Assassination of Inejirō Asanuma

Assassination of Inejirō Asanuma
Assassination of Inejirō Asanuma
Part of the Anpo Counter-Protests and far-right assassinations in post-war Japan
	Yasushi Nagao's Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph of Yamaguchi attempting to stab Asanuma for a second time
Location	Hibiya Public Hall, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
Date	October 12, 1960; 63 years ago ; 3:05 p.m. (UTC+09:00)
Target	Inejirō Asanuma, Chairman of the Japan Socialist Party
Attack type	Assassination by stabbing
Weapon	Wakizashi
Deaths	2 (Asanuma and the perpetrator who committed suicide on November 2, 1960)
Perpetrator	Otoya Yamaguchi
Motive	Opposition and resentment towards Asanuma's words and actions during his visit to China and during the Anpo protests; Deter the spread of left-wing movements in Japan;

On 12 October 1960, Inejirō Asanuma (浅沼稲次郎, Asanuma Inejirō), chairman of the Japan Socialist Party, was assassinated at Hibiya Public Hall in Tokyo. During a televised debate, 17-year-old right-wing ultranationalist Otoya Yamaguchi charged onto the stage and fatally stabbed Asanuma with a wakizashi, a type of traditional short sword.^[1] Yamaguchi committed suicide while in custody.

The assassination weakened the Japan Socialist Party,^[2] inspired a series of copycat crimes,^[3] and made Yamaguchi an enduring hero and subsequently a martyr to the Greater Japan Patriotic Party^[4] and other Japanese far-right groups.^[3]

Background[edit]

In 1959, Asanuma, a charismatic figure on the Japanese Left, had caused controversy in Japan by visiting Communist China and declaring the United States "the shared enemy of China and Japan" during a speech in Beijing. After returning to Japan, Asanuma, in his role as leader of the Japan Socialist Party (日本社会党, Nihon Shakai-tō, JSP), became one of the key leaders and main public faces of the massive Anpo protests, a series of protests against the 1960 revision of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty (known as "Anpo" in Japanese).^[5]^[6]

Asanuma and the JSP led a number of mass marches on the Japanese National Diet.^[5] Notably, as referenced in Yamaguchi's writings, was the June 15th incident, where on 15 June 1960, anti-treaty protestors stormed the National Diet compound, eventually forcing their way in through the south gate of the chamber.^[7] This led to a brawl with counter-protestors, resulting in severe injuries.^[8]

Right-wing groups and individuals, such as Bin Akao and his Greater Japan Patriotic Party (大日本愛国党, Dai Nippon Aikoku Tō), were doubly upset with Asanuma for portraying the U.S. as Japan's main enemy on his trip to China and for actively opposing the Security Treaty. The massive left-wing protests made Akao, his party and many other right-wing groups convinced that Japan was on the verge of a communist revolution.

The aforementioned began staging and participating in protests, counter protests, and other political activities. Akao gave numerous public speeches, of note mentioning the importance of the youth's role in resisting their political rivals. One of these speeches attracted the attention of Otoya Yamaguchi, who would resultingly join the party, participate in their activities, and later assassinate Asanuma.^[5]^[6]

The perpetrator[edit]

Yamaguchi was born on 22 February 1943 in Yanaka, Taitō ward, Tokyo, the son of a high-ranking officer in the Imperial Japanese Army.^[9] Beginning in early childhood, Yamaguchi began reading newspapers. Angered by what he read, he became vehemently critical of politicians and later interested in nationalist movements. Through his older brother's influence, he began attending speeches and participating in right-wing protests and counter-protests.^[9] At age 16, he formally joined Bin Akao's ultranationalist Greater Japan Patriotic Party.^[9]^[10]

Yamaguchi participated in the Anpo counter-protests, and was arrested and released 10 times over the course of 1959 and 1960.^[11]

Over the course of the Anpo protests, Yamaguchi became further disillusioned with Akao's leadership, and later resigned from the party.^[12] In his testimony given to police, he stated that he resigned from Akao's party in order to "lay [his] hands on a weapon" and be free to take more "decisive action."^[12]

Assassination[edit]

On October 12, 1960, Asanuma was participating in a televised election debate at Hibiya Public Hall in central Tokyo, featuring the leaders of the three major political parties. Also scheduled to participate were Suehiro Nishio of the Democratic Socialist Party and prime minister Hayato Ikeda of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party. The debate was sponsored by the Japanese Elections Commission, the Alliance for Clean Elections and national broadcaster NHK, which was also televising the event. There was also an audience of 2,500 people in the hall.

Nishio spoke first, and at 3:00 p.m., Asanuma advanced to the podium and began his speech. Immediately, right-wing groups in the audience began loudly heckling him, and the television microphones and reporters sitting in the front row could not hear him, forcing the NHK moderator to interrupt and call for calm. At 3:05 p.m., as the audience finally calmed down and Asanuma resumed speaking, Yamaguchi rushed onto the stage and made a deep thrust into Asanuma's left flank with a 33-centimetre (13 in) samurai short sword (wakizashi) that he had stolen from his father.^{[note 1]} Yamaguchi then tried to turn the sword on himself but was swarmed and detained by bystanders.

At the time of the murder, Yamaguchi had a note in his pocket that read:^[13]


Original Japanese Text	English Translation
汝、浅沼稲次郎は日本赤化をはかっている。自分は、汝個人に恨みはないが、社会党の指導的立場にいる者としての責任と、訪中に際しての暴言と、国会乱入の直接のせん動者としての責任からして、汝を許しておくことはできない。ここに於て我、汝に対し天誅を下す。皇紀二千六百二十年十月十二日山口二矢。	You, Inejirō Asanuma, are planning to turn Japan red [i.e. communist]. Although I bear no grudge against you as an individual, for the stances you have taken in your role as leader of the Socialist Party, for the outrageous statement you made when you visited China, and for the responsibility you bear for the intrusion into the National Diet,^{[note 2]} I cannot grant you forgiveness. I shall hereby become the instrument that brings down heaven's judgment upon you. Day 12 of the 10th month of the 2,620th year of imperial rule,^{[note 3]} Otoya Yamaguchi

Asanuma was immediately rushed out of the hall and to a nearby hospital. Initially, Asanuma was believed to have not been seriously wounded because no external bleeding was visible. However, Yamaguchi's deep stab had punctured Asanuma's aorta. He died within minutes from massive internal bleeding before he reached the hospital.

Aftermath[edit]

Ikeda's memorial speech[edit]

The Ikeda administration had been riding high going into the election debate. Ikeda's newly announced Income Doubling Plan had proven popular, and polls showed his party in a strong position heading toward the election. However, on the night of Asanuma's assassination, approximately 20,000 protesters spontaneously flooded the streets of Tokyo calling for the entire Ikeda cabinet to resign in order to take responsibility for failing to ensure Asanuma's safety. Ikeda and his advisors worried that a new protest movement might arise that would be the second coming of the Anpo protests that had toppled the cabinet of his immediate predecessor, Kishi Nobusuke.

To respond to the crisis, Ikeda took the unusual step of delivering a memorial speech at a plenary session of the Diet on October 18. The Socialist Party Diet members vocally opposed the speech. Despite Ikeda's reputation as a poor public speaker and the expectation that he would give a short boilerplate speech, Ikeda surprised the crowd by delivering a lengthy oration in which he offered an eloquent and generous assessment of Asanuma's love for his country and the Japanese people as well as his hard work ethic.^[14] The speech was reported to have moved many Diet members to tears.^[15]

Ikeda's party went on to win the election, increasing its number of seats in the Diet, although Asanuma's Japan Socialist Party also fared well.^[16]

Yamaguchi's imprisonment and suicide[edit]

The note Otoya Yamaguchi wrote with toothpaste on his cell wall before committing suicide

Following the assassination, Yamaguchi was arrested and imprisoned awaiting trial. Throughout his imprisonment, he remained calm and composed and freely gave extensive testimony to police. Yamaguchi consistently asserted that he had acted alone and without any direction from others. Finally, on November 2, he wrote "Long live the Emperor" (天皇陛下万歳, tennōheika banzai) and "Would that I had seven lives to give for my country" (七生報国, shichisei hōkoku) on the wall of his cell using toothpaste, the latter a reference to the last words of 14th-century samurai Kusunoki Masashige, and hanged himself with knotted bed sheets.^[3]

Legacies[edit]

Decline of the Japan Socialist Party[edit]

The Japan Socialist Party had been an unhappy marriage between far-left socialists, centrist socialists and right socialists who had been forced together in order to oppose the consolidation of conservative parties into the Liberal Democratic Party in 1955. Asanuma was a charismatic figure who had been able to hold many of these mutually antagonistic factions together through the force of his personality.^[2] Under Asanuma's leadership, the party had won an increasing amount of seats in the Diet in every election over the latter half of the 1950s and seemed to be gathering momentum. Asanuma's death deprived the party of his adroit leadership, and thrust Saburō Eda into the leadership role instead.^[2] Eda rapidly took the party in a more centrist direction, far faster than the left socialists were ready to accept.^[2] This led to growing infighting within the party and drastically damaged its ability to present a cohesive message to the public. Over the rest of the 1960s and going forward, the number of seats the socialists held in the Diet continued to decline until the party's extinction in 1996.^[17]

Television, Kenzaburō Ōe novelas, and copycat crimes[edit]

Because Asanuma's assassination took place in front of television cameras, it was repeatedly shown on television for weeks and was seen by almost everyone in Japan with access to a television. Within a few weeks of the assassination, Nobel Prize-winning author Kenzaburō Ōe wrote two novellas, Seventeen and The Death of a Political Youth, that were obviously inspired by Yamaguchi's actions, although he was not mentioned by name.

Yamaguchi's actions and the massive publicity they received inspired a rash of copycat crimes, as a number of political figures became targets of assassination plots and attempts over the next few years.^[3] Of the notable crimes inspired by Yamaguchi's attack one was the Shimanaka Incident of 1 February 1961. In this incident, Kazutaka Komori, a 17-year-old member of the Greater Japan Patriotic Party, attempted to assassinate the president of Chūō Kōron magazine for publishing a graphic dream sequence depicting the beheading of the emperor and his family. This played a role in establishing what came to be known as the Chrysanthemum taboo.^[18]^[19]

Yasushi Nagao photograph[edit]

A photograph of the moment immediately after Yamaguchi stabbed Asanuma was taken by Mainichi Shinbun newspaper photographer Yasushi Nagao, who had been assigned to cover the debate. As Yamaguchi rushed Asanuma, Nagao instinctively adjusted the focal distance of his lens from 4,5 m (15 ft.) to 3 meters (10 ft.) and captured an extremely clear image of the assassination. Nagao's photograph won the World Press Photo of the Year award for 1960, and won the 1961 Pulitzer Prize. Today it is still found in collections as among the greatest photographs of the 20th century. The photograph allowed Nagao to leave Japan and travel the world at a time when Japanese people were generally not granted permission to travel overseas. He was able to quit his job at Mainichi in 1962 and parlay his fame into a career as a freelance photographer.

Yamaguchi becomes a martyr[edit]

Yamaguchi became a hero and martyr to several Japanese far-right groups.^[3] On December 15, 1960, a large number of Japanese far-right groups gathered in the Hibiya Public Hall where the assassination had taken place to hold a "National Memorial Service for Our Martyred Brother Yamaguchi Otoya."^[3] The Greater Japan Patriotic Party has continued to hold an annual memorial service for Yamaguchi every year on November 2,^[4] the anniversary of his suicide. An especially large event was held on November 2, 2010, the 50th anniversary of his suicide.^[3]

Notes[edit]

^ The sword was an undersized replica of a sword forged in the Kamakura period by the swordsmith Rai Kunitoshi, and thus is better considered a wakizashi (almost a tantō) than a full-sized tachi or katana.^[1]
^ This is a reference to the "June 15th Incident" of 15 June 1960, when leftist protesters stormed the National Diet compound to protest the Security Treaty
^ 12 October 1960 in the Gregorian calendar.

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c Sawaki, Kotaro (1982). 『テロルの決算』文藝春秋 ["Financial Results of Terror" Bungeishunju] (in Japanese). Bunshun Bunko. pp. 10, 238. ISBN 978-4167209049.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 127. ISBN 9780674988484.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 254. ISBN 9780674988484.
^ ^a ^b Webmaster (November 2, 2015). "山口二矢烈士墓参" [Visiting the Grave of Otoya Yamaguchi Martyrs]. Aikokutou (in Japanese). Greater Japan Patriotic Party. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 252–53. ISBN 9780674988484.
^ ^a ^b 関西書院, 千頭剛 (1995). 戦後文学の作家たち. p. 90.
^ Tokyo 1960: Days of Rage & Grief
^ Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 9780674988484.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 252. ISBN 9780674988484.
^ Kansai Shoin, Chitogo (1995). 戦後文学の作家たち [Writers of Postwar Literature] (in Japanese). p. 90.
^ Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 253. ISBN 9780674988484.
^ ^a ^b Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 253–54. ISBN 9780674988484.
^ Webmaster (2 November 2020). "山口二矢烈士御命日墓参" [Martyr Yamaguchi Futaya visits the grave on the anniversary of his death]. Great Japan Patriotic Party (in Japanese). Retrieved 21 February 2023.
^ Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 85–86. ISBN 9780674988484.
^ Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 85. ISBN 9780674988484.
^ Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 113. ISBN 9780674988484.
^ Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 125–26. ISBN 9780674988484.
^ Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 261. ISBN 9780674988484.
^ Yoshida, Reiji; Nagata, Kazuaki (2015-01-22). "Self-censorship is biggest threat to free speech in Japan". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 2015-01-24. Retrieved 2021-10-16.