List of kings of Mari

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The city of Mari in modern Syria was ruled by several dynasties in the Bronze Age. The history of the city is divided into three kingdoms.

The first kingdom[edit]

The Sumerian King List (SKL) records a dynasty of six kings from Mari enjoying hegemony between the dynasty of Adab and the dynasty of Kish.[1] The names of the Mariote kings were damaged on the early copies of the list,[2] and those kings were correlated with historical kings that belonged to the second kingdom.[3] However, an undamaged copy of the list that date to the old Babylonian period was discovered in Shubat-Enlil,[2] and the names bears no resemblance to any of the historically attested monarchs of the second kingdom,[2] indicating that the compilers of the list had an older and probably a legendary dynasty in mind, that predate the second kingdom.[2]

Ruler Length of reign Notes Epithet

Kings from the Sumerian King List

"Then Adab was defeated and the kingship was taken to Mari.[4]"

Anbu Sumerian King List, 1800 BC 30 years This name is also read as Ilshu.[5]
Anba 17 years His epithet was given as "the son of Anbu" on the list.[4]
Bazi 30 years His epithet was given as "the leatherworker" on the list.[4]
Zizi 20 years His epithet was given as "the fuller" on the list.[4]
Limer 30 years His epithet was given as "the 'gudug' priest" on the list.[note 1][4]
Sharrum-iter 9 years

"Then Mari was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish.[4]"

The second kingdom[edit]

The chronological order of the kings from the second kingdom era is highly uncertain; nevertheless, it is assumed that the letter of Enna-Dagan lists them in a chronological order.[7] Many of the kings were attested through their own votive objects discovered in the city,[8][9] and the dates are highly speculative.[9]

Statue of Iku-Shamagan, c. 2453 BC. Temple of Ninni-Zaza, Mari.[10][11] National Museum of Damascus.
Ruler Length of reign Notes

The second kingdom

Ikun-Shamash Reigned before the reign of Ur-Nanshe of Lagash.[1]
Ikun-Shamagan c. 2453 BC His name was inscribed on a votive statue offered by his official "Shibum".[12]
Ansud c. 2423–2416 BC His name is inscribed on a jar (as Hanusum) sent to Mari by Mesannepada of Ur.[3][2] The name was read by Pettinato as Anubu.[13][14]
Saʿumu c. 2416–2400 BC He was attested in Enna-Dagan's letter as conquering many lands.[15]
Išhtup-Išar c. 2400 BC He was attested in Enna-Dagan's letter as conquering Emar and other Eblaite vassals.[15]
Ikun-Mari This name is inscribed on a jar in Mari.[16]
Iblul-Il c. 2380 BC He forced Ebla to pay tribute.[15]
Nizi His reign lasted three years.[17]
Enna-Dagan c. 2340 BC He wrote a letter to Irkab-Damu of Ebla to assert Mari's authority.[18]
Ikun-Ishar c. 2320 BC He is attested in the Eblaite archives.[19]
Hidar c. 2300 BC He is attested in the archives of Ebla, which was destroyed during his reign.[20]
Ishqi-Mari c. 2300 BC His name was previously read as Lamgi-Mari.[21] Hypothetically the last king before the conquests of the Akkadian Empire.[22]

The third kingdom[edit]

The third kingdom was ruled by two dynasties: the Shakkanakkus and the Lim. For the Shakkanakkus, the lists are incomplete and after Hanun-Dagan who ruled at the end of the Ur era c. 2008 BC (c. 1920 BC Short chronology), they become full of lacunae.[23] Roughly 13 more Shakkanakkus succeeded Hanun-Dagan but only few are known, with the last known one reigning not too long before the reign of Yaggid-Lim who founded the Lim dynasty in c. 1830 BC, which was interrupted by Assyrian occupation in 1796–1776 BC.[24][25]

Ishtup-Ilum, Shakkanakku of Mari (c.2150 BC)
Puzur Ishtar, Shakkanakku of Mari. (c. 2050 BC)
Ruler Length of reign Notes

The Shakkanakkus

Ididish c. 2266–2206 BC
Shu-Dagan c. 2206–2200 BC He was the son of Ididish.[26]
Ishma-Dagan c. 2199–2154 BC He ruled for 45 years.[27][28]
Nûr-Mêr c. 2153–2148 BC He was the son of Ishme-Dagan.[27]
Ishtup-Ilum c. 2147–2136 BC He was the brother of Nûr-Mêr, and son of Ishme-Dagan.[27]
Ishgum-Addu c. 2135–2127 BC He reigned for eight years.[27]
Apîl-kîn c. 2126–2091 BC He was the son of Ishgum-Addu.[27][29] Was designated with the royal title Lugal in a votive inscription set by his daughter.[30]
Iddin-El c. 2090–2085 BC His name is also read as Iddi-Ilum; his name was inscribed on his votive statue.[31]
Ili-Ishar c. 2084–2072 BC His name is inscribed on a brick.[32]
Tura-Dagan c. 2071–2051 BC He was the son of Apîl-kîn and the brother of Ili-Ishar.[33]
Puzur-Ishtar c. 2050–2025 BC He was the son of Turam-Dagan.[27] Used the royal title.[34]
Hitlal-Erra c. 2024–2017 BC He was the son of Puzur-Ishtar.[35] Used the royal title.[34]
Hanun-Dagan c. 2016–2008 BC He was the son of Puzur-Ishtar.[36] Used the royal title.[34]
Isi-Dagan c. 2000 BC This name is inscribed on a seal.[37]
Ennin-Dagan He was the son of Isi-Dagan.[38]
Itur-(...) This name is damaged, a gap separate him from Ennin-Dagan.[24]
Amer-Nunu This name is inscribed on a seal.[39][40]
Tir-Dagan He was the son of Itur-(...).[41]
Dagan-(...) This name is damaged and is the last attested Shakkanakku.[42]

The Lim dynasty

Yaggid-Lim c. 1830–1820 BC He may have ruled in Suprum rather than in Mari.[43][44]
Yahdun-Lim c. 1820–1798 BC
Sumu-Yamam c. 1798–1796 BC

Assyrian period

Yasmah-Adad c. 1796–1776 BC He was the son of Shamshi-Adad I of Assyria.[45]
Ishar-Lim c. 1776 BC He was an Assyrian official who usurped the throne for a few months between Yasmah-Adad's escape and Zimri-Lim's arrival.[46]

Lim restoration

Zimri-Lim c. 1776–1761 BC

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Gudug was a rank in the hierarchy of the Mesopotamian temple workers, a guduj priest was not specialized to a certain deity cult, and served in many temples.[6]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b Haldar 1971, p. 16.
  2. ^ a b c d e Astour 2002, p. 58.
  3. ^ a b Liverani 2013, p. 117.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Cohen 2013, p. 148.
  5. ^ Kramer 2010, p. 329.
  6. ^ Black et al. 2004, p. 112.
  7. ^ Frayne 2008, p. 293–298.
  8. ^ Frayne 2008, p. 293–298.
  9. ^ a b Hamblin 2006, p. 244.
  10. ^ Spycket, Agnès (1981). Handbuch der Orientalistik (in French). BRILL. pp. 87–89. ISBN 978-90-04-06248-1.
  11. ^ Parrot, André (1953). "Les fouilles de Mari Huitième campagne (automne 1952)" (PDF). Syria. 30 (3/4): 196–221. doi:10.3406/syria.1953.4901. ISSN 0039-7946. JSTOR 4196708.
  12. ^ Cooper 1986, p. 87.
  13. ^ Astour 2002, p. 57.
  14. ^ Frayne 2008, p. 299.
  15. ^ a b c Liverani 2013, p. 119.
  16. ^ Frayne 2008, p. 315.
  17. ^ Frayne 2008, p. 333.
  18. ^ Roux 1992, p. 142.
  19. ^ Frayne 2008, p. 337.
  20. ^ Frayne 2008, p. 339.
  21. ^ Heimpel 2003, p. 3.
  22. ^ Bretschneider, Van Vyve & Leuven 2009, p. 5.
  23. ^ Frayne 1990, p. 593.
  24. ^ a b Frayne 1990, p. 597.
  25. ^ Bertman 2005, p. 87.
  26. ^ Leick 2002, p. 152.
  27. ^ a b c d e f Oliva 2008, p. 86.
  28. ^ Leick 2002, p. 81.
  29. ^ Leick 2002, p. 18.
  30. ^ Michalowski 1995, p. 187.
  31. ^ Leick 2002, p. 76.
  32. ^ Leick 2002, p. 78.
  33. ^ Leick 2002, p. 168.
  34. ^ a b c Oliva 2008, p. 91.
  35. ^ Oliva 2008, p. 92.
  36. ^ Leick 2002, p. 67.
  37. ^ Frayne 1990, p. 594.
  38. ^ Frayne 1990, p. 596.
  39. ^ Oliva 2008, p. 87.
  40. ^ Frayne 1990, p. 598.
  41. ^ Frayne 1990, p. 599.
  42. ^ Frayne 1990, p. 600.
  43. ^ Porter 2012, p. 31.
  44. ^ Feliu 2003, p. 86.
  45. ^ Tetlow 2004, p. 125.
  46. ^ Dalley 2002, p. 143.

Sources[edit]

  • Astour, Michael C. (2002). "A Reconstruction of the History of Ebla (Part 2)". In Gordon, Cyrus Herzl; Rendsburg, Gary (eds.). Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language. Vol. 4. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-060-6.
  • Bertman, Stephen (2005) [2003]. Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518364-1.
  • Black, Jeremy; Cunningham, Graham; Robson, Eleanor; Zólyomi, Gábor (2004). The Literature of Ancient Sumer. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926311-0.
  • Bretschneider, Joachim; Van Vyve, Anne-Sophie; Leuven, Greta Jans (2009). "War of the lords, The Battle of Chronology: Trying to Recognize Historical Iconography in the 3rd Millennium Glyptic Art in seals of Ishqi-Mari and from Beydar". Ugarit-Forschungen. 41. Ugarit-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86835-042-5.
  • Cohen, Yoram (2013). George, Andrew R. (ed.). Wisdom from the Late Bronze Age. Writings from the Ancient World. Vol. 34. Society of Biblical Literature. Atlanta. ISBN 978-1-58983-754-6.
  • Cooper, Jerrold S. (1986). Presargonic Inscriptions. Sumerian and Akkadian Royal Inscriptions. Vol. 1. American Oriental Society. ISBN 978-0-940490-82-6.
  • Dalley, Stephanie (2002) [1984]. Mari and Karana, Two Old Babylonian Cities (2 ed.). Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-931956-02-4.
  • Feliu, Lluís (2003). The God Dagan in Bronze Age Syria. Translated by Watson, Wilfred GE. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-13158-3.
  • Frayne, Douglas (1990). Old Babylonian Period (2003–1595 BC). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Early Periods. Vol. 4. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-5873-7.
  • Frayne, Douglas (2008). Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods (2700–2350 BC). The Royal inscriptions of Mesopotamia Early Periods. Vol. 1. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-9047-9.
  • Haldar, Alfred (1971). Who Were the Amorites?. Monographs on the ancient Near East. Vol. 1. Brill. OCLC 2656977.
  • Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-52062-6.
  • Heimpel, Wolfgang (2003). Letters to the King of Mari: A New Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary. Mesopotamian civilizations. Vol. 12. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-080-4. ISSN 1059-7867.
  • Kramer, Samuel Noah (2010) [1963]. The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-45232-6.
  • Leick, Gwendolyn (2002). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-78796-8.
  • Liverani, Mario (2013). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-75084-9.
  • Michalowski, Piotr (1995). Van Lerberghe, Karel; Schoors, Antoon (eds.). Immigration and Emigration Within the Ancient Near East: Festschrift E. Lipiński. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Vol. 65. Peeters Publishers & Department of Oriental Studies, Leuven. ISBN 978-90-6831-727-5. ISSN 0777-978X.
  • Oliva, Juan (2008). Textos Para Una Historia Política de Siria-Palestina I (in Spanish). Ediciones Akal. ISBN 978-84-460-1949-7.
  • Porter, Anne (2012). Mobile Pastoralism and the Formation of Near Eastern Civilizations: Weaving Together Society. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76443-8.
  • Roux, Georges (1992) [1964]. Ancient Iraq (3 ed.). Penguin Putnam. ISBN 978-0-14-012523-8.
  • Tetlow, Elisabeth Meier (2004). Women, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society. Vol. 1: The Ancient Near East. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-1628-5.
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