List of athletes with advanced degrees

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of athletes with advanced degrees (PhDs and other degrees at that academic level). Excluded are honorary degrees.

Athlete Degree Field Institution Known for
Jack Allen DDS Dental surgery University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine[1] Major League Baseball player
Pete Allen MD Medicine College of Philadelphia Department of Medicine[2] Major League Baseball player, professor at Jefferson Medical College
Steve Arlin DDS Dental surgery Ohio State University College of Dentistry[3] Major League Baseball pitcher
Billy Arnold PhD MIAT College of Technology[4] Racecar driver and champion of the 1930 Indianapolis 500
Terry Baker JD Law USC Gould School of Law[5][6] National Football League quarterback and Heisman Trophy winner
Dave Baldwin PhD Genetics University of Arizona[7] Major League Baseball pitcher
Mark Baldwin MD Medicine Baltimore Medical College[8]
Walter Bernhardt DDS Dental surgery University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine[9]
Cliff Brantley JD Law Rutgers Law School[10][11]
Bill Bray William & Mary Law School[12]
Bobby Brown MD Medicine Tulane University School of Medicine[13] Major League Baseball third baseman and president of the American League
Lou Bruce DDS Dental surgery Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery[14] Major League Baseball player, Mohawk activist
David Bruton DPT Physical Therapy University of Colorado School of Medicine[15] National Football League safety
Nick Buoniconti JD Law Suffolk University Law School[16] National Football League linebacker and Pro Football Hall of Famer
Doc Bushong DDS Dental surgery Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery[17] Major League Baseball catcher, possible inventor of the catcher's mitt, namesake of Bushong, Kansas[18]
Billy Cannon University of Tennessee College of Dentistry[19] National Football League player and Heisman Trophy winner
Chris Carr JD Law George Washington University Law School[20] National Football League cornerback and kick returner
Doc Carroll DMD Dental medicine Tufts University School of Dental Medicine[21][22] Major League Baseball catcher
Elise Chabbey MD Medicine[23] Professional racing cyclist
Donn Clendenon JD Law Duquesne University School of Law[24] Major League Baseball player and 1969 World Series MVP
Cris Collinsworth University of Cincinnati School of Law[25] Sportscaster and former National Football League wide receiver
Jack Darragh DDS Dental surgery University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine[1] Major League Baseball player
Jarett Dillard JD Law South Texas College of Law[26] National Football League wide receiver
Terry Dischinger DDS Dental Surgery University of Tennessee College of Dentistry[27] National Basketball Association All-Star
Travis Dorsch PhD Sports and Exercise Psychology Purdue University National Football League punter, triathlon professor at Utah State University
Kevin Draxinger MD Medicine University of British Columbia [28][29] Canadian backstroke swimmer at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Laurent Duvernay-Tardif MDCM Medicine McGill University Faculty of Medicine[30] National Football League guard, Super Bowl champion
Len Elmore JD Law Harvard Law School[31] National Basketball Association player
Doc Farrell DDS Dental surgery University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine[32] Major League Baseball infielder
Simon Fraser DO Medicine Ohio University Heritage School of Medicine[33] National Football League defensive end
Moonlight Graham MD[34] Baltimore Medical College Major League Baseball player whose life story was featured in the 1989 film Field of Dreams
Katherine Grainger PhD Law King's College London[35] British former rower and current Chair of UK Sport. Summer Olympics gold and silver medallist as well World champion.
Randy Gregg MD Medicine University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry[36] National Hockey League player
Tom Gunning University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine[37] Major League Baseball player
Mark Hamilton Zucker School of Medicine[38]
Eric Heiden Stanford University School of Medicine[39] American long track speed skater and five-time gold medalist at the Winter Olympics. Regarded as most successful Winter Olympian and one of 50 greatest athletes of the 20th century.
Joe Hietpas JD Law Washington University School of Law[40] Major League Baseball catcher
Les Horvath DDS Dental surgery Ohio State University College of Dentistry[3] National Football League player and Heisman Trophy winner
Tom House PhD Sports psychology United States International University[41][42][43] Major League Baseball pitcher
Nate Hughes MD Medicine University of Mississippi Medical Center[44] National Football League wide receiver
Billy Hunter JD Law UC Berkeley School of Law[45] National Football League wide receiver, Executive Director of the National Basketball Players Association
Charlotte Hym PhD Cognitive neuroscience and Psychology Paris Descartes University[46] French street skateboarder competing at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Doc Imlay DDS Dental surgery University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine[1] Major League Baseball pitcher
Charley Johnson PhD Chemical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis NFL quarterback for the St. Louis Cardinals and Denver Broncos
Jumping Jack Jones DDS Dental surgery Harvard Dental School Major League Baseball pitcher[47]
MD Medicine Yale Medical School
Anna Kiesenhofer PhD Applied mathematics[48] Polytechnic University of Catalonia 2020 Olympic champion in the women's individual cycling road race
Vitali Klitschko Sports science[49] Kyiv University World champion boxer and Ukrainian politician
Wladimir Klitschko Sports science[50] Kyiv University[51] World champion heavyweight boxer
Ryan Kohlmeier DDS Dental surgery University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Dentistry[52] Major League Baseball player
Tony La Russa JD Law Florida State University College of Law Major League Baseball player and Hall of Fame manager[53]
Lise Leveille MD Medicine Queen's University at Kingston, University of British Columbia[54] French Canadian gymnast represented at the 2000 Olympic Games.
PhD Neuroscience
Jim Lonborg DMD Dental medicine Tufts University School of Dental Medicine[55] Cy Young Award-winning Major League Baseball pitcher
Fletcher Low PhD Chemistry Columbia University[56] Major League Baseball player, Dartmouth College professor, New Hampshire legislator
Ed Lynch JD Law University of Miami School of Law[57] Major League Baseball pitcher
Mike Marshall PhD Kinesiology[citation needed] or exercise physiology[58][59] Michigan State University Cy Young Award-winning Major League Baseball pitcher
Justin Maxwell DDS Dental surgery University of Maryland School of Dentistry[60] Major League Baseball outfielder
Martin Mayhew JD Law Georgetown University Law Center[61] National Football League player and executive
Doc McMahon DMD Dental medicine Tufts University School of Dental Medicine[62] Major League Baseball pitcher
Doc Medich MD Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Gerry Meehan JD Law University at Buffalo Law School[63] National Hockey League player and executive
Bill Mlkvy DMD Dental medicine Maurice H. Kornberg School of Dentistry[64] National Basketball Association player
Morris Mott PhD Sports history Queen's University at Kingston[65] National Hockey League player
Bill McColl MD Medicine, neurosurgery Pritzker School of Medicine[66] National Football League player, missionary, father of Milt McColl
Milt McColl Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine[67][68] National Football League player, son of Bill McColl
Nadia Nadim Aarhus University[69] National Women's Soccer League and Denmark Women's National Football Team player
Jack Nichols DMD Dental medicine Tufts University School of Dental Medicine[70] National Basketball Association player
Shaquille O'Neal EdD Education Barry University[71][72]
Alan Page JD Law University of Minnesota Law School[73] National Football League player, member of the College and Pro Football Hall of Fame, Associate Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court
Charlie Pechous MD Medicine Stritch School of Medicine[74] Major League Baseball player
Arlie Pond University of Vermont College of Medicine[75]
Emma Pooley PhD Geotechnical engineering ETH Zurich[76] World Champion and Olympic medal-winning cyclist and triathlete
Bob Poser MD Medicine University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health[77][78] Major League Baseball player
Myron Rolle Florida State University College of Medicine[79][80] National Football League safety, Rhodes Scholar
Frank Ryan PhD Mathematics Rice University[81] National Football League quarterback
Frank Sexton MD Medicine University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine[1] Major League Baseball pitcher
Harvey Smith Major League Baseball player
Wally Snell PhD Botany University of Wisconsin–Madison[82] Major League Baseball catcher; Brown University professor and Athletic Director
Genevra Stone MD Medicine Tufts University School of Medicine[83] Olympic rower
Ad Swigler DDS Dental surgery University of Pennsylvania Dental School[84] Major League Baseball player
Ron Taylor MD Medicine University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine[85] Major League Baseball pitcher
Henry Thielman DDS Dental surgery University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine[1] Major League Baseball pitcher
Jenny Thompson MD Medicine Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Olympic swimmer
Will Thompson DDS Dental surgery University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine[1] Major League Baseball pitcher
Naoto Tobe PhD Sports science University of Tsukuba[86] Japanese high jumper
Tai Tzu-ying University of Taipei 2020 Summer Olympic medal-winning badminton player and three-time Asian badminton champion
John Urschel Applied mathematics Massachusetts Institute of Technology National Football League guard and center
Byron White JD Law Yale Law School[87] National Football League player who became a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
Doc White DDS Dental surgery Georgetown University School of Dentistry[88] Major League Baseball pitcher
Walt Whittaker DMD Dental medicine Tufts University School of Dental Medicine[21][89]
Haley Wickenheiser MD Medicine University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine Canadian Olympic ice hockey gold medal player and team captain, considered among the greatest female ice hockey players of all time, then a physician
Dwayne Woodruff JD Law Duquesne University School of Law[90] National Football League player, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania judge
Deng Yaping PhD Land Economy University of Cambridge[91] Chinese table tennis player, who won eighteen world championships including four Olympic championships, and regarded as one of the greatest players in the history of this sport
Steve Young JD Law J. Reuben Clark Law School[92] National Football League quarterback, member of the College and Pro Football Halls of Fame
Mikhail Youzhny PhD Philosophy Moscow State University[93] Tennis player
Hugues Fabrice Zango PhD Electrical engineering University of Artois[94] World champion and Olympic medalist, Burkinabé triple and long jumper


Incomplete or revoked doctorates[edit]

Person Degree Field Institution Known for Notes
Nadine Apetz PhD Neuroscience University Hospital Cologne German amateur boxer Studying as of 2016[95]
Pau Gasol MD Medicine University of Barcelona Professional basketball player for FC Barcelona of the Liga ACB and the EuroLeague Dropped out[96]
Hadia Hosny PhD Pharmacology Cairo University Egyptian Olympic badminton player Studying as of 2015[97]
Hui Ruoqi PhD Physical education Nanjing Normal University Chinese volleyball player Studying as of 2017[98]
Pál Schmitt PhD Physical education Semmelweis University Hungarian Olympic fencer and politician Revoked[99]
Louise Shanahan PhD Quantum physics Cambridge University Irish Olympic athlete Studying as of 2019[100]
Chris Spence EdD Education University of Toronto Canadian Football League player Revoked[101][102][103]
Shao Ting PhD Education Beijing Normal University Chinese basketball player for the Beijing Great Wall and the Chinese national team Studying as of 2019[104]
Veronica Toro Arana MD Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine Puerto Rican Olympic rower Studying as of 2016[105]
Sun Yang PhD Kinesiology Shanghai University of Sport Chinese Olympic and world-record-holding competitive swimmer. Studying as of 2018[106]


References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f McConaghy, Mary D.; Woods, Michael T. "Professional Baseball Players Who Attended Penn". University of Pennsylvania Archives and Records Center. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  2. ^ "Jesse Hall Allen". University Archives and Records Center. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Dentistry Makes its Mark on Buckeye Athletics". Ohio State Dental Journal. Spring 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  4. ^ Indianapolis 500 Winning Driver Obituary Billy Arnold 11 Nov 1976 - website Newspapers.com
  5. ^ Dicciana, Mike; Petersen, Chris (June 25, 2014). "Biography - Terry Baker Oral History Interview". Special Collections & Archives Research Center, Oregon State University Libraries. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  6. ^ "Class Notes" (PDF). USC Law: 58. Spring 2001. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  7. ^ Mirsky, Steve (April 4, 2007). "Baseball Science". Science Talk (Podcast). Scientific American. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
  8. ^ Porter, David L. (2000). Biographical Dictionary of American Sports: A-F. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-313-31174-1. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  9. ^ "Walter Jacob Bernhardt". University Archives and Records Center. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  10. ^ Giakoumis, George (15 December 2015). "Cliff Brantley Jr. hoping his two dreams (pro baseball, lawyer) come true". Staten Island Advance. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  11. ^ "Community Board #1 Virtual Full Board Meeting, November 9, 2021-6:00 PM" (PDF). NYC.gov. New York City. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  12. ^ "Video: MLB's Bill Bray Graduates W&M Law School". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  13. ^ Scofield, Carolyn (March 29, 2021). "Tulane remembers star baseball player and cardiologist Dr. Bobby Brown". Tulane News. Tulane University. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  14. ^ "Louis R. Bruce". University Archives and Records Center. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  15. ^ "Dr. David Bruton, Jr. - Between the Lines Physical Therapy". Between The Lines Physical Therapy. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  16. ^ Poupart, Alain (November 20, 2019). "Senators Introduce Resolution To Honor Nick Buoniconti". Miami Dolphins. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  17. ^ "Albert John Bushong". University Archives and Records Center. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  18. ^ Eschenbach, Steve (2006). "Gazette | Alumni: Profiles". www.upenn.edu. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  19. ^ "Athletes Turned Dentists". Dentist USA. September 13, 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  20. ^ "Alumni Chris and Sarah Carr Start Scholarship with Honors College". Boise State University. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  21. ^ a b "Dental School". The Boston Globe. 21 June 1916. p. 5. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  22. ^ "Sports and Sportsmen". Fall River Globe. 29 March 1917. p. 6. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  23. ^ Startt, James (2020-03-20). "An interview with Elise Chabbey — cycling's 'Florence Nightingale' - Velo". Velo. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  24. ^ Clendenon, Donn (1999). Miracle in New York: The Story of the 1969 New York Mets Through the Eyes of Donn Clendenon. Sioux Falls, S.D.: Penmarch Pub. ISBN 9781575791678.
  25. ^ "TV connections with University of Cincinnati alumni, p. 4". UC Magazine. University of Cincinnati.
  26. ^ Duarte, Joseph (9 October 2013). "Dillard following in brother's footsteps at Rice". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  27. ^ Fentress, Aaron (11 October 2023). "Terry Dischinger, former Trail Blazers forward and local orthodontist, dies at 82". The Oregonian. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  28. ^ Sports Physician - Athlete 1967 - website medicosport.eu
  29. ^ Dr. Kevin D Draxinger M.D. - website findatopdoc.com
  30. ^ "Chiefs Lineman Gets His Medical Degree, Then Heads Back to Practice". The New York Times. May 30, 2018. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
  31. ^ "Len Elmore". Columbia University School of Professional Studies. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  32. ^ "Edward Stephen Farrell 1901 - 1966". University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  33. ^ "Simon R Fraser, DO | Vascular Surgery | OhioHealth". OhioHealth.com. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  34. ^ 1965 Congressional Record, Vol. 111, Page A5285 (September 17, 1965)
  35. ^ Grainger, Katherine Jane (2013). The 'whole life order' : its genesis, the challenges it both poses and faces, and its uncertain future. kcl.ac.uk (PhD thesis). King's College London. OCLC 1027309793. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.733314.
  36. ^ Murphy, Austin (May 25, 1987). "Edmonton's Rx For D". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  37. ^ "Thomas Francis Gunning". University of Pennsylvania Archives and Records Center. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  38. ^ "Ex-MLB player to begin virus fight upon graduation". ESPN.com. ESPN. Associated Press. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  39. ^ Eric Heiden: five Olympic gold medals were only the start of his success - website of the United States Olympic & Paralympic Museum
  40. ^ Kruth, Cash. "'Moonlight' and his successors have no regrets". MLB.com. Major League Baseball. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  41. ^ Who is Tom House, Pitching Great? - website nationalpitching.com
  42. ^ Dan Shaugnessy, House Making Pitch for Sports Psychology, The Day (New London, Conn.), April 30, 1989
  43. ^ Richard Hoffer, House Calls: Ranger Coach Has an Unorthodox Approach to Pitching, Using Hypnotherapy, Biokinetics, Los Angeles Times, July 5, 1989
  44. ^ "Dear Game Plan Participants" (PDF). Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  45. ^ Cohen, Andrew (April 9, 2015). "Home Run: Heavy Hitters Shine at Sports Law Conference". Berkeley Law. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  46. ^ "Skateboarding HYM Charlotte - Tokyo 2020 Olympics". Olympics.com/tokyo-2020/. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 2021-07-26. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
  47. ^ Commemorative biographical record of New Haven county, Connecticut, containing biographical sketches of prominent and representative citizens and of many of the early settled families. J.H. Beers & Co. p. 74.
  48. ^ Matias Grez (July 25, 2021). "Austria's Anna Kiesenhofer produces stunning upset in women's road race to win gold". CNN.
  49. ^ Bryan Armen Graham (29 May 2018). "Vitali Klitschko: 'It's much easier to be heavyweight champion than to be mayor'". The Guardian.
  50. ^ Bill Dwyre (14 October 2015). "Boxer Wladimir Klitschko is a heavyweight deep thinker". Los Angeles Times.
  51. ^ "Dr Klitschko's degree of class". The Irish Times. 11 November 2006.
  52. ^ "Meet Our Team". Kohlmeier Dental. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  53. ^ "Choreographer, baseball manager to speak at Fall Commencement ceremonies". Florida State University News. Florida State University. 7 December 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  54. ^ Lise Leveille - website of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of British Columbia
  55. ^ "Jim Lonborg". Scituate Education Foundation. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  56. ^ "Dr. Fletcher Low, Professor Of Chemistry at Dartmouth". The New York Times. Associated Press. 7 June 1973. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  57. ^ "Long Island Ducks Announce 2019 Coaching Staff". www.atlanticleague.com. Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. January 14, 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  58. ^ Ron Fimrite (1 July 1979). "Mike Marshall, the Best and the Brightest". Sports Illustrated.
  59. ^ Ted Berg (17 September 2013). "Former Cy Young winner says he can help pitchers throw 115 mph". USA Today.
  60. ^ "Dr. Justin Maxwell". Gallagher & Kuhn Dental Group. 21 July 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  61. ^ Cohn, Grace (11 June 2020). "Martin Mayhew: Former NFL Player, Georgetown Law Graduate, NFL Executive". Georgetown University. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  62. ^ "Degrees in Many Departments". Boston Evening Transcript. 18 June 1913. p. 4. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  63. ^ "Gerry Meehan, Instructor". Coursera. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  64. ^ Verlin, Josh (September 23, 2014). "At 84, Bill Mlkvy wants to leave student-athlete legacy at Temple". City of Basketball Love. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  65. ^ PhD dissertation Morris Mott: Manly sports and Manitobans settlement days to World War One - website of the Library of Queen's University at Kingston
  66. ^ "Rock Star/Astrophysicist Dr. Brian May Goes Backstage With New Horizons". NASA. 21 July 2015.
  67. ^ "Dr. Milt McColl Was A San Francisco 49er, Now He Treats COVID-19 Patients". Only a Game. WBUR. April 3, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  68. ^ Green, Lee (June 18, 1989). "Like Father, Like Son : How Did Milt McColl, NFL Player and Orthopedic Surgeon, Come To Mirror His Dad's Life So Precisely?". Los Angeles Times Magazine. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  69. ^ "Afghan refugee soccer star Nadia Nadim achieves ultimate goal: A medical degree". NBC News. Retrieved 2022-04-03.
  70. ^ "School of Dental Medicine". The Boston Globe. 9 June 1958. p. 11. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  71. ^ "Shaquille O'Neal Earns His Doctorate". The New York Times. Associated Press. 5 May 2012.
  72. ^ Tim Newcomb (8 May 2012). "Call Him Dr. Shaq: Shaquille O'Neal Earns Ph.D [sic]". Time.
  73. ^ "Alan Page timeline". Star Tribune. 25 July 2015.
  74. ^ "Stritch School of Medicine Annual Award Dinner Program: 1963". Stritch School of Medicine. Loyola University Chicago Digital Collections. 1963. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  75. ^ "Stritch School of Medicine Annual Award Dinner Program: 1963". Stritch School of Medicine. Loyola University Chicago Digital Collections. 1963. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  76. ^ Nick Bull (November 22, 2013). "Emma Pooley is back in the saddle full-time after PhD". cyclingweekly.com.
  77. ^ "Bobby Poser (1996) | UW Athletic Hall of Fame". Wisconsin Badgers. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  78. ^ Zimmermann, Tim; Oatway, William; Jaecks, David; Bland, Phil; Lustok, Mischa J. (Spring 1964). "Alumni Officers". Wisconsin Medical Alumni Bulletin. IV (10): 2. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  79. ^ Watts, David (April 26, 2013). "NFL Rhodes Scholar Retires to Attend Medical School and Nobody Knows Since He Wasn't Arrested". POPSspot. Archived from the original on July 20, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  80. ^ "Renaissance Man Myron Rolle, former NFL safety and Rhodes Scholar, gets degree in neurosurgery". Fox News. 20 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  81. ^ Jack Olsen (27 September 1965). "Dr. Ryan of the Browns: How Smart is Too Smart?". Sports Illustrated.
  82. ^ Mitchell, Martha (1993). "Snell, Walter H.". Encyclopedia Brunoniana. Brown University. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
  83. ^ Macur, Juliet (2016-05-11). "Rower (and Doctor) Blows Past Failure and Zika in Drive Toward Rio". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-04-03.
  84. ^ "Adam William Swigler". University Archives and Records Center. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  85. ^ "Medicine Men". University of Toronto Magazine. University of Toronto. June 2, 2002. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  86. ^ TOBE Naoto pursues the ultimate high jump - Japanese athlete with Phd degree aims to reach top performance in sports and research Archived 2021-09-17 at the Wayback Machine - website of the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games
  87. ^ Hutchinson, Dennis J. (1993). "The Man Who Once was Whizzer White". Chicago Unbound. Vol. 103. University of Chicago Law School. p. 43.
  88. ^ Flack, J. Kirkpatrick (Fall 2019). "Person of Interest: D.C. Sports Hall of Famer Doc White". Washington History. 31 (1/2): 39–41. JSTOR 26868672. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  89. ^ Forr, James; Proctor, David (1 February 2010). Pie Traynor: A Baseball Biography. McFarland. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-7864-4385-7. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  90. ^ "Dwayne Woodruff". National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  91. ^ Doctoral thesis: Olympic branding and global competition : the case of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games - website of the University of Cambridge Repository
  92. ^ "Brigham Young University (Clark)". U.S. News & World Report.
  93. ^ "Wimbledon 2013: Five things you need to know about Andy Murray's fourth round opponent Mikhail Youzhny". The Daily Telegraph. 30 June 2013.
  94. ^ Karoney, Celestine (29 December 2023). "Hugues Fabrice Zango wants to be 'a symbol of hope' for Burkina Faso". BBC Sport. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  95. ^ Boxing APETZ Nadine - website of - Tokyo 2020 Olympics
  96. ^ Pau Gasol profile - website of the national broadcaster BBC
  97. ^ Assistant lecturer Hadia Mohamed Hosny Elsaid Mohamed Tawfik Elsaid - website of the British University in Egypt
  98. ^ If the exposure was admitted to 2017 doctoral students was 25 years old! Learn tyrants ah - sports website of Best China News
  99. ^ Hungary President Schmitt quits in plagiarism scandal - website of BBC News
  100. ^ Winton Programme for the Physics of Sustainability: Louise Shanahan - website of Cambridge University
  101. ^ Christine Cox (July 13, 2004). "Former B.C. Lion is schools' QB - Education activist named director of Hamilton's public board". Hamilton Spectator. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2009.
  102. ^ University upholds decision to officially strip Chris Spence of PhD - website of the official student newspaper The Varsity
  103. ^ An Inquiry into Major Academic Integrity Violations in Canada: 2010-2019 - website of the Libraries and Cultural Resources of the University of Calgary
  104. ^ Chinese Women Basketball Team Captain Gets an Opportunity to Play in WNBA -website Pandaily
  105. ^ Stanford medical student rows her way into the Olympics - website of Scope, blog of the Office of Communications at Stanford Medicine
  106. ^ China's triple Olympic champion Sun Yang to pursue PhD - website of the state-owned news agency China News Service