Oxidative coupling
Oxidative coupling in chemistry is a coupling reaction of two molecular entities through an oxidative process. Usually oxidative couplings are catalysed by a transition metal complex like in classical cross-coupling reactions, although the underlying mechanism is different due to the oxidation process that requires an external (or internal) oxidant.[1][2] Many such couplings utilize dioxygen as the stoichiometric oxidant but proceed by electron transfer.[3]
C-C Couplings[edit]
Many oxidative couplings generate new C-C bonds. Early examples involve coupling of terminal alkynes:[4]
- 2 RC≡CH + 2 Cu(I) → RC≡C-C≡CR + 2 Cu + 2 H+
Aromatic coupling[edit]
In oxidative aromatic coupling the reactants are electron-rich aromatic compounds. Typical substrates are phenols and typical catalysts are copper and iron compounds and enzymes.[6] The first reported synthetic application dates back to 1868 with Julius Löwe and the synthesis of ellagic acid by heating gallic acid with arsenic acid or silver oxide.[7] Another reaction is the synthesis of 1,1'-Bi-2-naphthol from 2-naphthol by iron chloride, discovered in 1873 by Alexander Dianin[8] (S)-BINOL can be prepared directly from an asymmetric oxidative coupling of 2-naphthol with copper(II) chloride.[9]
Coupling of methane[edit]
Coupling reactions involving methane are highly sought, related to C1 chemistry because C2 derivatives are far more valuable than methane. The oxidative coupling of methane gives ethylene:[10][11]
- 2CH
4 + O
2 → C
2H
4 + 2H
2O
Other oxidative couplings[edit]
The oxygen evolution reaction entails, in effect, the oxidative coupling of water molecules to give O2.
References[edit]
- ^ Oxidative Cross-Coupling Reactions. Aiwen Lei, Wei Shi, Chao Liu, Wei Liu, Hua Zhang, Chuan He, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany (2017). doi:10.1002/9783527680986
- ^ Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz; Feliu Maseras (2018). "Oxidative Coupling Mechanisms: Current State of Understanding". ACS Catalysis. 8 (2): 1161–1172. doi:10.1021/acscatal.7b02974.
- ^ IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). doi:10.1351/goldbook
- ^ Alison E. Wendlandt; Alison M. Suess; Shannon S. Stahl (2011). "Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative C-H Functionalizations: Trends and Mechanistic Insights". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50 (47): 11062–11087. doi:10.1002/anie.201103945. PMID 22034061.
- ^ Lebo, Stuart E. Jr.; Gargulak, Jerry D.; McNally, Timothy J. (2001). "Lignin". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Kirk‑Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi:10.1002/0471238961.12090714120914.a01.pub2. ISBN 0-471-23896-1. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
- ^ Grzybowski, M., Skonieczny, K., Butenschön, H. and Gryko, D. T. (2013), Comparison of Oxidative Aromatic Coupling and the Scholl Reaction Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 52: 9900–9930. doi:10.1002/anie.201210238
- ^ Löwe, Zeitschrift für Chemie, 1868, 4, 603
- ^ A. P. Dianin, Zh. Russ. Fiz.-Khim. O-va. 1874 , 183
- ^ Brussee, J.; Jansen, A. C. A. (1983). "A highly stereoselective synthesis of S-(−)-[1,1′-binaphthalene]-2,2′-diol". Tetrahedron Letters. 24 (31): 3261–3262. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)88151-4.
- ^ Zhang, Q. (2003). "Recent Progress in Direct Partial Oxidation of Methane to Methanol". J. Natural Gas Chem. 12: 81–89.
- ^ Olah, G., Molnar, A. "Hydrocarbon Chemistry" John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2003. ISBN 978-0-471-41782-8.