Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé

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Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé
TypeArmoured personnel carrier
Place of originFrance
Service history
In service1979 – present
Used bySee Operators
WarsWestern Sahara War
Lebanese Civil War
Opération Épervier
Gulf War
Opération Turquoise
Bosnian War
War in Afghanistan
2003–2004 Indonesian offensive in Aceh[1]
Opération Licorne
Operation Serval
Opération Sangaris
Opération Barkhane
Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen[2]
Russo-Ukrainian War[3]
Production history
DesignerGIAT Industries
Designed1970 - 1977
ManufacturerRenault Trucks Defense
MACK Defense[4]
No. built5,000[5]
Specifications
Mass13 t in combat order (standard)
13.8 t empty and 15.8 t loaded (upgraded VAB ultima)
Length5.98 m (19 ft 7 in)
Width2.49 m (8 ft 2 in)
Height2.06 m (6 ft 9 in)
Crew2
Passengers10
Armourcage, ballistic blanket

Steel armour providing protection against 7.62 mm bullets, artillery shell splinters and anti-personnel mines
Upgrades with MEXAS composite armour and mine protection

Protection for up to 12.7 mm for the front and turret
Main
armament
1 × AA52 7.62 mm machine gun or 1x M2 12.7mm machine gun
EngineRenault MIDS 062045
235 kW (320 hp)[6]
Power/weight17 W/kg (23 hp/t)
Suspensionwheeled
Ground clearance0.4 m (1 ft 4 in)[7]
Fuel capacity310 litres[7]
Operational
range
1,200 km (750 mi)[7]
Maximum speed 110 km/h (68 mph)
7.92 km/h in water[7]

The Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé or VAB (literally meaning "Armoured Forward Vehicle"; but more appropriately translated: "Armoured Vanguard Vehicle") is a French armoured personnel carrier and support vehicle designed and manufactured by Renault Trucks Defense (now called Arquus). It entered French service in 1979 and around 5,000 were produced for the French Army as well as for export.[8] It has seen combat in various conflicts in Africa, Asia as well as Europe and has also been exported to more than 15 countries.

A polyvalent military vehicle, the VAB has more than thirty variants and sub-variants. Beyond their common primary role of transporting personnel and equipment in combat zones, some VAB are tailored for mechanized infantry combat, some fulfill the role of anti-tank missile launchers, some of self-propelled mortars, some are optimized for electronic warfare, others act as reconnaissance or artillery observation vehicles, etc.

As of 2019, it still is the standard APC of the French Army but is gradually being replaced by its successors, the six-wheel VBMR Griffon (introduced in 2019) and the four-wheel VBMR-L Serval (introduced in 2022).

Design[edit]

The VAB was designed as a wheeled troop transporter, complementing the tracked AMX-10P. Specifications for the project called for an NBC-proof, amphibious (Its propulsion in water is either by its wheels or twin water jets),[9] lightly armoured vehicle to provide infantry with basic protection against shrapnel and light infantry weapons. These features were dictated by its possible usage in the event of an all-out conventional war breaking out against the Warsaw Pact; in particular, the amphibious capabilities were needed to bridge the rivers in Eastern France and in Germany.[10]

Companies Panhard and Saviem/Renault answered the requirement, and the Renault prototype was selected in May 1974,[11] with 4,000 units ordered. The first delivery occurred in 1976, and production continued at a rate of 30 to 40 units a month.[8]

An armoured double-door at the rear allows access to the passenger compartment. Two inward-facing, foldable benches provide seating for 5 soldiers each. The crew enters the front compartment through two lateral hatches, the driver on the left and gunner on the right; two additional hatches in the roof give access to armaments and provide emergency exits. The front windows are bullet-proof and heated. All the windows can be further protected by armoured panels, which can be shut entirely or leaving a small observation slit. The engine is located behind the driver, while the right side of the vehicle is kept free, providing a passageway between the crew and passenger compartments.

  • rear doors and crew bench
    rear doors and crew bench
  • forward compartment
    forward compartment

With a modest 13-tonne mass, the VAB can easily be airlifted for deployment abroad.[7]

The VAB's large wheels allow it to sustain up to 60% grades and road/rail canting of up to 30%.[12]

From 1998, the French Army's VABs underwent three major overhauls:

  • replacement of the manual gear by an automatic transmission (T1)
  • replacement of the brakes and automatic tire pressurization (T2)
  • armour upgrade (T3)

These overhauled vehicles are known as VAB Valorisé. From 1990, the VAB NG (new generation) with improved armour and new engine was offered. In the 2000s, Renault offered engine upgrades to any VABs in service from MAN diesel engines to Renault MIDS 06 20 45 turbocharged diesel engines by removing the torque converterer oil reservoir bracket, modifying the existing right-hand engine bracket and the installation of a cooling unit.[13]

In 2003, Renault Trucks Défense took over marketing the VAB from GIAT. At Eurosatory 2010, Renault unveiled the heavier VAB MkII, with more internal space and Level 4 protection.[14][15] The MkII version was also shown in the BRIDEX 2011 convention.[16]

In Eurosatory 2012; the VAB MkIII was presented publicly, being a new vehicle with better protection against IEDs and anti-vehicle mines[17] up to STANAG Level 4 protection.[18] Armored plating against RPG rockets is made in collaboration with Plasan.[19]

It's being marketed only in a 6x6 wheeled configuration with either a Renault MD7 engine developing 340 hp or a Caterpillar C7 developing 370 hp with automatic transmission.[20]

Armour upgrade[edit]

A Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé armed with a 20 mm gun turret, with added armour, deployed in Afghanistan on 19 August 2009

The upgrade of the VAB with MEXAS composite armour aimed at increasing from protection against light infantry weapons to protection against heavy machine guns, typically 12.7 mm projectiles. This increased the weight of the vehicles by about two tonnes, thereby losing its amphibious capabilities.

The amphibious shape of the hull, the relatively light weight and the armour upgrade seem to give the VAB strong resistance against mines. When exposed to an explosion from below, the VAB tends to be lifted in the air, allowing the force of the blast to disperse away from the vehicle. In particular, the hull shape and position of the wheels deflects the shock wave, helping maintain hull integrity.[10]

Turrets[edit]

The heavy machine gun version of the Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé carries a M2HB 12.7mm machine gun in an open turret; the light version sports the AA52 7.5mm machine gun in a similar arrangement.

The AA-52 is a 7.62mm GPMG mounted on the VAB has a length of 1,080 mm and a barrel length of 600 mm. Weighing 9,970 kg, this machine gun operates through a lever-delayed blowback action mechanism, enabling a maximum rate of fire of 900 rounds per minute. Its effective firing range spans 600 meters, with a maximum firing range of 3,200 meters. The AA-52 is equipped with a belt feed system and features Iron Removable APX (SOM) telescopic sights and an infrared scope for precision targeting. The ammunition utilized includes rifle rounds with a caliber of 7.62, compatible with cartridges such as the 7.5×54mm French and the 7.62×51mm NATO. With a muzzle velocity of 830 m/s, the AA-52 is capable of delivering sustained firepower with a basic load of 900 rounds.

Detail of open machine gun turret

In both cases, the gunner's only protection from incoming fire is an armoured panel on the front and the two halves of the hatch door on the sides, giving little protection against indirect fire, surprise attacks and explosions[21] — or if the VAB rolls over.[22] As of July 2007, all the personnel killed by mines aboard VABs had occupied the gunner position (though serious injuries were sometimes sustained by crewmen inside the hull).[10]

From 2007, the Army head of staff repeatedly requested that remotely operated 12.7mm turrets be fitted on these vehicles, as a crash requirement.[23] A program was launched, scheduling turret and battle command upgrades for over 500 VABs, now labeled VAB TOP (tourelle TéléOPérée). In May 2008, Renault Trucks Defense signed an eight-year, 20 million euro contract with Kongsberg Gruppen of Norway, for equipping the VAB with subsidiary Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace's Protector Remote Weapon Station (RWS).[24][25] Deliveries were scheduled from 2009 to 2016.

Equipped with Protector Remote Weapon Station

From early 2009 onwards, about 60 VAB-TOP were deployed in Afghanistan, seeing their first combat during the Battle of Alasay. Field experience shows a significant drop in ammunition consumption with the tele-operated turret, whose computer allows the operator to fire efficient single shots, rather than bursts.[26] This partially alleviates concerns raised by the need to reload this turret from outside.[27]

Replacement[edit]

Replacement of the VAB is scheduled for around 2020. A diesel-electric vehicle stemming from the EBM10-EBM20 programme is due to be selected. The Armoured Multirole Carrier has been cited as a strong contender.

Combat history[edit]

VAB deployed with the French contingent of the ISAF (right), next to a US MRAP, 7 August 2009.

VABs have been deployed in virtually all theatres where French infantry troops were present, notably Kuwait, Côte d'Ivoire, Yugoslavia, and Chad. French troops supporting ISAF in Afghanistan also use the VAB. During the Uzbin valley ambush, a VAB was hit by a rocket propelled grenade, with no injuries. One soldier manning the rooftop machine gun of a VAB was later killed when the road collapsed under his vehicle and it rolled over.[28] In March 2009, a VAB driver was killed by a rocket attack during the battle of Alasay.[29]

Africa[edit]

VABs belonging to the Royal Moroccan Army (FAR) have seen heavy combat during the conflict with Polisario rebels of the Western Sahara.

Middle East[edit]

A total of 95 VABs were delivered to the Lebanese Army between 1981 and 1984,[30][31] being extensively employed during the Lebanese Civil War, with several vehicles serving under the Shia Amal Movement militia banner after the Army's predominantly Shia 6th Infantry Brigade went over to their coreligionists in February 1984.[32][33][34] After the end of the war in the 1990s, additional VABs were delivered to the Lebanese Internal Security Forces (ISF) for use in the escort and internal security roles.

Ukraine[edit]

As of February 2024, at least 14 VAB vehicles were destroyed during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Further 6 were damaged and abandoned[35]

Variants[edit]

Variants may be 4×4 or 6×6 wheels, the 6×6 yielding a 10% increase in cost.[8] The French military only uses 4-wheel versions, while export versions mainly are 6×6s.

The following VAB variants are/were made:[36][37]

  • VAB MK 3, 6x6 APC version- A highly improved version of the VAB with better performance in terms of mobility protection in payload
  • VAB VTT (Véhicule Transport de Troupe) – 4x4 APC version, crew of two and ten passengers and standard pintle mount for various compatible machine guns.
    • VAB TOP (tourelle TéléOPérée) – VTT 4x4 fitted with a Kongsberg Protector (RWS) with 12.7mm machine gun and ceramic add-on armour.
    • VAB AZURE (Action en Zone URbaine) – Urban warfare vehicle equipped with a dozer blade and with panoramic periscopes to observe and monitor.
    • VAB ELI (élément léger d'intervention) – light recovery vehicle.
    • VAB-VCAC MILAN (VCAC standing for Véhicule de Combat Anti-Char) – French army variant of the VTT, fitted with a pintle mount for the MILAN system at the rear hull roof.
    • VAB AT4CS – French army variant of the VTT, used by anti-tank teams armed with the AT4CS 84 mm portable rocket launcher.
    • VAB Eryx – French army variant of the VTT, used by anti-tank teams armed with the Eryx system.
  • VAB RATAC – Artillery target acquisition vehicle, carries a DR-PC 1a RATAC doppler radar with a range of 20 km.
  • VAB RASIT – Reconnaissance vehicle, carries the DR-PT 2a RASIT ground surveillance radar.
  • VAB PC (Poste de Commandement) – Command vehicle with a crew of 6 and equipped with map tables and additional signals equipment.
    • VAB SIR (Système d'Information Régimentaire) – Digital regimental C4ISTAR information system.
  • VAB Bromure – Electronic warfare vehicle.
  • VAB Echelon – Maintenance and repair vehicle. Equipped with hydraulic jib crane for swapping power pack and winches for pulling VABs free of obstacles.
  • VAB Génie – Engineering vehicle that can be fitted with a light obstacle clearing blade or can be used to tow a trailer with mine-clearing charges.
  • VAB SAN (sanitaire) – Armoured ambulance with room for 5 stretchers or 10 sitting passengers.
  • VAB Reco – NBC reconnaissance vehicle.
  • VAB ATLAS (Automatisation des Tirs et Liaisons Sol-sol pour l'artillerie) – Artillery fire command and control vehicle, successor of the VAB ATILA.
  • VAB SGEA (Système de Guerre Électronique de l'Avant) – Electronic warfare variant.
  • VAB Rapsodie (Radar d'Acquisition Polyvalent pour la Surveillance et l'Observation Destiné à l'Interarmes) – Reconnaissance vehicle with radar.
  • VBR (Véhicule Blindé de Reconnaissance) – Similar to VIB but used by Génie de l'Air and fitted with a Capre turret with 20 mm F2 gun.
Mephisto anti-tank missile variant
  • VAB Mephisto (also called VAB HOT) – Anti-tank vehicle, carries the Euromissile Mephisto system with four ready-to-fire HOT anti-tank missiles and eight more in reserve. They both fire the French HOT (Haut subsonique Optiquement Téléguidé Tiré d’un Tube) Anti-Tank Missile. The HOT is a wire-guided missile with semi-automatic command-to-line-of-sight (SACLOS) guidance. It's been around since the 1970s and the latest version is the HOT-3.
  • VCI T.20/13 (Véhicule de Combat de l'Infanterie) – VAB equipped with a turret mounted 20 mm gun recovered from old AMX-VCIs and refurbished and intended for fire support and for counter sniping.
VIB 20 mm turret variant
  • VIB (Véhicule d'Intervention sur Base) – IFV version fitted with the Toucan system, a tele-operated turret fitted with a 20 mm cannon and a AA52 7.62 mm machine-gun. Used by the French Air Force for airfield defence.[23]
  • VIT (Véhicule d'Implantation Topographique) – Vehicle for topographic teams of field artillery units.
VOA artillery spotting variant
  • VOA (Véhicule d'Observation d'Artillerie) – Artillery observation vehicle, fitted with a turret with day/night observation devices, laser range finder etc. This version is normally found in units equipped with the TR F1 towed 155 mm howitzer. The VAB OBS is an improved version.
  • VTM 120 (Véhicule Tracteur de Mortier) – Mortar towing vehicle, can carry 70 bombs for the Thomson-Brandt MO-120 mortar.
  • VAB 2R2M — self-propelled mortar 120 mm.
  • VBC-90: Armoured car variant with a 90 mm gun in a turret. In service with the Mobile Gendarmerie until 2004.
  • VAB Ultima - Upgrades to the VAB against IEDs and land mines with added blast seats not fixed to the floor, Sagem SITEL comm equipment and FELIN battery chargers.[38] Equipped with Protector RCWS for either a machine gun or AGL.[38]
  • VAB SAN (Sanitaire - Sanitary) CIED (Counter-IED) - Upgrades to the VAB for ambulance purposes for French forces operating in the Sahel as jihadi forces tend to target them with explosives and IEDs.[39]

Versions reserved for export:

  • VAB 4x4 VCI T.20 (Véhicule de Combat de l'Infanterie) – Export version of the VCI T.20/13, fitted with a one-man T.20 turret. In service with Cyprus.
  • VAB 6x6 ECH (ECHelon) – Maintenance vehicle (with crane).
  • VAB 6x6 VCI Toucan (Véhicule de Combat de l'Infanterie) – Similar to the VCI T.20/13 but based on the VAB 6x6.
  • VAB 6x6 VPM 81 (Véhicule Porte-Mortier) – Mortar carrier with an 81 mm mortar firing through a roof opening. In service with Oman.
  • VAB 6x6 VDAA TA20 (Véhicule de Défense AntiAérienne) – Low-altitude air-defence vehicle, armed with a double 20 mm gun in a TA 20 turret. In service with Oman, Morocco and the Central African Republic.
  • VCAC 6x6 UTM800 – Anti-tank vehicle, carries the Euromissile UTM800 turret, with four ready-to-launch HOT missiles, and 16 more in reserve. In service with Qatar and Cyprus.
  • VBMO (Véhicule Blindé de Maintien de l'Ordre) – Police version for crowd control, fitted with a light dozer blade and optionally a TOI turret.[40] In service with Oman, Morocco and Abu Dhabi.
  • VDAA (Véhicule d'Auto-Defense Antiaèrienne) - Anti-aircraft version with turret carrying two 20 mm cannon. Nine purchased by Oman National Guard.[41]
  • VDAA SANTAL (Véhicule de Défense Anti-Aérienne, Systeme Anti-aerien Autonome Leger) - Anti-aircraft version using the SANTAL turret system, fitted with six Mistral short-range surface-to-air missiles and the Rodeo-2 radar.[42]

The French Gendarmerie also procured a small batch (about twenty) of up-armoured VABs, for use in Afghanistan. These vehicles have now (2018) been redeployed either to Versailles-Satory (near Paris) or to French New Caledonia.

Foreign-made versions:

  • MACK Lakota: A variant of the VAB Mark III, most of its parts made in America by Mack Defense via JWF Defense Systems in 6x6 and 8x8 variants, which was announced in June 2016.[43][44] It was first shown publicly in AUSA 2014 and AUSA 2015.[45][46] Its hull is also assembled in America.[47] It was sold in 2016 to an unnamed customer in the Middle East.[48][49]

Operators[edit]

Map of VAB operators in blue

As of 2019, it's known that the VAB is exported to more than 40 countries.[5]


Current operators[edit]

Former operators[edit]

Potential operators[edit]

Gallery[edit]

  • Medical evacuation version
    Medical evacuation version
  • Inside view of the medical evacuation version
    Inside view of the medical evacuation version
  • Version with 12.7 mm machine gun
    Version with 12.7 mm machine gun
  • Detail of Pod Water Jet for amphibious operation
    Detail of Pod Water Jet for amphibious operation
  • MACK Lakota at IDEX 2017
    MACK Lakota at IDEX 2017
  • French Army VAB in the new camouflage, spotted after the Bastille Day parade (July 14, 2021)
    French Army VAB in the new camouflage, spotted after the Bastille Day parade (July 14, 2021)
  • VAB in service with the Royal Brunei Land Forces (RBLF) in 2022
    VAB in service with the Royal Brunei Land Forces (RBLF) in 2022
  • VAB-VCACs of the Cypriot National Guard during a parade in Nicosia.
    VAB-VCACs of the Cypriot National Guard during a parade in Nicosia.

See also[edit]

Comparable vehicles[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ "Foto Foto Darurat Militer Aceh 2003-2004, Operasi Militer Lawan GAM". hobbymiliter.com (in Indonesian). 12 May 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
  2. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. p. 315. ISBN 978-1-85743-835-2.
  3. ^ "The Dead District on X". twitter.com. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  4. ^ As of October 2017, using the Wayback machine on the official MACK Defense website indicates that it no longer shows the Lakota.
  5. ^ a b "Internal Server Error" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2019.
  6. ^ "VAB Description". Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  7. ^ a b c d e VAB, Ministry of Defence
  8. ^ a b c d "1976 RENAULT VAB VCI". charfrancais.net. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
  9. ^ Tanks and armored fighting vehicles: visual encyclopedia. New York, N.Y.: Chartwell Books. 2012. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-7858-2926-3. OCLC 785874088.
  10. ^ a b c d La bonne surprise du VAB face aux IED : avoir été amphibie..., Jean-Dominique Merchet, Secret Défense, Libération
  11. ^ VAB Blindé de transport de troupe – Armoured personnel carrier, armyrecognition.com
  12. ^ "Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé (VAB), Federation of American Scientists-FAS". fas.org. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  13. ^ "Arquus | Military Vehicles | Armored Cars | Armory Personnal Carrier |". Archived from the original on 19 October 2006.
  14. ^ "Launch of the New VAB Mark II and Presents the Development of Its SHERPA Range at Eurosatory 2010 (Stand D390 – Outdoor)". Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
  15. ^ "VAB Mk 2 multirole armoured vehicle technical data sheet specifications information description". www.armyrecognition.com. 7 January 2011.
  16. ^ "Renault Trucks Defense last range of wheeled armoured with VAB Mark II and Sherpa at BRIDEX 2011". www.armyrecognition.com.
  17. ^ Administrator. "VAB Mark Mk 3 Mk3 wheeled armoured vehicle personnel carrier technical data sheet specifications – French army france wheeled armoured vehicle UK – French army military equipment vehicle UK". www.armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
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  19. ^ "Infantry Fighting Vehicles & Armoured Personnel Carriers" (PDF). armadainternational.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  20. ^ "Latest VAB offers more of everything [IDEX19D4] | Jane's 360". www.janes.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  21. ^ Adjudant Laurent Pican (13 BCA) was killed by an explosion on 21 September 2007 [1]
  22. ^ Soldier Melam Bouama was killed during the Uzbin valley ambush
  23. ^ a b Merchet, Jean-Dominique. "Secret Défense – Faute de VAB, utilisons les VIB ! - Libération.fr". secretdefense.blogs.liberation.fr. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  24. ^ Weapon Control Systems framework agreement with France Archived 29 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine – Kongsberg Gruppen press release, 2 May 2008
  25. ^ "Protector Contract Valued at MNOK 140 with Renault Truck Defense". Kongsberg. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  26. ^ magazine, Le Point. "En Afghanistan, baptême du feu pour le VAB-TOP". Le Point.fr. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  27. ^ magazine, Le Point. "Destinés à mieux protéger leurs occupants, les premiers VAB-TOP livrés en Afghanistan". Le Point.fr. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  28. ^ Merchet, Jean-Dominique (19 August 2008). "Afghanistan: le récit de l'embuscade". Libération. Retrieved 22 August 2008.
  29. ^ Fontaine, Caroline (17 March 2009). "Français au combat en Afghanistan". Paris Match. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
  30. ^ a b Sex & Bassel Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 105.
  31. ^ "Trade Registers". armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  32. ^ a b Mahé, La Guerre Civile Libanaise, un chaos indescriptible (1975–1990), p. 79.
  33. ^ a b Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) (2003), pp. 53; 57-58.
  34. ^ a b Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 21.
  35. ^ Oryx. "Attack On Europe: Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine". Oryx. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g "VAB ARQUUS 4x4 wheeled APC armored vehicle personnel carrier | French army france wheeled armoured vehicle". www.armyrecognition.com. 15 March 2023.
  37. ^ "VAB Armored Personnel Carrier". www.military-today.com.
  38. ^ a b "new VAB Ultima wheeled armoured personnel carrier adapted for French Felin Future soldier". www.armyrecognition.com.
  39. ^ "ARQUUS delivers 40 modernized sanitary VAB SAN CIED armored vehicles to French Army". www.armyrecognition.com.
  40. ^ "Arquus | 1er Fournisseur en Véhicules Terrestres de l'Armée Française". www.renault-trucks-defense.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  41. ^ Cullen & Foss 1992, p. 66
  42. ^ "Anti-aircraft missile system "SANTAL" | Missilery.info". en.missilery.info. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  43. ^ "Mack Defense partners with JWF in Johnstown, PA for Lakota production » Mack Defense". 6 June 2016.
  44. ^ Administrator (15 February 2017). "Lakota 6x6 armoured vehicle personnel carrier technical data sheet specifications pictures video 11502174". www.armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  45. ^ Administrator. "Mack Defense to present Sherpa Light Scout and Armoured Wheeled Loader L 180 at AUSA 2014 0610145". www.armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  46. ^ "AUSA 2015: Mack Defense – Sherpa Light and Lakota – IHS Jane's 360". 16 November 2015. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  47. ^ "Mack Defense, JWF team for Lakota armored vehicle production". upi.com. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
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  53. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 457.
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  56. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 459.
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References[edit]

External links[edit]

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