Reconstruction efforts after the Russo-Georgian War

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Russo-Georgian War
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Georgia (country) Abkhazia South Ossetia Russia

The Russo-Georgian War caused major infrastructural and economic damage throughout Georgian and South Ossetian territory. Many countries promised reconstruction aid to the affected regions.

Georgia[edit]

On 19 August 2008, Armenia and Azerbaijan sent construction materials and specialists to Georgia to help in the reconstruction of the railway bridge in Kaspi Municipality blown up on 16 August 2008.[1]

Georgia's war damage was assessed to be $3 billion by the international commission. A donors' conference for Georgia was scheduled to be held on October 22.[2][3] On 20 October 2008, on the sidelines of an international high level conference in Belgium on "The Future of Parliamentary Involvement in Global Health and Development", the humanitarian situation in Georgia was also discussed.[4] On 22 October 2008, the United States pledged $1 billion economic support package at a EU-organised donors’ conference in Brussels; this came after earlier aid of nearly $40 million in emergency humanitarian assistance.[5] The European Commission added another €500 million. Many nations did not disclose their actual pledges. According to diplomats, Germany had promised additional €33.7 million in addition to their pre-war promise of €35 million. Sweden offered €40 million. France promised €7 million.[6] Japanese offer of $200 million in infrastructure recovery aid over three years included the condition of Georgia's continuation of democratic and economic reforms. The International Monetary Fund pledged a $750 million credit. The European Investment Bank pledged €200 million reconstruction credit.[5] Estonia pledged €1 million.[7]

In total, the Brussels conference agreed to provide $4.55 billion for Georgia from 67 entities.[5] The amount far exceeded the $3.25 billion estimate of the World Bank and United Nations.[5] Of the total, $2 billion would be awarded as a gift and most of the money would be put into the private sector.[6]

Georgian Prime Minister Lado Gurgenidze said, "We are deeply moved and humbled by the demonstration of solidarity and support that we have received." He observed the pledges were issued despite the ongoing effects of a global financial crisis. He then added that "Every single, euro, dollar and pound will make Georgia stronger, more prosperous, freer, more democratic and more genuinely and thoroughly European." Joint summit host, EU External Affairs Commissioner Benita Ferrero-Waldner, said of the occasion and its outcome, "This is a day of joy." The pledge came after growth forecasts for Georgia's economy were reduced from 9 percent to 3.5 percent with 127,000 newly displaced people resulting from the conflict.[6]

The World Bank official suggested in early December 2008 that if the donors' conference had been held later than October 2008, there was no guarantee that Georgia would have received any aid. Georgia was spared from the 2007–2008 financial crisis as a result of the financial aid.[8]

South Ossetia[edit]

Reconstruction in Tskhinvali after the war
President Eduard Kokoity inspecting reconstruction work in August, 2009

On 12 August 2008, the Government of Moscow announced they were planning to spend 2.5 billion rubles for the construction of Moskovsky mikrorayon (Moscow's micro-district) in South Ossetia, which would house up to 4 thousand residents.[9] The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations announced on 29 August 2008 that all 6 schools in Tskhinvali had been restored and new school year would begin on 1 September 2008.[10]

In September 2008, hundreds of workers for the reconstruction of Tskhinvali were deployed by Russia.[11] South Ossetian Prime Minister Boris Chochiev said that Russia "promised to pay South Ossetians up to $2,000 each in compensation for war damage."[11] In September 2008, Russia financed payment of pensions for South Ossetian pensioners, financed aid for unemployed and subsidised families that lost their houses during the war.[12] Russian reconstruction aid for South Ossetia was $490 million. However, there were serious concerns about the effectiveness of the distribution of Russian aid by South Ossetian authorities.[13] In December 2008, President Eduard Kokoity said that there were irregularities in the reconstruction process, such as the artificially ballooned prices and fraud.[14][15] However, the contractors were surprised by Kokoity's allegations of inflated prices. Russian Emergencies Minister Sergey Shoigu was ordered by Russian president Dmitry Medvedev to help to fix "the state mechanism" of South Ossetia against the backdrop of this scandal.[16] In late December, Kokoity accused the Russian newspaper Kommersant of publishing falsehoods about him.[17]

In March 2009, the Russian Finance Ministry received an order from Prime Minister Vladimir Putin to prepare an agreement on financial aid to Abkhazia and South Ossetia.[18] Russia would allocate 8.5 billion rubles to South Ossetia for the reconstruction in 2009 only after South Ossetia would agree to the Russian monitoring of spending.[19] South Ossetian information minister Irina Gagloeva told Vedomosti newspaper that all reconstruction work was practically halted. South Ossetian finance minister Inal Pukhaev said that South Ossetia had completely spent 1.5 billion Russian rubles received in 2008 on the reconstruction. However, there were complaints of poor quality.[20] On 16 March 2009, Kommersant newspaper reported that the meeting of the commission on financing of South Ossetia of the Russian Ministry of Regional Development was postponed for the fourth time. The reporter stated that South Ossetia looked almost the same as during the war 7 months before. There never had been any reconstruction work in the villages at all.[21] The Russian Finance Ministry allocated 2.8 billion rubles from the Russian federal budget to South Ossetia on 17 March 2009.[22]

Vadim Brovtsev was appointed as Prime Minister of South Ossetia in August 2009 to control the spending of the Russian financial aid for the reconstruction.[23] Kommersant reported that Tskhinvali looked almost the same on the anniversary of the war as 1 year before and no construction had been finished. The office of one of contractors had been robbed several days before and the victims were advised by the South Ossetian police to forget about money and leave South Ossetia altogether. Several Tskhinvali residents were quoted as saying that the visit of President Medvedev in July 2009 had jumpstarted the construction process and the foundations for the buildings were built in 3 weeks.[24] Head physician of the Tskhinvali City hospital told Alexander Kots (journalist) that the recent visit of the Russian-appointed new Prime Minister was the first time in an year that a government official had visited the hospital and this gave him hope that the hospital would be reconstructed.[25] On 30 September 2009, 150 Tskhinvali residents held an unsanctioned rally demanding the reconstruction of their damaged residential houses.[26] On 1 October 2009, South Ossetian residents sent a letter to Medvedev and Putin. They complained about the slow pace of the reconstruction and embezzlement of the Russian financial aid.[27][28] Kommersant reported in December 2009 that only 100 buildings out of 3500 damaged had been restored in South Ossetia and the Russian money had ran out. Russia was no longer going to grant new financial aid for the reconstruction.[29]

In August 2010, Eduard Kokoity accused "pro-Georgian forces" in Moscow for sabotaging the reconstruction of South Ossetia.[30] In October 2010, Prime Minister of South Ossetia Vadim Brovtsev inspected the construction sites. He was disappointed by the slow pace of the construction of the municipal housing.[31] Kommersant reported in March 2011 that although the Russian and South Ossetian authorities had claimed that South Ossetia's reconstruction was finished, not all damaged houses had been repaired and many victims living in poor conditions were dying in wait for the houses.[32]

In October 2011, Russian journalist Arkady Babchenko reported that one of the reasons behind a sharp fall in the approval rating of President Eduard Kokoity was the disappearance of Russian aid money.[33]

In 2013, the Russian Prosecutor General's Office opened 60 criminal cases of embezzlement of billions of Rubles in South Ossetia.[34]

Pipeline[edit]

The Dzuarikau–Tskhinvali gas pipeline from North Ossetia to Tskhinvali began operation on 26 August 2009. The new pipeline was reported to have cost 15 billion rubles (US$476 million) and was under construction since December 2006. Before the construction, South Ossetia was supplied by gas from Georgia proper through the Agara-Tskhinvali branch of the Tbilisi-Kutaisi trunk system.[35] Dzuarikau-Tskhinvali gas pipeline is among the highest-altitude pipelines in the world.[36]

In popular culture[edit]

In Russia, the aid - and the perceived lack of similar attention given to cities in Russia - inspired the meme and idiom "to bomb Voronezh", with Russians sarcastically suggesting that their cities be bombed as well so their regions could receive as much money as South Ossetia.[37]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Азербайджан и Армения оказывают Грузии помощь в восстановлении железнодорожного моста (in Russian). Tbilisi Today. 19 August 2008. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008.
  2. ^ Международная комиссия оценила ущерб Грузии в $3 миллиарда (in Russian). Interfax. 16 October 2008.
  3. ^ "Georgia donors' conference set for October 21 in Belgium". Expatica. 26 September 2008. Archived from the original on 27 September 2008.
  4. ^ "On October 20 within the frames of his visit to Brussels George Tsereteli, Deputy Chairman of the Parliament of Georgia attended an International High Level Conference on: "The Future of Parliamentary Involvement in Global Health and Development"". Parliament of Georgia. 20 October 2008. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011.
  5. ^ a b c d David McKeeby (22 October 2008). "United States Leads Surge of Donors Rebuilding Georgia". Archived from the original on 24 October 2008.
  6. ^ a b c "Surprisingly large financial aid package pledged to Georgia". Expatica. 23 October 2008. Archived from the original on 30 October 2008.
  7. ^ Эстония окажет Грузии помощь в размере €1 млн (in Russian). gazeta.ru. 22 October 2008.
  8. ^ "Postwar Aid Buffers Georgian Economy". The Wall Street Journal. 3 December 2008. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021.
  9. ^ Власти Москвы предложили построить в Южной Осетии микрорайон (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 12 August 2008.
  10. ^ Россия подарила Цхинвалу День знаний (in Russian). Vzglyad. 29 August 2008.
  11. ^ a b Yuras Karmanau (3 September 2008). "Russia sends cash, builders to S. Ossetia". USA Today.
  12. ^ Россия отправила деньги пенсионерам Осетии (in Russian). Дни.ру. 5 September 2008.
  13. ^ "Six Months after Caucasus War: South Ossetia Becomes Thorn in Russia's Side". Der Spiegel. 24 December 2008.
  14. ^ Кокойты: подрядчики-восстановители шантажируют Южную Осетию (in Russian). gazeta.ru. 4 December 2008.
  15. ^ Ilya Zhegulev (8 December 2008). Осетинский пирог (in Russian). Smart Money. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008.
  16. ^ Olga Allenova; Zaur Farniev (10 December 2008). Сергей Шойгу восстановит имидж Южной Осетии (in Russian). Kommersant.
  17. ^ Кокойты подозревает оппонентов в сговоре с Грузией, а газету "Коммерсант" - в "заказухе" (in Russian). NEWSru.com. 23 December 2008.
  18. ^ "Russian government will conclude an agreement on financial aid with Abkhazia and South Ossetia". REGNUM News Agency. 2 March 2009. Archived from the original on 9 March 2009.
  19. ^ Ваши документы? (in Russian). Vremya Novostei. 5 March 2009.
  20. ^ Denis Malkov (16 March 2009). Заморозки в Цхинвали (in Russian). Vedomosti. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009.
  21. ^ Olga Allenova (16 March 2009). Южная Осетия не восстанавливается на достигнутом (in Russian). Kommersant.
  22. ^ "Russia signs financial aid deals with Abkhazia, South Ossetia-2". RIA Novosti. 17 March 2009. Archived from the original on 29 March 2009.
  23. ^ Zaur Farniev; Akelsandr Reutov (25 September 2009). Россия укрепляет вертикаль в Южной Осетии (in Russian). Kommersant.
  24. ^ Aleksandr Gabuev; Georgy Dvali (10 August 2009). Войну вспомнили на три фронта (in Russian). Kommersant.
  25. ^ Цхинвал только начали строить. До этого год «отсекали мафию» (in Russian). Komsomolskaya Pravda. 12 August 2009.
  26. ^ Anastasia Kirilenko; Mumin Shakirov (30 September 2009). Бунт погорельцев Цхинвали (in Russian). Radio Svoboda. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009.
  27. ^ Группа жителей Южной Осетии, пострадавших во время прошлогоднего августовского конфликта, обратились за помощью к руководству России (in Russian). Echo of Moscow. 1 October 2009. Archived from the original on 2 October 2009.
  28. ^ Обездоленные осетины пожаловались Путину и Медведеву (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 1 October 2009.
  29. ^ «Ъ»: в Южной Осетии кончились деньги на восстановление (in Russian). gazeta.ru. 18 December 2009.
  30. ^ Кокойты обнаружил в Москве "прогрузинские силы" (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 5 August 2010.
  31. ^ Премьер Южной Осетии недоволен темпами строительства муниципального жилья (in Russian). Kavkazsky Uzel. 26 October 2010.
  32. ^ Olga Allenova (17 March 2011). Недостройное поведение (in Russian). Kommersant.
  33. ^ Arkady Babchenko (25 October 2011). Если честных выборов не будет – «там посмотрим» (in Russian). Novaya Gazeta. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011.
  34. ^ Контрольно-счетная палата объявила, как Южная Осетия растратила миллиарды из российского бюджета (in Russian). Sobesednik. 24 July 2013.
  35. ^ "New gas pipeline for S.Ossetia costs $476 mln - Gazprom". RIA Novosti. 26 August 2009. Archived from the original on 11 August 2013.
  36. ^ "Who needs the destabilization of South Ossetia?". RIA Novosti. 26 August 2009. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014.
  37. ^ "Кто и зачем решил «бомбить Воронеж». Или почему прижился этот мем // Радио «Свобода», 2 сентября 2018". Archived from the original on 2022-03-06. Retrieved 2021-04-03.
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