Psoroma
| Psoroma | |
|---|---|
| |
| Psoroma hypnorum | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Peltigerales |
| Family: | Pannariaceae |
| Genus: | Psoroma Ach. ex Michx. (1803) |
| Type species | |
| Psoroma hypnorum | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
Psoroma is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae. The widespread genus contains about 30 species,[4] most of which are found in south temperate regions.[5]
Taxonomy[edit]
The genus was circumscribed by the French botanist André Michaux in 1803.[6]
Some species formerly in Psoroma were transferred to the new genera Psorophorus and Xanthopsoroma in 2010.[7] The genus Joergensenia was erected in 2008 to contain the species formerly known as Psoroma cephalodinum.[8]
Description[edit]
The genus Psoroma is characterised by its small scale-like thallus, with an underlying layer that is barely noticeable. It houses a green algal photobiont, possibly the algae Myrmecia, which collaborates with the fungus to perform photosynthesis. Psoroma species have cephalodia, structures containing the cyanobacterium Nostoc.[9]
The reproductive organs, known as ascomata, are apothecial in form—essentially sessile and somewhat cup-shaped with a raised, enduring edge. Within these structures, the supporting filaments, or paraphyses, may be simple or branch towards their tips, which do not expand or form a cap, staining a dusky blue when iodine is applied. The spore-producing asci are elongated, either club-shaped or cylindrical, featuring a distinctive structure at their tips where a central tube stains blue with iodine within a lighter-staining area, surrounded by a clear amyloid ring.[9]
Spores produced by Psoroma are single-celled, colourless, and often contain one or two large oil droplets. Their shape is ellipsoidal, with a surface that is warty or ridged, and somewhat pointed at the ends. For asexual reproduction, Psoroma develops pycnidia, which are pale brown, and produces simple, rod-shaped, colourless conidia.[9]
Chemically, Psoroma usually lacks detectable secondary metabolites (lichen products) through thin-layer chromatography, although in rare cases, porphyrilic acid and related compounds may be present.[9]
Species[edit]
As of March 2024[update], Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 28 species of Psoroma.[4]
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- Psoroma absconditum Øvstedal (2008)[10]
- Psoroma antarcticum S.G.Hong & Elvebakk (2018)[11] – Antarctica
- Psoroma asperellum Nyl. (1869)
- Psoroma caliginosum Stirt. (1877)
- Psoroma capense Elvebakk, S.G.Hong & Rämä (2020) – South Africa[12]
- Psoroma cinnamomeum Malme (1925)
- Psoroma cyanosorediatum P.M.Jørg. (2004)
- Psoroma dichroum (Hook.f. & Taylor) P.M.Jørg. (2014)
- Psoroma echinaceum P.M.Jørg. & Wedin (1999)[13]
- Psoroma esterhuyseniae Elvebakk (2020) – South Africa[12]
- Psoroma filicicola P.M.Jørg. & Sipman (2006)
- Psoroma fruticulosum P.James & Henssen (1983)[14]
- Psoroma geminatum P.M.Jørg. (1999)[13]
- Psoroma hirsutulum Nyl. ex Cromb. (1875)
- Psoroma hypnorum (Vahl) Gray (1821)[15]
- Psoroma inflatum Elvebakk (2021)[16] – New Zealand
- Psoroma macquariense C.W.Dodge (1970)[17] – Antarctica
- Psoroma macrosporum (P.M.Jørg. & Palice) P.M.Jørg. (2014)
- Psoroma multifidum P.M.Jørg. (2004)[15]
- Psoroma nigropunctatum Elvebakk & Elix (2021)[18] – Australia
- Psoroma nivale Fryday, Elvebakk, F.L.Anderson & J.Gagnon (2019)[19] – Quebec, Canada
- Psoroma obscurius (Nyl.) P.M.Jørg. (2014)
- Psoroma orphninum (Hue) P.M.Jørg. (2014)
- Psoroma paleaceum (Fr.) Nyl. (1855)
- Psoroma pholidotoides (Nyl.) Trevis. (1869)
- Psoroma polychidioides (Zahlbr.) P.M.Jørg. (2014)
- Psoroma saccharatum Scutari & Calvelo (1995)[20] – Argentina
- Psoroma sphinctrinum (Mont.) Nyl. (1855)
- Psoroma xanthorioides (P.M.Jørg.) P.M.Jørg. (2014)
- Psoromaria rosulata (P.M.Jørg. & D.J.Galloway) P.M.Jørg. & H.L.Andersen (2015)
- Psoromaria versicolor (Müll.Arg.) P.M.Jørg. & H.L.Andersen (2015)
References[edit]
- ^ "Psoroma Ach. ex Michx. 1803". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
- ^ Zahlbruckner, A. (1941). "Lichenes Novae-Zelandiae a cl H. H. Allan eiusque collaboratoribus lecti". Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften (Wien), Math.-nat. Kl. (in German). 104: 249–380 [275].
- ^ Ciferri, R.; Tomaselli, R. (1953). "Saggio di una sistematica micolichenologica". Atti dell'Istituto Botanico della Università e Laboratorio Crittogamico di Pavia (in Italian). 10 (1): 25–84.
- ^ a b "Psoroma". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
- ^ Kirk, P.M.; Cannon, P.F.; Minter, D.W.; Stalpers, J.A. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 575. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
- ^ Michaux, A. (1803). Flora Boreali-Americana (in Latin). Vol. 2. p. 321.
- ^ Elvebaak, A.; Robertsen, E.H.; Park, C.H.; Hong, S.G. (2010). "Psorophorus and Xanthopsoroma, two new genera for yellow-green, corticolous and squamulose lichen species, previously in Psoroma". The Lichenologist. 42 (5): 563–585. doi:10.1017/S0024282910000083.
- ^ Passo, A.; Stenroos, S.; Calvelo, S. (2008). "Joergensenia, a new genus to accommodate Psoroma cephalodinum (lichenized Ascomycota)". Mycological Research. 112 (12): 1465–1474. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2008.06.025. PMID 18675347.
- ^ a b c d Cannon, P.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.; Sanderson, N.; Simkin, J. (2021). Peltigerales: Pannariaceae, including the genera Fuscopannaria, Leptogidium, Nevesia, Pannaria, Parmeliella, Pectenia, Protopannaria and Psoroma (PDF). Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. Vol. 9. p. 14.
- ^ Øvstedal, D.O.; Gremmen, N.J.M. (2008). "Additions and corrections to the lichens of Heard Island". The Lichenologist. 40 (3): 233–242. doi:10.1017/S002428290800741X.
- ^ Park, Chae Haeng; Hong, Soon Gyu; Elvebakk, Arve (2018). "Psoroma antarcticum, a new lichen species from Antarctica and neighbouring areas". Polar Biology. 41: 1083–1090. doi:10.1007/s00300-018-2265-x.
- ^ a b Elvebakk, Arve; Hong, Soon Gyu; Park, Chae Haeng; Rämä, Teppo (2020). "Psoroma capense and P. esterhuyseniae (Pannariaceae), two new alpine species from South Africa". The Lichenologist. 52 (5): 345–352. doi:10.1017/S0024282920000377. hdl:10037/20103.
- ^ a b Jørgensen, P.M.; Wedin, M. (1999). "On Psoroma species from the Southern Hemisphere with cephalodia producing vegetative dispersal units". Lichenologist. 31 (4): 341–347. doi:10.1017/S0024282999000456.
- ^ Henssen, A.; Renner, B.; Marton, K.; James, P.W.; Galloway, D.J. (1983). "Studies in the lichen genus Psoroma 2. Psoroma fruticulosum and Psoroma rubromarginatum". Mycotaxon. 18 (1): 29–48.
- ^ a b Jørgensen, P.M. (2004). "Further contributions to the Pannariaceae (lichenized Ascomycetes) of the Southern Hemisphere". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 88: 229–253.
- ^ Elvebakk, Arve (2021). "Psoroma inflatum, a new alpine lichen from New Zealand" (PDF). Australasian Lichenology. 89: 49–53.
- ^ Dodge, C.W. (1970). "Lichenological notes on the flora of the Antarctic Continent and the Subantarctic islands. IX-XI". Nova Hedwigia. 19 (3–4): 439–502.
- ^ Elvebakk, Arve; Elix, John A. (2021). "Psoroma nigropunctatum sp. nov., an alpine lichen in south-eastern Australia related to P. buchananii" (PDF). Australasian Lichenology. 89: 54–61.
- ^ Fryday, Alan M.; Elvebakk, Arve; Anderson, Frances L.; Gagnon, Jean Y. (2019). "Psoroma nivale (Pannariaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) a new species with dark, elongate squamules and bacilliform ascospores from arctic Québec, Canada". The Lichenologist. 51 (5): 419–429. doi:10.1017/S0024282919000288. hdl:10037/18052.
- ^ Scutari, N.C.; Calavelo, S. (1995). "A new species of Psoroma (pannariaceae, lichenized Ascomycotina) from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina". Annales Botanici Fennici. 32 (1): 5–61 [56].
