Talk:Natural product/Outline
Classes[edit]
Based on function[edit]
- Kossel reference, and dispensable/indispensable and intrinsic/extrinsic dichotomies.
draft prose
|
|---|
|
Following Albrecht Kossel's original proposal in 1891,[1] natural products are often divided into two major classes, the primary and secondary metabolites.[2][3] Primary metabolites have an intrinsic function that is essential to the survival of the organism that produces them. Secondary metabolites in contrast have an extrinsic function that mainly affects other organisms. Secondary metabolites are not essential to survival but do increase the competitiveness of the organism within its environment. |
Primary metabolites[edit]
- Essential cellular functions—nutrient assimilation, energy production, and growth/development.
- Wide species distribution
- Include carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids, proteins, macromolecular assemblies
- includes enzymes, amino acids, cofactors
- Includea cell membranes, cell walls, and cytoskeletal proteins
- includes DNA, RNA
- Includes primary signal molecule — hormones, growth factors
- peptides
- biogenic amine
- steroid hormonea
- auxins and gibberellin
- etc.
- primary metabolites
- cyclic nucleotides,
- diacyl glycerolS
- ETC.
draft prose
|
|---|
|
Primary metabolites as defined by Kossel are components of basic metabolic pathways that are required for life. They are associated with essential cellular functions such as nutrient assimilation, energy production, and growth/development. They have a wide species distribution that span many phyla and frequently more than one kingdom. Primary metabolites include carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids[2][3] which are the basic building blocks of life.[4] Primary metabolites that are involved with energy production include respiratory and photosynthetic enzymes. Enzymes in turn are composed of amino acids and often non-peptidic cofactors that are essential for enzyme function.[5] The basic structure of cells and of organisms are also composed of primary metabolites. These include cell membranes (phospholipids), cell walls (peptidoglycans), and cytoskeletons (proteins).[6] DNA and RNA which store and transmit genetic information are composed of nucleic acid primary metabolites.[5] First messengers are signaling molecules that control metabolism or cellular differentiation. These signaling molecules include hormones and growth factors in turn are composed of peptides, biogenic amines, steroid hormones, auxins, gibberellins, etc. These first messengers interact with cellular receptors which are composed of proteins. Cellular receptor in turn activate second messengers are used to relay the extracellular message to intracellular targets. These signaling molecules include the primary metabolites cyclic nucleotides, diacyl glycerol, etc.[7] |
Secondary metabolites[edit]
- Dispensable, not absolutely required
- Narrow species distribution.
- Function of many unknown.
- Confer a competitive advantage
- Alternatively, no specific function, general presence of biosynthetic pathways provides general selective advantage
Includes pheromones Includes siderophores, Includes "competitive weapons"
- repellants
- venoms
- toxins
- Structural classes
- alkaloids
- phenylpropanoid
- polyketides
- terpenoids
draft prose
|
|---|
|
Secondary in contrast to primary metabolites are dispensable and are not absolutely required for survival. Furthermore secondary metabolites typically have a narrow species distribution. Other than they are dispensable, the function of many secondary metabolites is otherwise unknown. It is assumed however that they confer a competitive advantage to the organism that produces them.[8] An alternative view is that in analogy to the immune system, a majority of individual secondary metabolites have no specific function, but having the machinery in place to produce these diverse chemical structures is important so that a few useful secondary metabolites that are useful are produced and selected for.[9] Secondary metabolites are used for a broad range of purposes. These include pheromones that act as social signaling molecules with other individuals of the same species, signaling molecules that attract and activate symbiotic organisms, agents that solubilize and transport nutrients (siderophores, etc.), and competitive weapons (repellants, venoms, toxins, etc.) that are used against competitors, prey, and predators.[10] General structural classes of secondary metabolites include alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, polyketides, and terpenoids[11] which are described in more detail in the biosynthesis section below. |
Based on biosynthesis[edit]
Major classes of based on Dewick (2009)
Acetate pathway[edit]
Acetate pathway → fatty acids and polyketides
Shikimate pathway[edit]
Shikimate pathway → aromatic amino acids and phenylpropanoids
Mevalonate methyletrythritol phosphate pathways[edit]
Mevalonate pathway and methyletrythritol phosphate pathway → terpenoids and steroids
Amino acid pathways[edit]
amino acids → alkaloids
Based on source[edit]
- prokaryotic
- bacterial
- archaeal
- eukaryotic
- plant
- fungi
- animal
- marine/terrestrial
(essentially a brief systematic summariy of sources appearing in the current "Natural sources" section, so phrases "marine NP", "fungal NP", etc, have meaning going forward)
(discussion of difficulty of assigning single organism sources in commensal and other cases) (dividing current sections thus, removes issue of animals, plants having two possible locations in current outline, and having venom and toxins similarly confounded as to location; bottom line, a simpler basis of categories than the current is proposed) (propose need for substantial shortening of this section, to not overwhelm developing article, and to allow room for biological functions, examples)
Medical uses[edit]
- Traditional medicine and ethnopharmacology
- Modern pharmacotherapy
- Marketed drugs
- Oncology
- Infectious diseases
- Other areas
- Off-market examples
Notable examples[edit]
- microbial antibiotics
- microbial mycotoxins
- plant semiochemicals
- plant colorants
(familiar or societally impactful cases, from red tide to yew needles)
Isolation, purification, and analytical techniques[edit]
- Sources and preparation
- Crude extracts
(can include and wikilink to herbal remedies)
- Purifications
- Analyses
Structure and properties[edit]
- Structure determination
- Property determination
Biotechnology applications[edit]
- screening type assays, incl. HTS
- individual compound assay
- pharmacologic evaluation
- tool compound use
- toxicology
Commercial production[edit]
- Via harvest
- Via biotechnology
- Microbial (incl. fermentation)
- Plant tissue
- Semisynthesis
- Other
Chemical synthesis[edit]
- Microbial transformations
- Semisynthesis
- Total synthesis
- Combinatorial synthesis and biosynthesis
Research and teaching[edit]
- Pharmacognosy
- Chemical ecology
- Ethnopharmacology
- Chemistry
(including remaining aspects of current "Impact on chemistry" section)
- Other areas
(to include phylogenetics, systems biology, and chemoinformatics, as described in Sammuelsson)
Other commercial aspects[edit]
(including legal definitions and regulations)
History[edit]
(parts of what are now in the impact on chemistry, but mostly new, from a richly sourced literature, including significant societal impacts)
References[edit]
- ^ Kossel A (1891). "Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung der Zelle". Archiv für Physiologie (in German): 181–186.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Kliebenstein DJ (2004). "Secondary metabolites and plant/environment interactions: a view through Arabidopsis thaliana tinged glasses". Plant, Cell and Environment. 27 (6): 675–684. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2004.01180.x.
In 1891, following Stahls work on plant biochemistry, Kossel suggested a distinction between basic and secondary metabolism (Stahl 1888).
- ^ a b Karlovsky P (2008). "Secondary metabolites in soil ecology". Soil Biology. 14: 1–19. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74543-3_1.
The current, generally accepted concept in line with Kossel's view is that primary metabolites are chemical components of living organisms that are vital for their normal functioning, while secondary metabolites are compounds which are dispensable.
- ^ Rogers K (2011). The components of life: from nucleic acids to carbohydrates (1st ed.). New York, NY: Britannica Educational Publishing in association with Rosen Educational Services. ISBN 978-1-61530-324-3.
- ^ a b Cox DL, Nelson MM (2013). Lehninger Principles of biochemistry (6th ed.). New York, N.Y.: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-4641-0962-1.
- ^ Boal D (2006). Mechanics of the cell (4th printing ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79681-1.
- ^ Sitaramayya A (1999). Introduction to cellular signal transduction. Boston: Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-0-8176-3982-2.
- ^ Williams DH, Stone MJ, Hauck PR, Rahman SK (1989). "Why are secondary metabolites (natural products) biosynthesized?". J. Nat. Prod. 52 (6): 1189–208. doi:10.1021/np50066a001. PMID 2693613.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Firn RD, Jones CG (2000). "The evolution of secondary metabolism - a unifying model" (PDF). Mol. Microbiol. 37 (5): 989–94. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.02098.x. PMID 10972818.
- ^ Demain AL, Fang A (2000). "The natural functions of secondary metabolites". Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 69: 1–39. doi:10.1007/3-540-44964-7_1. PMID 11036689.
- ^ Hanson JR (2003). Natural products: the secondary metabolites. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 978-0-85404-490-0.