User:سائغ/N3

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World Rugby is the world governing body for the sport of rugby union.[1] World Rugby organises the Rugby World Cup every four years, the sport's most recognised and most profitable competition.[2] It also organises a number of other international rugby competitions, such as the World Rugby Sevens Series, the Rugby World Cup Sevens, the World Under 20 Championship, and the Pacific Nations Cup.

World Rugby's headquarters are in Dublin, Ireland.[3][4] Its membership now comprises 120 national unions.[5] Each member country must also be a member of one of the six regional unions into which the world is divided: Africa, Americas North, Asia, Europe, South America and Oceania.[6]

World Rugby was founded as the International Rugby Football Board (IRFB) in 1886 by Scotland, Wales and Ireland, with England joining in 1890.[7] Australia, New Zealand and South Africa became full members in 1949.[7] France became a member in 1978 and a further eighty members joined from 1987 to 1999.[7] The body was renamed the International Rugby Board (IRB) in 1998, and took up its current name of World Rugby in November 2014.[8]

In 2009, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) voted to include rugby sevens in the 2016 Summer Olympics.[9] World Rugby gained membership of the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF) in 2010.[10]

History[edit]

The minutes of the first formal meeting of the IRFB, from a meeting attended by Lyle and McAlistair of Ireland, Carrick and Gardner of Scotland, Mullock and Lyne of Wales

Until 1885 the laws of rugby football were made by England as the founder nation. However, following a disputed try in an international between Scotland and England in 1884, letters were exchanged in which England claimed that they made the laws, and the try should stand.[11] Scotland refused to play England in the 1885 Home Nations Championship. Following the dispute, the home unions of Scotland, Ireland and Wales decided to form an international union whose membership would agree on the standard rules of rugby football. The three nations met in Dublin in 1886, though no formal regulations were agreed upon. On 5 December 1887, committee members of the Irish Rugby Football Union, Scottish Rugby Union (named the Scottish Football Union at the time) and Welsh Rugby Union met in Manchester and wrote up the first four principles of the International Rugby Football Board. England refused to take part in the founding of the IRFB, stating that they should have greater representation, as they had more clubs.[12] The England Union also refused to accept the IRFB as the recognised lawmaker of the game.[12] This led to the IRFB taking the stance of member countries not playing England until they joined, and no games were played against England in 1888 and 1889.[13] In 1890 England joined the IRFB, gaining six seats while the other unions had two each.[13] The same year, the IRFB wrote the first international laws of rugby union.[14]

In 1893, the IRFB was faced with the divide between amateurism and professionalism, which was nicknamed the "Great Schism". Following the introduction of working-class men to the game in Northern England, clubs began paying "broken time" payments to players, due to the loss of earnings from playing on a Saturday.[15] Cumberland County Union also complained of another club using monetary incentives to lure players, leading to the IRFB conducting an enquiry. The IRFB was warned by all the chief clubs in Lancashire and Yorkshire that any punishment would lead to the clubs seceding from the union.[15] The debate over broken time payments ultimately caused the 22 leading clubs in Yorkshire and Lancashire to form the Northern Rugby Football Union. The competing unions' laws of the game diverged almost immediately; the northern body's code eventually became known as rugby league football.[15]

England's seats on the IRFB were reduced from six to four in 1911. The Australian Rugby Union, New Zealand Rugby Football Union and South African Rugby Board joined the board with one seat each in 1948, with England's seats being reduced to two, the same as the other home nations. The three Southern Hemisphere unions were given a second seat each in 1958.[16] The French Rugby Federation was admitted in 1978, the USA Rugby Football Union in 1987, and the Argentine Rugby Union, Canadian Rugby Union, Italian Rugby Federation and Japan Rugby Football Union were admitted in 1991.[13] In 2016, the Georgia Rugby Union, Romanian Rugby Federation, and the USA were added to the voting Council with one vote each. Additionally, current Council members Argentina, Canada and Italy were granted a second representative and vote. The six regional associations represented on the Council also received an additional vote.[17]

Rugby World Cup[edit]

Main article: History of the Rugby World Cup

In the 1960s Australians Harold Tolhurst and Jock Kellaher suggested a World Rugby Championship be held in Australia but the IRFB refused.[18] In 1983 and 1984 respectively, the Australian and New Zealand Rugby Football Unions each proposed hosting such a tournament.[19] The following year the board committed to conduct a feasibility study. A year later another meeting took place in Paris, and the Union subsequently voted on the idea. The South African Rugby Board's vote that proved crucial in setting up a tied vote, as they voted in favour, even though they knew they would be excluded due to the sporting boycott because of their apartheid policies. English and Welsh votes then changed, and the vote was won 10 to 6.[19]

Member unions[edit]

See also: List of international rugby union teams
Member and Associated Unions
  Member Union
  Associated Union

As at November 2020, World Rugby has 108 member unions and 20 associate member unions.[needs update][20]

Membership of World Rugby is a four-step process:[21]

  1. A Union must apply to become an associate member of its Regional Union
  2. After all membership criteria are met, including one year as an associate member, the Union is admitted to the Regional Union as a full member
  3. After completion of stages 1 and 2, and two years as a full member of a Regional Union, the Union may then apply to become an Associate member of World Rugby. As an associate member, the union can participate in World Rugby funded tournaments but not the Rugby World Cup
  4. Following two years of associate membership of World Rugby, the union may then apply to become a Full Member

Regional Unions

Six regional associations, which represent each continent, are affiliated with World Rugby and help to develop the fifteen-a-side game as well as Rugby sevens across the world. Not all members of the regional associations are members of World Rugby. Below is a list of member and associate unions and their regional associations with the year that they joined World Rugby. Associate unions are in italics.

Africa[edit]

Further information: Rugby Africa

There are 21 World Rugby members and 4 World Rugby associates:

Suspended unions:

Notes:

  1. ^ Ghana joined World Rugby as an associate member in 2004, and became a full member in 2017.[22]
  2. ^ Mauritania, previously an associate member since 2003, was suspended in November 2013 due to inactivity.[23]

 * Denotes associate membership date.

Asia[edit]

Further information: Asia Rugby

There are 19 World Rugby members, and 8 World Rugby associates:[Asia 1]

Suspended unions:

Notes:

  1. ^ The Arabian Gulf Rugby Football Union was disbanded in 2010.
  2. ^ UAE became the 100th full member of the IRB in November 2012.[25]
  3. ^ Cambodia, previously an associate member since 2004, was expelled in 2016 for not complying with membership criteria.[24]

 * Denotes associate membership date.

Europe[edit]

Further information: Rugby Europe

There are 38 World Rugby members, and 4 World Rugby associates:


Suspended unions:

Notes:

  1. ^ Slovakia became an associate in 2016,[27] although the Handbook incorrectly recorded the country's name as Slovenia (a member since 1996).[28]
  2. ^ Greece, previously a member since 2004, was suspended in 2014 after the union lost official government recognition.[26]

 * Denotes associate membership date.

North America[edit]

Further information: Rugby Americas North

There are 11 World Rugby members, and 2 World Rugby associates:


Notes:

 * Denotes associate membership date.

South America[edit]

Further information: Sudamérica Rugby

There are 9 World Rugby members, and 2 World Rugby associate:


Notes:

 * Denotes associate membership date.

Oceania[edit]

Further information: Oceania Rugby

There are 12 World Rugby members:


Participation figures[edit]

World Rugby's largest members, ranked by number of participants in 2019, are:[29]

  1. England England (2.11 million)
  2. United States United States (1.48 million)
  3. South Africa South Africa (692,000)
  4. France France (533,000)
  5. Australia Australia (477,000)
  6. Japan Japan (296,000)
  7. Colombia Colombia (266,000)
  8. Fiji Fiji (225,000)
  9. Canada Canada (217,000)
  10. China China (215,000)
  11. Ireland Ireland (210,000)
  12. Scotland Scotland (182,000)
  13. Brazil Brazil (174,000)
  14. Argentina Argentina (161,000)
  15. New Zealand New Zealand (156,000)
  16. Kenya Kenya (123,000)
  17. Spain Spain (114,000)
  18. Russia Russia (109,000)
  19. Wales Wales (108,000)
  20. Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (96,000)

Governance[edit]

Council[edit]

The World Rugby Council meets twice a year and manages and controls the affairs of World Rugby.[30] The Council formulates and oversees the implementation of World Rugby's strategic plan and application of policy decisions, and selects the host nation(s) for the Rugby World Cup. The Council considers recommendations of the General Assembly. The Council may admit or expel member nations. The Council is also the supreme legislative authority of World Rugby. Most Council decisions require approval of simple majority, but to amend the World Rugby's by-laws, regulations, or the Laws of the Game requires approval of three quarters of the Council.

Prior to 2016, the Council had 28 voting members from 12 national unions. In November 2015, World Rugby announced that they would add more unions to the voting council and give the six regional associations two votes each on the council.[31][32]

As of April 2020, the council had 52 members including the non-voting chairman, so there were 51 voting members from 18 national unions and 6 regional associations, allocated as follows:[33][34]

In total, Europe has 22 votes; Oceania 10 votes; South America 6 votes; Africa 5 votes; North America 4 votes and Asia 4 votes.

A Chairman and Vice Chairman are elected from among the council members.[35] These positions are held by Bill Beaumont of England and Bernard Laporte of France, respectively, elected as of April 2020.[36][37]

Executive committee[edit]

The Executive Committee, in accordance with bye-laws 9.14–9.16, ensures the effective management and operation of the World Rugby.[38] The Committee formulates and monitors the implementation of the World Rugby's strategic plan, business plan, operational plan and budget. In 2016, as part of the reforms to the World Rugby Council, the Executive Committee was increased to 12 members. The Chairman, Vice-Chairman, nine elected officials, including two independent members, and the Chief Executive sit on the World Rugby Executive Committee.[39]

General Assembly[edit]

A General Assembly of the full membership is convened every two years.[4] The General Assembly may make recommendations to the Council, and may consider business that the Council has referred to it,[40] but the General Assembly has no legislative powers.[41]

Leadership[edit]

The Chairman and Vice-Chairman of the World Rugby are elected by the Council. The current chairman is Bill Beaumont, previously president of the Rugby Football Union (RFU). He was elected chairman effective on 1 July 2016 following the Executive Council vote on 11 May 2016. Previous chairmen include Bernard Lapasset (2008 to 2016), Syd Millar (2002 to 2007) and Vernon Pugh, QC (1994 to 2002).

In July 2012, Brett Gosper was appointed as the new Chief Executive of what was then the IRB.[42] He will leave this role at the end of 2020 to become head of the National Football League's operations in Europe and the UK.[43]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference times-1998 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ "Rugby World Cup History". Rugby Football History. Retrieved 14 July 2006.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference it-2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference irb-org was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ "World Rugby Member Unions". World Rugby. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
  6. ^ World Rugby Handbook 2014, p. 20.
  7. ^ a b c IRB Handbook 2013, pp. 15–20.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference irb-name-wr was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference rfh-olmpics was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ "Members". ASOIF. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference ru-museum was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ a b "1880s". Rugby Football History. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  13. ^ a b c "History of the laws of rugby football". Rugby Football History. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
  14. ^ "History of the Game". rugby.com.au. Archived from the original on 19 August 2006. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  15. ^ a b c "1890s". rugbyfootballhistory.com. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  16. ^ "Major team and individual sports". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 October 2011.[permanent dead link]
  17. ^ Sero, Nick (11 May 2016). "USA Welcomed to Expanded WorldRugby Council". usarugby.org. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  18. ^ "A brief history of the Rugby World Cup". worldrugbymuseum.blog/. Retrieved 12 December 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ^ a b "The History of RWC". worldcupweb.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2006.
  20. ^ "Member unions". World Rugby. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference irb-rev-2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ "Ghana welcomed as full member union of World Rugby" (Press release). World Rugby. 21 May 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  23. ^ Cite error: The named reference asoif-2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference arn-2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ "UAE become 100th full member of the IRB". RTÉ. 27 November 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  26. ^ ""Λουκέτο" στο ράγκμπι". Sport24 (in Greek). Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  27. ^ World Rugby Handbook 2017, p. 19.
  28. ^ World Rugby Handbook 2017, p. 17.
  29. ^ World Rugby Review 2019, p. 68.
  30. ^ IRB bye-law 9, http://www.irb.com/mm/Document/AboutIRB/IRBConstitution/02/03/02/20/2030220_PDF.pdf Archived 1 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ "Expanded game representation and independence at the heart of World Rugby governance reform" (Press release). World Rugby. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  32. ^ Sero, Nick (10 November 2015). "USA Rugby Reaction to WorldRugby Governance Reform". usarugby.org. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  33. ^ "World Rugby Election update". World Rugby. 2 May 2020.
  34. ^ "Council Members". World Rugby. 22 April 2016. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020.
  35. ^ "World Rugby welcomes Fiji and Samoa onto expanded Council" (Press release). World Rugby. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  36. ^ "Bill Beaumont elected next World Rugby Chairman". worldrugby.org. 11 May 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  37. ^ "Bill Beaumont re-elected World Rugby chairman for a second term". ESPN. 2 May 2020.
  38. ^ IRB bye-laws, http://www.irb.com/mm/Document/AboutIRB/IRBConstitution/02/03/02/20/2030220_PDF.pdf Archived 1 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ "Expanded game representation and independence at the heart of World Rugby governance reform". worldrugby.org. 10 November 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  40. ^ IRB bye-law 8, http://www.irb.com/mm/Document/AboutIRB/IRBConstitution/02/03/02/20/2030220_PDF.pdf Archived 1 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^ Addleshaw Goddard, Putting Rugby First, July 2008, http://www.puttingrugbyfirst.com/downloads/Putting_Rugby_First.pdf Archived 2 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^ "Gosper appointed IRB Chief Executive". Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  43. ^ "World Rugby Executive Gosper to leave role for NFL". ESPN.com. Reuters. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
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