User:Biktor627/Sakha romanizations
Romanization systems for Sakha[edit]
Because there is no standardized romanization system for Sakha, there is significant variation between different works. These systems are based on romanization systems for Russian Cyrillic, IPA, the Common Turkic Alphabet (CTA), as well as the orthography of standard Turkish.
- Krue.= Krueger (1962)[1]
- St. & Mz.=Stachowsky & Menz (1998)[2]
- Vin.= Vinokurova (2005)[3]
- Pknd.= Pakendorf (2007)[4]
- Ptrv.= Petrova (2011)[5]
- Rb. & Sv.'= Robeets & Savalyev (2020)[6]
- ALA=ALA-LA romanization conventions for Non-Slavic languages written in the Cyrillic Script.[7]
Grayed out rows are only used in Russian (and thus contingent on how one chooses to translate palatalized segments).
| Cyrillic | IPA | CTA | Krue. | St. & Mz. | Vin. | Pknd. | Ptrv. | Rb. & Sv. | ALA | Other variants |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А а | /a/ | A a | a | |||||||
| Б б | /b/ | B b | b | |||||||
| В в | /v/ | V v | v | |||||||
| Г г | /g/ | G g | g | |||||||
| Ҕ ҕ | [ɣ~ʁ] | Ğ ğ[a] | ɣ | q | ɣ | gh | 5[b] | |||
| Д д | /d/ | D d | d | |||||||
| Дь дь | /d͡ʒ/, /ɟ͡ʝ/[c] | C c | ǰ | dj | j | ʤ | d' | |||
| Е е | /je/, /e/ | ye, e | e, ye | — | e | e, ye | e | |||
| Ё ё | /jo/ | — | — | ë | ||||||
| Ж ж | /ʒ/ | J j | ž | — | ž | zh | ||||
| З з | /z/ | Z z | z | — | z | — | z | |||
| И и | /i, ɪ/ | İ i | i | |||||||
| Й й | /j/ | Y y | y | y | j | y | y | ĭ | ||
| /j̃/ | — | ɏ | ỹ | ― | ỹ | — | ||||
| К к | /k/ | K k | k | |||||||
| Л л | /l~ɫ/ | L l | l | |||||||
| М м | /m/ | M m | m | |||||||
| Н н | /n/ | N n | n | |||||||
| Ҥ ҥ | /ŋ/ | Ñ ñ | ŋ | n͡g | ||||||
| Нь нь | /ɲ/ | — | ń | nj | ń | ñ | ń | n' | ||
| О о | O | O o | o | o | ||||||
| Ө ө | /œ~ø/ | Ö ö | ö | ȯ | ||||||
| П п | /p/ | P p | p | |||||||
| Р р | /r~ɾ/ | R r | r | |||||||
| Һ һ | /h/ | H h | h | ḣ | ||||||
| Т т | /t/ | T t | t | |||||||
| У у | /u/ | U u | u | |||||||
| Ү ү | /y/ | Ü ü | ü | u̇ | ||||||
| Ф ф | /f/ | F f | f | — | f | |||||
| Х х | /χ, q, x/ | X x, Q q | χ | x | χ | kh | χ | kh | ||
| Ц ц | /ts/ | — | c | — | c | — | t͡s | |||
| Ч ч | /t͡ʃ/ | Ç ç | č | cc | č | ch | ||||
| Ш ш | /ʃ/ | Ş ş | š | — | š | sh | ||||
| Щ щ | /ɕː/ | — | šč | — | šʲ | — | shch | |||
| Ъ ъ | /◌.j/ | — | " | — | " | |||||
| Ы ы | [ɯ~ɨ] | I ı | ı | ï | y | ï | y | ɨ | ||
| Ь ь | /◌ʲ/ | — | ' | — | ' | — | ' | |||
| Э э | [e, ɛ] | E e | —[d] | e | ė | ä[8] | ||||
| Ю ю | /ju/ | — | yu | — | yu | — | i͡u | |||
| Я я | /ja/ | — | ya | — | ya | — | i͡a | ja | ||
| long vowels: |
/aː/ | â | aa | ā | aa | a: | aa | aː | aa | |
| Cyrillic | IPA | CTA | Krue. | St. & Mz. | Vin. | Pknd. | Ptrv. | Rb. & Sv. | ALA | Other variants |
Notes[edit]
- ^ The Turkish "soft g" is used to show lengthening of the vowel before, and is the result of compensatory lengthening from the loss of Proto-Turkic *g (Vː< Vɣ < Vg). Sakha lost the reflex of Proto-Turkic *g in it pre-recorded history (c.f. PT *ogul [ogul] 'boy; son', MTrk. oğul [oːl], Az. oğul [oɣul], Sah. uol. Modern Sakha <ҕ> is an intervocalic allophone of a reflex for PT *k (Old Turkic /q/), (c.f. 'nine' PT *tokuŕ, OT toquz, Trk dokuz, Sah toɣus).
- ^ <5> is a variant used in Cyrillic for <ҕ> which speakers may use if they do not have access to a Sakha keyboard. Additionally, <ҕ> is the same key as <5> on the Sakha keyboard and also visually resembles the number 5.
- ^ /ɟ͡ʝ/ is listed on the Yakut language page, but there is no citation.
- ^ Krueger omits <э>, perhaps in error.
Comparison in examples[edit]
As can be gleaned from the above, the main points of variation concern the fricatives ҕ /ɣ/, х /χ/, and the seriesи /i/, й /j/, ы /ɨ/, and дь /d͡ʒ/.
| (1) | ||
a. дьон people /d͡ʒon/ (ipa) 'people' | ||
| i. | ǰon | |
| ii. | ʤon | |
| iii. | jon | |
| iv. | d'on | |
b. айыы creation /ajɯː/ (ipa) 'creation' | ||
| i. | ajıı | |
| ii. | ayï: | |
| iii. | ïyïː | |
| iv. | aĭyy | |
c. бу DEM ыт dog аттааҕар horse-COMP түгэнник fast-ADV сүүрэр run-PRES /bu/ /ɯt/ /at.taːɣar/ /tyrgɛn.nɪk/ /syːrɛr/ (ipa) 'This dog runs faster than a horse' | ||
| i. | bu ıt attaaɣar türgennik süürer | |
| ii. | bu ït atta:ɣar türgännik sü:rär | |
| iii. | bu ït attaːɣar türgennik süːrer | |
| iv. | bu yt attaaghar tu̇rgennik su̇u̇rer | |
d. эһэ bear бөрөтөөҕөр wolf-COMP күүстээх strong-have /ɛhɛ/ /bøɾøtøːɣør/ /kystɛːχ/ (ipa) 'A bear is stronger than a wolf' | ||
| i. | ehe böröötööɣör küüsteeχ | |
| ii. | ähä börötö:ɣör kü:stä:χ | |
| iii. | ehe börötöːɣör kü:steːχ | |
| iv. | eḣe bȯrȯtȯȯghȯr ku̇u̇steekh | |
References[edit]
- ^ Krueger, John R. (1962). Yakut Manual. Bloomington: Indiana U Press.
- ^ Stachowski, Marek; Menz, Astrid (1998). "Yakut". In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (eds.). The Turkic Languages. Routledge.
- ^ Vinokurova, Nadezhda (2005). Lexical Categories and Argument Structure: A study with reference to Sakha (Thesis). Universiteit Utrecht.
- ^ Pakendorf, Brigitte (2007). Contact in the prehistory of the Sakha (Yakuts): Linguistic and genetic perspectives (Thesis). Universiteit Leiden.
- ^ Petrova, Nyurguyana (2011). Lexican and Clause-Linkage Properties of the Converbal Constructions in Sakha (Yakut) (Thesis). University of Buffalo.
- ^ Robbeets, Martine; Savalyev, Alexander (2020). "Romanization Conventions". In Robbeets, Martine; Savalyev, Alexander (eds.). The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages. Oxford University Press. p. lxxxii.
- ^ "Non-Slavic languages (in Cyrillic Script)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^ Johanson, Lars (2021). Turkic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.