List of durian diseases and pests

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Black garden ants (Lasius niger) eating a durian at a market in Pulilan, Bulacan. Note also the fuzzy white scale insect in the center.

Durians are an agricultural product affected by many plant pathogens and pests. Most of the information here concerns Durio zibethinus, the major commercial species, but a dozen species in the genus Durio are edible durians, and several of those are also grown commercially and these diseases can concern them as well.

Algae[edit]

Animals[edit]

Vertebrates[edit]

These are animals that eat or destroy durian fruit or trees. Many of these are shot or poisoned by farmers.[6] Some of these species naturally act as seed dispersers,[7] which benefits the plant but does not benefit farmers.

Invertebrates[edit]

Most of these are arthropods, but nematodes and gastropods are also of concern.[3]

Arthropods[edit]

durian hawkmoth spotted in Crocker Range National Park

Other invertebrates[edit]

Bacteria[edit]

Fungi[edit]

Fungi affect both the tree before harvest and the fruit after harvest. Some listed species may only cause cosmetic damage, or the association is unknown.

Oomycetes[edit]

Oomycetes are often confused with fungi.

Plants[edit]

Some plants growing on durian trees can be problematic or even parasitic.

Non-pathogenic epiphytes and symbiotes[edit]

These species live on or in durian trees as epiphytes but typically do not harm the tree or fruit. However, Trentepohlia species can grow thick enough to block lenticels and inhibit ramiflorous flowering.[2]

Hyperparasites and secondary associations[edit]

Hyperparasitism is when durian parasites become the hosts for other parasites.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj Brown, Michael J. (1997). Durio, a Bibliographic Review (PNG). New Delhi: Bioversity International. ISBN 9789290433187. OCLC 38754437. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Lim, Tong Kwee; Sangchote, Somsiri (2003). "10: Diseases of durian". In Ploetz, Randy C. (ed.). Diseases of tropical fruit crops. Cambridge, MA: CABI Publishing. pp. 241–252. doi:10.1079/9780851993904.0241. ISBN 978-0851993904. OCLC 928700703. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca Plant Quarantine Policy Branch, Policy and International Division (November 1999). "Final Import Risk Analysis on the Importation of Fresh Durian Fruit (Durio zibethinus Murray) from the Kingdom of Thailand" (DOC). Canberra: Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018. {{cite web}}: |author1= has generic name (help)
  4. ^ Singh, Kishan Gorbak (1980). "A check list of host and disease in Malaysia". Bulletin (154). OCLC 9111337.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lim, Tong Kwee (1990). Durian: diseases and disorders. Kuala Lumpur: Tropical Press. ISBN 9789677300507. OCLC 857198658.
  6. ^ a b c d Gasik, Lindsay (8 March 2014). "When Durian Isn't Vegan, and What Every Animal Loving Durian Freak Should Know". Year of the Durian. yearofthedurian.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d e Nakashima, Yoshihiro; Lagan, Peter; Kitayama, Kanehiro (March 2008). "A Study of Fruit–Frugivore Interactions in Two Species of Durian (Durio, Bombacaceae) in Sabah, Malaysia". Biotropica. 40 (2): 255–258. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00335.x. ISSN 1744-7429. OCLC 5155811169. S2CID 82212472.
  8. ^ Webber, C. Elizabeth; Sereivathana, Tuy; Maltby, Matthew P.; Lee, Phyllis C. (2011). "Elephant crop-raiding and human–elephant conflict in Cambodia: crop selection and seasonal timings of raids". Oryx. 45 (2): 243–251. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.859.8742. doi:10.1017/S0030605310000335. ISSN 0030-6053. OCLC 729973313. S2CID 86676785.
  9. ^ Fredriksson, Gabriella M.; Wich, Serge A.; Trisno (1 November 2006). "Frugivory in sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) is linked to El Niño-related fluctuations in fruiting phenology, East Kalimantan, Indonesia" (PDF). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 89 (3): 489–508. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00688.x. ISSN 1095-8312. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2018. Durio graveolens Bombacaceae S fr Tree
  10. ^ a b c Oei-Dharma, H.P. (1969). "6 Fruit Crops". Use of Pesticides and Control of Economic Pests and Diseases in Indonesia. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 78. OCLC 911794968. We think it worth mentioning here, owing to reports of great damage, caused by certain mammals, like rats, wild boars and bears.
  11. ^ Mackinnon, John (February 1974). "The behaviour and ecology of wild orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus)". Animal Behaviour. 22 (1): 3–74. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(74)80054-0. ISSN 0003-3472.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sangchote, Somsiri; Pongpisutta, Ratiya; Bunjoedchoedchu, Ronnapop (1996). "Diseases of durian fruits after harvest". 34. Kasetsart University Annual Conference, Bangkok (Thailand), 30 Jan-1 Feb 1996: 148–152.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Sivapalan, A.; Metussin, Rosidah; Harndan, Fuziah; Zain, Rokiah Mohd (December 1998). "Fungi associated with postharvest fruit rots of Durio graveolens and D. kutejensis in Brunei Darussalam". Australasian Plant Pathology. 27 (4): 274–277. doi:10.1071/AP98033. ISSN 1448-6032. OCLC 204773204. S2CID 37024997.
  14. ^ Lim, Tong Kwee (1980) Anthracnose and related problems in some local fruit trees. National Fruit Seminar, Serdang, Malaysia, November 5–7, 1980, Preprint No. 15.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Lim, Tong Kwee (1989) Studies of some lesser known mycoflora of durian: sooty mould and black mildew. Pertanika 12, 159–166.
  16. ^ a b Turner, G.J. (1971) Fungi and plant disease in Sarawak. Phytopathological Paper No. 12, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, UK.
  17. ^ a b Johnston, A. (1960) A supplement to a host list of plant disease in Malaya. Mycological Paper No. 77. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, UK
  18. ^ Lim, Tong Kwee, Ng, C.C. and Chin, C.L. (1987) Etiology and control of durian foliar blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Annals of Applied Biology 110, 301–307.
  19. ^ Chan, L.G. and Lim, Tong Kwee (1987) Control of Phytophthora palmivora on cacao and durian seedlings. Journal of Plant Protection in the Tropics 4(1), 9–13.
  20. ^ a b c Lim, Tong Kwee; Sijam, Kamaruzaman (1989). "Occurrence of the green alga Trentepohlia on the trunk and branches of durian". The Planter. 65: 328–333. ISSN 0126-575X. OCLC 956938423.
  21. ^ Chandrasikul, A. (1962) A Preliminary Host List of Plant Disease in Thailand. Technical Bulletin No. 6, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand.
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