the 19th century but building work continued above ground, with some roads and houses eventually resting on only a thin crust — in places between only one and two metres deep — above large underground cavities with inadequate support.

A five-year central government-funded project began in late 2005 to stabilise and fill the abandoned mine workings. Bath and North East Somerset Council approved the planning application in June 2003 and approximately 760 village properties were included within its boundary. All mine workings inside the boundary of the planning application were stabilised using foam concrete to satisfy a 100 year design life while ensuring archaeologically important areas and bat habitats were protected. In some hydrologically sensitive areas, "stowing" - an infill with limestone aggregate — was undertaken. Archaeologically important areas were filled with sand and new bat caves and tunnels were created.

The £154.6 million grant for the works came from the Land Stabilisation Programme which was set up by the government in 1999 to deal with "abandoned non-coal mine workings which are likely to collapse and threaten life and property" and managed by English Partnerships — the national regeneration agency. The total amount included £22.7m which had already been used for emergency stabilisation work before the approval of the main project.

Several public art projects celebrated the completion of the stabilisation works.

Over 40 quarry sites have been identified on Combe Down.[17] Only one working quarry (Upper Lawn Quarry) remains on the edge of the village, located off Shaft Road. This supplies high quality Bath stone to the city and more widely across the UK.[18]

Combe Down Railway Tunnel[edit]

Combe Down Tunnel was opened in 1874 and emerges below the southern slopes of the village. It was once the UK’s longest railway tunnel (1,829 yards) without intermediate ventilation.[19] The tunnel now forms part of the £1.8 million Two Tunnels Greenway walking and cycling path which opened on 6 April 2013. At over a mile long, the Combe Down tunnel is the longest cycling tunnel in Britain and features an interactive light and sound installation as well as mobile phone coverage.[20] Its custodian is Wessex Water.

Site of Roman villa[edit]

It is believed that a Roman villa was situated on the southern slopes of the village somewhere below Belmont Road,[21] the site of which was discovered in the 1850s. An inscription on a stone recovered from the area reads "PRO SALVTE IMP CES M AVR ANTONINI PII FELICIS INVICTI AVG NAEVIVS AVG LIB ADIVT PROC PRINCIPIA RVINA OPRESS A SOLO RESTITVIT". This can be translated as: "For the health of Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus, Naevius the imperial freedman, helped to restore from its foundations the procurator's headquarters which had broken down in ruins." It is thought to date from AD 212-222.[22] Finds from the site were taken to the Somerset County Museum at Taunton.

Jewish burial ground[edit]

The Jewish burial ground is a site of historic value on Bradford Road and is one of only fifteen in the country to survive from the Georgian period.[23] While the burial ground has suffered a period of neglect since its closure in the early 20th century, much remains intact to serve as an important reminder of Bath’s historic Jewish community. Dating from 1812, the last recorded burial was in 1946. The Ohel which dates from around 1836 is of particular interest as there are few such examples still standing. English Heritage gave it a Grade II listing in 2006. The site contains two chest tombs and some fifty gravestones, dating from between 1842 to 1921, with both Hebrew and English inscriptions. Funds to restore the Ohel, conserve the grave stones, repair the boundary wall, replace the gates and develop interpretation of the site have been sought in partnership with the Combe Down Heritage Society and the World Heritage Enhancement Fund.

De Montalt mill[edit]

The De Montalt paper mill stood on the southern slopes of the village during the 19th century; it gradually fell into picturesque ruin until it was converted into housing during 2007. The mill was built on land owned by Thomas Ralph Maude, Viscount Hawarden (1767–1807) in the early 19th century and was owned by John Bally (1773 – 1854), (a bookseller in Milsom Street in Bath), William Allan or Ellan (1781 – 1832) and George Steart (d.1837), all trading as paper-makers under the name of John Bally & Co.

A print dating from the 1850s shows the mill which then possessed the largest water wheel in England, measuring 56 feet in diameter. It has subsequently been discovered that most of the coloured papers used by J.M.W. Turner (1775–1851) for a good number of his approximately twenty thousand drawings and watercolours were made at De Montalt Mill. The collection is now housed in The Turner Bequest at the Tate Gallery, London. The paper was of a very high standard and the watercolour boards were made without being pasted together which ensured they remained free from mildew; however, despite the early success of the business, it failed in 1834. The premises were then sold to wholesale stationer William Jennings Allen (1807 – 1839). After his death it was sold to Charles Middleton Kernot (1807 – 1876) to be used as a ‘manufactory of patent interlocked and dovetailed felted cloths’. By 1859 it was used for a laundry run by the Bath Washing Company Ltd. and later used for a variety of purposes including market gardening (1871); and cabinet making from (1875) until the lease expired in 1905 and it closed.[24] In the 20th century cows and pigs were being reared on the site.[25]

Various parts of the mill have Grade II listed building status, including the southern range which consisted of the apprentice shops and stores,[26] the main east block which was the printing works where notes were printed for the Bank of England - later converted to cabinet manufacturing [27] and the chimney.[28] De Montalt, an Italianate villa set in the grounds is also grade II listed.[29]

The mill and its associated buildings were converted to residential use during 2007, with the main mill building being converted into four apartments.[30] Elements of the conversion featured in the Channel 4 television programme Grand Designs.

Local flora[edit]

A local woodland wild flower is the Bath Asparagus, also known as the Spiked Star of Bethlehem (Ornithogalum pyrenaicum). The flowers appear in June after the leaves die; the leaves resemble bluebell leaves but are a softer green and not as glossy. The flowering spike is up to one metre high.[31] At the unopened stage the flowers used to be gathered in small quantities as a fresh vegetable by local people; it was also occasionally sold in local markets, but picking the flowers today is not encouraged as wild asparagus is becoming rare. According to research carried out by Avon Wildlife Trust the plant is found throughout Europe but has only a limited UK distribution. It is possible that the flower was first brought to the Bath area as seeds carried on the wheels and hooves of Roman vehicles and animals.

Allium ursinum, also known as Ramsons or wild garlic, is abundant in the National Trust woodlands adjacent to Combe Down during the spring.

Grade I and II listed buildings on Combe Down[edit]

There are 79 Grade I and Grade II listed buildings - a building officially designated as being of special architectural, historical, or cultural significance - on Combe Down, the earliest dating from 1729 and the latest from 1909.

The central part of Combe Down has many buildings that fulfil the criteria to have a building listed. In general, the older a building is, and the fewer the surviving examples of its kind, the more likely it is to have historic importance. All buildings built before 1700, which survive in anything like their original condition, are listed and most buildings built between 1700 and 1840 are listed. Buildings erected after 1840 may be listed if they are the best examples of particular building types and only buildings of definite quality and character are listed.

The listed buildings on Combe Down are from 3 main phases of building activity.

The first phase was c. 1700 - 1742. These are the buildings at Combe Grove, and the buildings commissioned by Ralph Allen at Prior Park and at De Montalt Place on Church Road.

The second phase was c. 1800 - c. 1820. These are mainly buildings along Combe Road, Summer Lane, and Church Road at Isabella Place and fron Claremont House to Hopecote Lodge, which were built soon after the death of Cornwallis Maude, 1st Viscount Hawarden (1729 - 1803) who died with substantial debts [32] which lead to the break up of the De Montalt estate in Bath [33] as speculators in property and mining took the opportunity.

The third phase was Victorian from c. 1830 - 1860. Combe down had become known as a place for convalescence and "good air" (away from polluted cities) and, being only about 1.5 miles from Bath was perfect for this as well as for middle class professionals. These are mainly buildings along North Road, The Avenue, Belmont Road and Church Road east of Hopecote Lodge.

A list of all of these listed buildings with reference links to Images of England - an online photographic record of all the listed buildings in England at the date of February 2001 - is given below.

Notable residents[edit]

Henry John Patch (better known as Harry Patch) was born in Combe Down in 1898; both his father and grandfather were local stonemasons. His family home is still in existence in Gladstone Road. Patch was briefly the third oldest man in the world [107] and the last trench veteran of World War I. He died in July 2009, aged 111, by which time he was the last soldier to have fought in the trenches, the second last surviving British war veteran and one of four surviving soldiers from the conflict worldwide. His memoir, The Last Fighting Tommy, records his Combe Down childhood in some detail. His funeral cortege passed through Combe Down village on its way to his burial in Monkton Combe churchyard.

Herbert Lambert FRPS, 1881–1936, Bath portrait photographer and harpsichord and clavichord maker.[108]

Frederic Weatherly, the composer of the song Danny Boy, lived at Grosvenor Lodge (now renamed St Christopher [73]) in Belmont Road during the second decade of the 20th century.[109]

Charlie McDonnell, the most subscribed YouTube vlogger in the United Kingdom, grew up in Combe Down before moving to London in 2010.[110]

Chris Anderson, founder of Future Publishing and curator of TED lived at Combe Ridge on Belmont Road for some years.

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External links[edit]

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Category:Areas of Bath, Somerset Category:Villages in Bath and North East Somerset Category:Electoral wards in Bath and North East Somerset

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