Mughal–Kashmir Wars
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| Mughal–Kashmir Wars | |||||||||
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| Part of the Mughal conquests | |||||||||
 The Pir Panjal was a frequent battleground for the conflicting forces | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Kashmir Sultanate | |||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
First Phase (1527–1531): Babur HumayunMughal commanders:
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First Phase (1527–1531): Muhammad Shah Ibrahim Shah Kashmiri nobles:
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Second Phase (1540–1551): Humayun Mughal commanders:
Kashmiri nobles:
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Second Phase (1540–1551): Ismail Shah Kashmiri nobles:
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Third Phase (1585–1589): Akbar Mughal commanders:
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Third Phase (1585–1589): Yousuf Chak Yakub Chak Kashmiri nobles:
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| Strength | |||||||||
| ~100,000 | ~60,000 | ||||||||
The Mughal–Kashmir Wars[a] were a series of battles fought between the Kashmir Sultanate and the Mughal Empire.
Early invasions[edit]
In 1526, Babur secured the throne of Delhi at the Battle of Panipat. His expansionist ideologies made him subdue the Rajputs at Khanwa,[1][2][3] and soon after, he had his eyes on Kashmir. Kashmir, at that time, was just out of a power struggle between Muhammad Shah and Fateh Shah.[4][5] Babur, seeing an opportunity despatched Kuchak Beg and Shaikh Ali Beg in 1527 to help Fateh Shah's son Sikandar secure the throne and establish his dominance over the region.[6][7][8] Before Sultan Muhammad could give any orders, Kaji Chak, who was in unfavourable terms with the Sultan, gathered the Chak warlords, including Taji Chak, Hussain Chak and his son Ghazi Chak.[7] The Mughals faced the Chaks at Naushahra and, despite early success, were defeated and forced to retreat back to India.[9][10] Sikandar was thus captured and was handed over to the royal authority.[7] Sultan Muhammad paid his gratitude and insisted Kaji forget the past. Kaji agreed to some conditions and was made his Wazir.[8]
Soon after these events, Muhammad Shah was deposed by Kaji in favour of his son Ibrahim Shah, who was rather a Sultan in name as the real power was wielded by Kaji himself.[11][12] Many chiefs and nobles who were either imprisoned or exiled escaped and went to the court of Babur to seek help against Kaji.[13][14] Babur, in the spring of 1528, sent an army under Shaikh Ali Baig and Muhammad Khan to assist the Kashmiri chiefs.[13] Numerous skirmishes were carried out by both parties, but in 1529, Kaji, along with Sultan Ibrahim, met the Mughal forces in Tapar and, after a great deal of fight, were defeated.[15] Kaji Chak and Daulat Chak managed to escape while Ibrahim Baihaqi and Ghazi Chak were captured and imprisoned.[16] Sultan Ibrahim was dethroned, and another of Fateh Shah's son Nazuk Shah was enthroned. Mughal forces were called back as Kashmir acknowledged Mughal suzerainty.[17][11]
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Babur, Emperor of Hindustan; Beveridge, Annette Susannah (1922). The Babur-nama in English (Memoirs of Babur). Robarts - University of Toronto. London, Luzac.
- ^ Shambhunath, Mr Vivek Kumar Pandey (14 June 2021). Battle Of Panipat. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-63957-365-3.
- ^ R. C. Majumdar, General Editor (1974). History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 07, The Mughul Empire. Public Resource. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 37.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help) - ^ Chādūrah, Ḥaydar Malik (1991). History of Kashmir. Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan. pp. 133a.
- ^ Hasan, Mohibbul (26 September 2023). Kashmir Under the Sultans. London: Routledge. pp. 106–119. doi:10.4324/9781032666709. ISBN 978-1-032-66670-9.
- ^ Umair Mirza (1 January 2016). History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India (Tarikh e Firishta), Complete Volumes. p. 673.
- ^ a b c pandit, Kashinath (1 January 2022). Baharistan-I-Shahi A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir. New Delhi: Akshaya Prakashan. pp. 91a. ISBN 978-81-88643-83-7.
- ^ a b Hasan, Mohibbul (26 September 2023). Kashmir Under the Sultans. London: Routledge. p. 120. doi:10.4324/9781032666709. ISBN 978-1-032-66670-9.
- ^ Chādūrah, Ḥaydar Malik (1991). History of Kashmir. Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan. pp. 136a.
- ^ N/a. Nawadir Al Akhbar. pp. 61b–62a.
- ^ a b pandit, Kashinath (1 January 2022). Baharistan-I-Shahi A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir. New Delhi: Akshaya Prakashan. pp. 92a. ISBN 978-81-88643-83-7.
- ^ Chādūrah, Ḥaydar Malik (1991). History of Kashmir. Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan. pp. 137a.
- ^ a b Hasan, Mohibbul (26 September 2023). Kashmir Under the Sultans. London: Routledge. p. 121. doi:10.4324/9781032666709. ISBN 978-1-032-66670-9.
- ^ Pir Ghulam Hasan (1887). Tarikh E Hasan ( Kashmir ) 1 . ٹاریخ حسن ۔ کشمیر. pp. 120b.
- ^ Briggs, Mahomed Kasim Ferishta; Translated by John (1 January 1989). History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India Till the Year A.D. 1612. Atlantic. p. 491. ISBN 978-81-269-2100-3.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Hasan, Mohibbul (26 September 2023). Kashmir Under the Sultans. London: Routledge. p. 122. doi:10.4324/9781032666709. ISBN 978-1-032-66670-9.
- ^ Chādūrah, Ḥaydar Malik (1991). History of Kashmir. Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan. pp. 137b–138a.