Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Indominus rex)
Promotional image for Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, featuring multiple dinosaurs from the film.

Jurassic Park, later also referred to as Jurassic World,[1] is an American science fiction adventure media franchise. It focuses on the cloning of dinosaurs through ancient DNA, extracted from mosquitoes that have been fossilized in amber. The franchise explores the ethics of cloning and genetic engineering, and the morals behind de-extinction.

The franchise began in 1990, with the release of Michael Crichton's novel Jurassic Park. A film adaptation, also titled Jurassic Park, was directed by Steven Spielberg and was released in 1993. Crichton then wrote a sequel novel, The Lost World (1995), and Spielberg directed its film adaptation, The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). Four additional films have been released, including Jurassic Park III in 2001, completing the original trilogy of films. The fourth installment, Jurassic World, was released in 2015, marking the beginning of a new trilogy. Its sequel, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, was released in 2018. The sixth film, Jurassic World Dominion, released in 2022, marks the conclusion of the second trilogy. Two Jurassic World short films have also been released: Battle at Big Rock (2019) and a Jurassic World Dominion prologue (2021).

Theropod dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor have had major roles throughout the film series. Other species, including Brachiosaurus and Spinosaurus, have also played significant roles. The series has also featured other creatures such as Mosasaurus and members of the pterosaur group, both commonly misidentified by the public as dinosaurs.[2][3][4][5] The various creatures in the films were created through a combination of animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI). For the first three films, the animatronics were created by special-effects artist Stan Winston and his team,[6] while Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) handled the CGI for all the films. The first film garnered critical acclaim for its innovations in CGI technology and animatronics. Since Winston's death in 2008, the practical dinosaurs have been created by other artists, including Legacy Effects and Image Engine (Jurassic World), Neal Scanlan (Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom), and John Nolan (Jurassic World Dominion).

Paleontologist Jack Horner has served as the longtime scientific advisor on the films, and paleontologist Steve Brusatte was also consulted for Jurassic World Dominion. The original film was praised for its modern portrayal of dinosaurs. Horner said that it still contained many inaccuracies, but noted that it was not meant as a documentary. Later films in the series contain inaccuracies as well, for entertainment purposes. This includes the films' velociraptors, which are depicted as being larger than their real-life counterparts. In addition, the franchise's method for cloning dinosaurs has been deemed scientifically implausible, for a number of reasons.

On-screen portrayals[edit]

The various creatures in the Jurassic Park and Jurassic World films were created through a combination of animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI).[7][8][9][10] For each of the films, Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) has handled dinosaur scenes that required CGI. Throughout the film series, ILM has studied large animals such as elephants and rhinos, for reference in designing the digital dinosaurs.[11][12][13][14][15]

Jurassic Park trilogy (1993–2001)[edit]

For the original 1993 film Jurassic Park, director Steven Spielberg wanted to use practical dinosaurs as much as possible.[16] He chose special-effects artist Stan Winston to create animatronic dinosaurs for the film, after seeing his work on the Queen Alien in the 1986 film Aliens. Winston said the Queen was easy compared to a dinosaur animatronic: "The queen was exoskeletal, so all of its surfaces were hard. There were no muscles, no flesh, and there was no real weight to it. The alien queen also didn't have to look like a real, organic animal because it was a fictional character -- so there was nothing in real life to compare it to. There was just no comparison in the difficulty level of building that alien queen and building a full-size dinosaur". Winston's team spent much time perfecting the animatronics,[17] which used metal skeletons powered by electric motors.[18] They molded latex skin that was then fitted over the robotic models, forming the exterior appearance.[11] Up to 20 puppeteers were required to operate some of the dinosaurs. After filming concluded, most of the animatronics were disassembled.[18]

Dinosaur Input Device used in the first film.

For certain scenes, Spielberg had considered using go motion dinosaurs created by visual-effects artist Phil Tippett. Spielberg was disappointed with the results and opted for ILM's digital dinosaurs instead, although Tippett and his team of animators remained with the project to supervise the dinosaur movements.[11][16] Tippett and ILM worked together to create the Dinosaur Input Device (DID), a robot shaped like a dinosaur skeleton. The DID included an array of sensors that captured various poses, which were then transferred into graphics software at ILM.[19][20][21] Animatics and storyboards by Tippett were also used by the film crew as reference for action sequences.[22] ILM based their CGI dinosaurs on Winston's models.[16] Herds of dinosaurs were created through computer animation, using duplicate individuals which were slightly altered to give the illusion of multiple animals.[18] The 127-minute film has 15 minutes of total screen time for the dinosaurs, including nine minutes of animatronics and six minutes of CGI animals.[6][23][24] The film received critical acclaim for its innovations in CGI technology and animatronics.[25][26][27][28] Among adults, the film generated an interest in dinosaurs,[29][30] and it increased interest in the field of paleontology.[31][32][33][34]

Winston and his team returned for the 1997 sequel, The Lost World: Jurassic Park, although the film relied more on CGI by ILM.[35] The film features 75 computer-generated shots.[13] While the first film showed that dinosaurs could be adequately recreated through special effects, the sequel raised the question of what could be done with the dinosaurs.[36][37][38] Winston said, "I wanted to show the world what they didn't see in 'Jurassic Park': more dinosaurs and more dinosaur action. 'More, bigger, better' was our motto".[39] Technology had not advanced much since the first film, although director Spielberg said that "the artistry of the creative computer people" had advanced: "There's better detail, much better lighting, better muscle tone and movement in the animals. When a dinosaur transfers weight from his left side to his right, the whole movement of fat and sinew is smoother, more physiologically correct".[40] Besides animatronics, Winston's team also painted maquettes of dinosaurs that would subsequently be created through CGI.[7]

Spielberg served as executive producer for each subsequent film.[31] ILM and Winston returned for the 2001 film Jurassic Park III, directed by Joe Johnston. Winston's animatronics were more advanced than those used in previous films;[41][42] they included the ability to blink, adding to the sense of realism.[43] Animatronics were used for close-up shots.[41] Winston's team took approximately 13 months to design and create the practical dinosaurs.[44] The team also created dinosaur sculptures, which were then scanned by ILM to create the computer-generated versions of the animals.[45]

Jurassic World trilogy (2015–2022)[edit]

Winston planned to return for a fourth film,[46] which was ultimately released in 2015 as Jurassic World.[47] Winston, who had been planning more-advanced special effects for the project,[48] died in 2008 before the start of filming. Legacy Effects, founded by former members of Stan Winston Studios, provided an animatronic dinosaur for Jurassic World.[49][47] Otherwise, the film's creatures were largely created through CGI, provided by ILM and Image Engine.[50][14] New technology, such as subsurface scattering, allowed for greater detail in the creatures' skin and muscle tissue.[50] According to Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow, the film's animals were created from scratch because "technology has changed so much that everything is a rebuild".[51] Some of the computer-generated creatures were created with motion capture, using human actors to perform the animals' movements.[47][52] Jurassic World was the first dinosaur film to use motion capture technology.[53] Trevorrow included several dinosaurs in the film that he had always felt were deserving of a prominent scene: "I didn't want to just throw the kitchen sink at it. Each of these movies has done a good job at just very carefully, in a measured way, increasing the new dinosaurs that you see".[51]

ILM returned for the 2018 sequel, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, which featured animatronics by special-effects artist Neal Scanlan. The film features more dinosaurs than any previous film,[54] including several new ones not seen in earlier films.[10] Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom also features more animatronic dinosaurs than any previous sequel,[55][56] and the animatronics used were more advanced than in previous films.[55] Fallen Kingdom director J.A. Bayona said animatronics "are very helpful on set, especially for the actors so they have something to perform against. There's an extra excitement if they can act in front of something real".[10]

Five animatronic dinosaurs were created for Fallen Kingdom,[15] which features close interaction between humans and dinosaurs.[15][57] Scanlan and his team of 35 people spent more than eight months working on the dinosaurs.[58] Scanlan said animatronics were not best for every scene: "In some ways it will have an impact on your shooting schedule; you have to take time to film with an animatronic. In the balance, we ask ourselves if it is economically and artistically more valuable to do it that way, or as a post-production effect".[15] Unlike the previous film, ILM determined that motion capture technology would not be adequate for depicting the film's dinosaurs.[59]

The 2019 Jurassic World short film, Battle at Big Rock, utilized CGI and reference maquettes by ILM,[60][61] and an animatronic by Legacy Effects.[62]

The 2022 film Jurassic World Dominion used more animatronics than the previous Jurassic World films.[63] Approximately 18 animatronics of varying sizes were created for the film,[64] by designer John Nolan.[65][66] The film's dinosaurs were designed by production designer Kevin Jenkins,[67] who created miniature clay maquettes that were then scanned by ILM, which made alterations before sending the digital models to Nolan for 3D printing.[68][69] In a departure from previous films, the dinosaurs were made of recyclable materials.[70] ILM created 900 CGI dinosaur shots for the film,[71] and also produced various CGI dinosaurs for the film's five-minute prologue, released in 2021.[72]

Scientific accuracy[edit]

Premise[edit]

The franchise's premise involves the cloning of dinosaurs through ancient DNA, extracted from mosquitoes that sucked the blood of such animals and were then fossilized in amber, preserving the DNA. Later research showed that this would not be possible due to the degradation of DNA over time.[31][73][74][75][76] The oldest DNA ever found only dated back approximately 1 million years, whereas dinosaurs died 66 million years ago.[77][78] It is also unlikely that dinosaur DNA would survive a mosquito's digestive process, and fragments of DNA would not be nearly enough to recreate a dinosaur.[79][80] In addition, the type of mosquito used in the first film, Toxorhynchites rutilus, does not actually suck blood.[81][82][83]

The premise presents other issues as well.[84] Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park and its film adaptation both explain that gene sequence gaps were filled in with frog DNA, although this would not result in a true dinosaur,[85] as frogs and dinosaurs are not genetically similar.[80] Furthermore, the novel uses artificial eggs to grow the dinosaurs, while the film uses ostrich eggs, although neither would be suitable for development.[85]

At the time of the first film's release, Spielberg said he considered the premise to be "science eventuality" rather than science fiction, although Crichton disagreed: "It never crossed my mind that it was possible. From the first moment of publication, I was astonished by the degree to which it was taken seriously in scientific circles".[18] Microbiologists at the time considered the premise to be implausible.[86] The film's dinosaur consultant, paleontologist Jack Horner, later said: "Even if we had dinosaur DNA, we don't know how to actually form an animal just from DNA. The animal cloning that we do these days is with a live cell. We don't have any dinosaur live cells. The whole business of having a dinosaur is a lot of fiction".[87] Horner has instead proposed that a "Chickenosaurus" may be possible, by altering a chicken's DNA.[78][88]

Dinosaurs[edit]

In creating Jurassic Park, Spielberg wanted to accurately portray the dinosaurs,[11] and Horner was hired to ensure such accuracy.[89] Tippett, a dinosaur enthusiast, also helped to keep the dinosaur portrayals realistic.[90] The film followed the theory that dinosaurs had evolved into birds,[11][91] and it was praised for its modern portrayal of dinosaurs,[31][92][93][94] although Horner said that there were still many inaccuracies. However, he noted that the film is not a documentary and said he was "happy with having some fiction thrown in",[74] stating: "My job was to get a little science into Jurassic Park, but not ruin it".[87] Spielberg sought to portray the dinosaurs as animals rather than monsters,[95] which changed the public perception of dinosaurs, although the sequels would have a deeper focus on rampaging dinosaurs.[96] Horner said that in reality, "visiting a dinosaur park would be like going to a wild animal park. As long as you keep your windows rolled up, nobody's going to bother you. But that doesn't make a very good movie".[87]

Horner was involved throughout the production process.[87] His consulting work included the supervision of the CGI dinosaurs, ensuring that they were life-like and scientifically accurate.[18] Horner and Spielberg would discuss ways to combine scientific facts with fictional elements, the latter being for entertainment purposes.[97] Horner said "if I could demonstrate that something was true or not true, then he would go with that, but if I had some question about it and we didn't really have much evidence about it, he would go with whatever he thought would make the best movie".[74] Horner returned as a paleontological consultant for the next four films.[7][8][97][98][34] For The Lost World: Jurassic Park, Spielberg largely followed Horner's advice regarding dinosaur accuracy, but some exceptions were made. Winston's team closely modelled the dinosaurs based on paleontological facts, or theories in certain cases where facts were not definitively known.[7]

The scientific accuracy of the dinosaurs is referenced in Crichton's novel when chief geneticist Henry Wu notes that the animals are hypothetical reconstructions created with modified DNA.[99] In Jurassic Park III, the character Dr. Alan Grant, a paleontologist, states that the resurrected dinosaurs are not authentic but rather are "genetically engineered theme park monsters".[100][101][99] The film introduces a Velociraptor design featuring quills along the head. Aside from this, feathered dinosaurs have largely been absent from the series.[102][103]

Before the release of Jurassic World, new research had shown that real dinosaurs were more colorful than they were in the films.[104] Horner said that Spielberg "has made the point several times to me that colorful dinosaurs are not very scary. Gray and brown and black are more scary".[105] Horner considered the colors to be the most inaccurate aspect of the films' dinosaurs.[34] In addition, the dinosaurs are often depicting roaring, although paleontologists find this speculative or unrealistic.[106][105] Horner said: "Dinosaurs gave rise to birds, and birds sing. I think most of the dinosaurs actually sang rather than growled".[97]

Despite new dinosaur discoveries, the sequels largely kept the earlier dinosaur designs for continuity with the previous films.[31] Paleontologists were disappointed with the outdated dinosaur portrayals in Jurassic World, including the lack of feathered dinosaurs, although they acknowledged that it is a work of fiction.[4][92][93][107][32][108] Trevorrow said that Jurassic World was not meant as a documentary film, but as a sci-fi film.[109] The film itself includes a scene stating that any inaccuracies in the dinosaurs can be attributed to the fact that they are genetically engineered animals.[4][32][110] Trevorrow noted that the dinosaurs in the franchise – going back to Crichton's novels Jurassic Park and The Lost World (1995) – were partially recreated with frog DNA, stating "those weren't 'real' dinosaurs, any of them".[32] Tim Alexander, visual effects supervisor for ILM, said that colorful dinosaurs were excluded because they would look out of place in the film: "It's very forest greens and taupes and park rangers. And if we then throw a bright pink raptor in there, it's going to stick out and look a little weird".[111]

For Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, ILM consulted with paleontologists and did extensive research to accurately depict the dinosaurs.[15] Dinosaur expert John Hankla, of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, served as an advisor on the film,[112] and also provided several dinosaur fossil recreations for the film.[113] Horner said that his own involvement on Fallen Kingdom was minimal.[34] Horner was consulted again for Jurassic World Dominion,[114] and paleontologist Steve Brusatte was also hired as a science consultant.[115][116] Fully feathered dinosaurs are introduced in Jurassic World Dominion[114][117][118] and its prologue.[119]

Table of appearances[edit]

Taxa Jurassic Park trilogy Jurassic World trilogy Short films
Jurassic Park The Lost World:
Jurassic Park
Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Jurassic World:
Fallen Kingdom
Jurassic World
Dominion
Battle at Big Rock Dominion prologue
1993 1997 2001 2015 2018 2022 2019 2021
Allosaurus Yes
Ankylosaurus Yes Yes
Apatosaurus Yes
Atrociraptor Yes
Baryonyx Yes
Brachiosaurus Yes Yes Yes
Carnotaurus Yes
Ceratosaurus Yes
Compsognathus Yes Yes
Corythosaurus Yes
Dilophosaurus Yes Yes
Dimetrodon Yes
Dimorphodon Yes Yes
Dreadnoughtus Yes Yes
Gallimimus Yes Yes
Giganotosaurus Yes Yes
Iguanodon Yes Yes
Indominus rex Yes
Indoraptor Yes
Lystrosaurus Yes
Mamenchisaurus Yes
Microceratus Yes
Moros Yes Yes
Mosasaurus Yes
Nasutoceratops Yes
Oviraptor Yes
Pachycephalosaurus Yes Yes
Parasaurolophus Yes
Pteranodon Yes
Pyroraptor Yes
Quetzalcoatlus Yes Yes
Sinoceratops Yes
Spinosaurus Yes
Stegosaurus Yes
Stygimoloch Yes
Therizinosaurus Yes
Triceratops Yes
Tyrannosaurus Yes Yes
Velociraptor Yes

List of creatures[edit]

The following list includes on-screen appearances. Some animals listed here have also made prior appearances in the novels.

Ankylosaurus[edit]

Ankylosaurus first appears in Jurassic Park III, through brief appearances.[44] It was created by ILM entirely through CGI.[8]

Ankylosaurus also appears in Jurassic World, as Trevorrow considered the dinosaur to be among his favorites.[120][53] It is one of several creatures that Trevorrow felt was deserving of a substantial scene.[51] In the film, an Ankylosaurus is killed by the Indominus rex. Trevorrow stated that the dinosaur's death was an example of moments in the film "that are designed to really make these creatures feel like living animals that you can connect to. Especially since so many of the themes in the film involve our relationship with animals on the planet right now, I wanted them to feel real".[53]

In Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, several Ankylosaurus flee from a volcanic eruption and at least one is captured by mercenaries. It is later auctioned off to a wealthy Indonesian. Several Ankylosaurus escaped the Lockwood Manor Estate grounds alongside the other dinosaurs.

Apatosaurus[edit]

In the novel Jurassic Park, Apatosaurus is the first group of dinosaurs seen on the island. It is replaced by Brachiosaurus in the film adaptation. Apatosaurus also appears in the sequel novel The Lost World, but is absent from its film adaptation.

Apatosaurus makes its first film appearance in Jurassic World, with several individuals being featured, including one depicted by an animatronic. Unlike earlier films which featured numerous animatronics, the Apatosaurus was the only one created for Jurassic World.[49][52][47] Producer Patrick Crowley was initially hesitant to have an animatronic built because of the high cost, but Trevorrow persuaded him that fans of the series would enjoy it.[47][120] The animatronic, built by Legacy Effects, consisted of a seven-foot (2.1 m)-long section of the dinosaur's neck and head. It was used for a close-up shot depicting the animal's death, after it had been injured in a dinosaur attack.[50][121] Audio recordings of a Harris's hawk were used for the moans of the wounded Apatosaurus.[122]

To animate the Apatosaurus, ILM used elephants as an example. Glen McIntosh, the animation supervisor for ILM, stated that "there are no existing animals that have such large necks, but in terms of the size and steps they're taking, elephants are an excellent example of that. Also the way their skin jiggles and sags. You also have impact tremors that rise up through their legs as they take steps".[50] Originally, Legacy Effects only created a small model of the Apatosaurus for use in the film, but executive producer Steven Spielberg decided that a larger model would be better. The original model was scanned into a computer, allowing artists to create a larger 3-D model needed for the film.[123][124] Apatosaurus makes appearances in the subsequent Jurassic World films.[125][126]

Brachiosaurus[edit]

In the first Jurassic Park film, a Brachiosaurus is the first dinosaur seen by the park's visitors. The scene was described by Empire as the 28th most magical moment in cinema.[127] A later scene depicts characters in a high tree, interacting with a Brachiosaurus. This scene required the construction of a 7.5-foot (2.3 m)-tall puppet that represented the animal's upper neck and head.[17][128] The film inaccurately depicts the species as having the ability to stand on its hind legs, allowing it to reach high tree branches. The dinosaur is also inaccurately depicted as chewing its food,[129] an idea that was added to make it seem docile like a cow.[128] Whale songs and donkey calls were used for the Brachiosaurus sounds, although scientific evidence showed that the real animal had limited vocal abilities.[129] Brachiosaurus appears again in Jurassic Park III, created by ILM entirely through CGI.[8]

Brachiosaurus returns in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, including a scene in which one individual is stranded on Isla Nublar and dies in a volcanic eruption. Director J. A. Bayona stated that this Brachiosaurus is meant to be the same one that is first seen in the original Jurassic Park. For Fallen Kingdom, the Brachiosaurus was created using the same animations from the first film.[130][131] The Brachiosaurus death was the last shot on the film to be finished. Bayona and the post-production team struggled to perfect the CGI, with only several days left to complete the scene. They worked through the final night to perfect the colors and composition, shortly before the film's release.[130][132] Fans and film critics considered the dinosaur's death scene sad.[133][134][135][136] Reviewers described its death as "poignant" or "haunting", particularly given the species' role in the first film.[137][138][139]

Compsognathus[edit]

Procompsognathus appears in the novels,[140][141][142] but is replaced by Compsognathus in the film series.[143]

Their first film appearance is in The Lost World: Jurassic Park. In the film, the character Dr. Robert Burke, a paleontologist, identifies the dinosaur as Compsognathus triassicus, which in reality is a non-existent species; the film combined the names of Compsognathus longipes and Procompsognathus triassicus.[44] In the film, Compsognathus are depicted as small carnivorous theropods which attack in packs.[35]

The Compsognathus were nicknamed "Compies" by Winston's crew. Dennis Muren, the film's visual effects supervisor, considered Compsognathus the most complex digital dinosaur. Because of their small size, the Compies had their entire body visible onscreen and thus needed a higher sense of gravity and weight. A simple puppet of the Compsognathus was used in the film's opening scene, in which the dinosaurs attack a little girl. Later in the film, they kill the character Dieter Stark, who is played by Peter Stormare. For Stark's death scene, Stormare had to wear a jacket with numerous rubber Compies attached.[35][144][145]

Compsognathus make brief appearances in all subsequent films, with the exception of Jurassic World. In the novels, Procompsognathus is depicted with the fictitious feature of a venomous bite,[146] although such a trait is not mentioned regarding their onscreen counterparts. Compsognathus returns in the 2022 film Jurassic World Dominion.[147]

Dilophosaurus[edit]

A fictionalized version of Dilophosaurus appears in the first novel and its film adaptation, both depicting it with the ability to spit venom.[148][149] The film's Dilophosaurus also has a fictionalized neck frill that retracts, and the dinosaur was made significantly smaller to ensure that audiences would not confuse it with the Velociraptors.[150][11] While the real Dilophosaurus was thought to have stood at around 10 feet (3.0 m) high, the animatronic was only four feet in height. In addition to the animatronic, a set of legs was also created for a shot in which the dinosaur hops across the screen.[151][150][152][153] The animal is never shown walking.[68] The Dilophosaurus scene was shot on a sound stage, and the animal's lower body portion was suspended from a catwalk with bungee cords. No CGI was used in creating the Dilophosaurus.[154]

In both the novel and its film adaptation, a Dilophosaurus uses its venom on the character Dennis Nedry before killing him.[154] The animatronic model was nicknamed "Spitter" by Winston's team. A paintball mechanism was used to spit the venom, which was a mixture of methyl cellulose, K-Y Jelly, and purple food coloring.[6][155][156] The film's idea of a neck frill came from a suggestion by concept artist John Gurche.[157] The animatronic was made to support three interchangeable heads, depending on the position of the frill.[154] The dinosaur's vocal sounds are a combination of a swan, a hawk, a howler monkey, and a rattlesnake.[11]

Spielberg initially believed that the Dilophosaurus would be the easiest dinosaur to film, although the scene proved harder to shoot that he had expected.[16] The scene is set during a storm, and the use of water to simulate the rain resulted in complications for the animal's puppeteer.[154] A shot not included in the final film would have shown inflatable venom sacs, located under the animal's mouth. These would become visible as the dinosaur spits its venom, which would be expelled from the animatronic's mouth using compressed air. However, the atmosphere was cold and humid on-set, and the compressed air became visible under these conditions. Spielberg resolved the issue by cutting the scene to Nedry as the venom hits him, rather than showing it exiting the animal's mouth.[156][158]

Dilophosaurus was popularized by its film appearance in Jurassic Park,[149][159] but is considered the most fictionalized dinosaur in the film.[31][153] Horner, in 2013, described Dilophosaurus as a good dinosaur to "make a fictional character out of, because I think two specimens are known, and both of them are really crappy. They're not preserved very well".[105] Paleontologist Scott Persons later said that the Dilophosaurus is the most controversial dinosaur depiction in the film series.[34]

In Jurassic World, a Dilophosaurus appears as a hologram in the theme park's visitor center.[160][161] The dinosaur's venom is also referenced in a comedic tour video featured in the film, in which tour guide Jimmy Fallon is paralyzed by the venom.[162][163]

A living Dilophosaurus was intended to appear in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, but the scene was never filmed, as director Bayona decided that it was not necessary. The scene, set on board the Arcadia ship, would depict the characters Owen and Claire encountering a Dilophosaurus in a cage. Bayona believed that the Arcadia scenes were long enough already.[164][165] Dilophosaurus appears in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom only as a diorama, on display at Benjamin Lockwood's estate.[166][167]

Several Dilophosaurus individuals appear in Jurassic World Dominion, which marks the first living appearance since the original film. One individual has an encounter with Claire, and a trio of the animals later kill Lewis Dodgson, mirroring Nedry's death from the original. Like the first film, no CGI was used to depict the Dilophosaurus, the only animal on the film to lack a digital model.[168] Instead, it was depicted with an animatronic controlled by 12 puppeteers.[169] Although ILM had a digital version of the creature – previously used for its hologram appearance in Jurassic World– it was not detailed enough to inform Nolan's team in creating an animatronic version. As a result, Nolan scoured through scarce behind-the-scenes material from the first film, in an effort to match his animatronic with Winston's original.[67] Trevorrow wanted Dilophosaurus to be seen walking, but because the animal is never shown doing so in the original film, Nolan consulted online images to determine the walking style. Nolan had considered having a performer wear the Dilophosaurus puppet with the use of a harness, although it was found too heavy.[68] As with the original film, methyl cellulose was used to create the venom, which was shot out by an off-screen technician.[170]

Dimetrodon[edit]

Dimetrodon is a synapsid which existed before the dinosaurs, although it is often mistaken for one.[171][172] The creature appears as a diorama model in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, along with other animals. Production designer Andy Nicholson included Dimetrodon due to its popularity, especially among Jurassic Park fans.[167] The animal had made numerous appearances in franchise merchandise over the years, including toys, comic books, and video games.[172]

A group of living Dimetrodon appear in Jurassic World Dominion.[172] Originally, Nolan's team was only budgeted to sculpt a Dimetrodon head. However, lead sculptor David Darby continued to add on to the creature. According to Nolan, Darby "sort of got carried away and put the neck on in and then added legs and added the body". The nearly finished creature, minus a tail, remained within budget. The head sculpt was adjusted in accordance with feedback from Spielberg, who requested slight changes. It was the only creature in Dominion to receive direct input from him.[67]

Dimorphodon[edit]

Dimorphodon, a type of pterosaur, appears in Jurassic World, marking its first appearance in the series.[47][51] In the film, the species launch an attack on tourists after being released from an aviary.[173] Through motion capture, dwarf actor Martin Klebba stood in as a Dimorphodon during a scene in which one of the creatures tries to attack Owen.[174][175][176] A full-scale Dimorphodon head was also created.[50] The sound of baby brown pelicans were used as the vocal effects for the Dimorphodon.[122] The animal returns in Jurassic World Dominion with the use of practical effects.[67][177]

Gallimimus[edit]

A group of running Gallimimus is featured in the first film, and is encountered by the character of Dr. Alan Grant along with Lex and Tim. The Gallimimus were created by ILM entirely through CGI. It was the first dinosaur to be digitized.[11][23] The Gallimimus design was based on ostriches,[178] and the animators also referred to footage of herding gazelles.[179] In the ILM parking lot, animators were filmed running around to provide reference for the dinosaurs' run, with plastic pipes standing in for a fallen tree that the Gallimimus jump over.[180] One of the animators fell while trying to make the jump, and this inspired the incorporation of a Gallimimus also falling.[12][181] A portion of the scene depicts a Tyrannosaurus killing a Gallimimus, which was inspired by a scene in The Valley of Gwangi.[182] Horse squeals were used to provide the Gallimimus vocal sounds.[183]

Gallimimus returns in Jurassic World, in which a running herd is depicted during a tour. The scene is a reference to the dinosaur's appearance in the first film.[50][184] This new Gallimimus scene was created by Image Engine. The company's artists often viewed the species' appearance in the first film for reference.[50] Jeremy Mesana, the animation supervisor for Imagine Engine, said: "We were always going back and staring at that little snippet from the first film. It was always interesting trying to find the feeling of the Gallimimus. Trying to capture the same essence of that original shot was really tricky".[50] By the time Jurassic World was created, scientists had found that Gallimimus had feathers, although this trait is absent from the film.[3]

Giganotosaurus[edit]

Giganotosaurus is introduced in the 2021 Jurassic World Dominion prologue. It serves as the dinosaur antagonist in the prologue and the film itself. Trevorrow saved the Giganotosaurus for the third Jurassic World film to set up a rivalry between it and the T. rex. In the prologue, a Giganotosaurus kills a T. rex in battle during the Cretaceous, and two cloned versions face off in the subsequent film, set during the present day.[185][186][119] The film presents Giganotosaurus as the largest carnivore to have ever existed on Earth, although in reality, the Spinosaurus is believed to have been bigger.[187][188] In the film's climactic scene, the Giganotosaurus is killed when the Tyrannosaurus rex throws the Giganotosaurus onto the claws of a Therizinosaurus.

The Giganotosaurus went through many design changes, which included altering the number of spines along its back, as Trevorrow did not want it to resemble a dragon.[189] The dinosaur was originally meant to be a CGI-only animal, although Trevorrow later decided to have a practical version created as well, to enhance the actors' performances.[71] Animatronic creator John Nolan said the Giganotosaurus was "probably the biggest challenge" for his team. The dinosaur was expected to take six months to build, but his team only had about three months to finish it, as the COVID-19 pandemic cost them time.[177][190] An animatronic head and neck – the size of a car – were built by Nolan's team, while ILM depicted the rest of the animal through CGI. Nolan initially used a 3D printer to create a one-tenth scale head, on which the animatronic was based.[191][190] It was the largest dinosaur head ever created for any of the films.[67] Nolan's team used polystyrene and latex to craft it. The creature was operated on a rig measuring approximately 65 feet in length, and it took six hours to relocate the animal from one set to another.[71]

Trevorrow said about the Giganotosaurus, "I wanted something that felt like the Joker. It just wants to watch the world burn".[192] Trevorrow later clarified the Joker reference, stating that it arose from a conversation with the artist who applied paint to the animatronic. According to Trevorrow, "it’s a question of like, 'Well, how do you want this thing to feel?' And then the Joker was my reference. I think [the initial comment] turned into a narrative as if it's like literally the Joker, that was not my intention! Melting face makeup was the note I gave".[193] At Trevorrow's request, battle scars were added to the animal's face, similar to Jack Nicholson's Joker character in the 1989 film Batman. The Joker influence also extended to the dinosaur's lumbering movements.[71][193]

Indominus rex[edit]

Indominus rex is a fictional dinosaur antagonist in Jurassic World. It is a genetically cloned, hybrid theropod dinosaur, made up of DNA from various animals.[194] The dinosaur was created by the character Dr. Henry Wu, as requested by CEO Simon Masrani, to boost theme park attendance, although it later escapes. In the film, it is stated that the dinosaur's base genome is a T. rex, and that it also has the DNA of Velociraptor, cuttlefish, and tree frog. The film's promotional website states that the creature also has the DNA of additional theropods Carnotaurus, Giganotosaurus, Majungasaurus, and Rugops.[195][196] Trevorrow said the mixed DNA allowed the animal to have attributes "that no dinosaur was known to have".[14]

The Indominus is white in color,[194] and can also camouflage itself and adapt to its surroundings, thanks to its cuttlefish DNA. Carnotaurus was previously depicted in Crichton's novel The Lost World with the same ability to camouflage, and the Indominus uses it to evade capture.[195] It can also sense thermal radiation. Other characteristics of the Indominus include its long arms, raptor hand claws, and small thumbs. It is able to walk on two or four legs. ILM's animation supervisor, Glen McIntosh, said: "The goal was to always make sure she felt like a gigantic animal that was a theropod but taking advantage of its extra features".[50] Therizinosaurus inspired the long forelimbs of the Indominus.[194] Horner rejected an early idea that the dinosaur could be depicted as bulletproof, but he otherwise told Trevorrow to add any attributes that he wanted the animal to have. Trevorrow and Horner began with a list of possible characteristics and then gradually narrowed it down. Trevorrow said: "These kind of things were often decided by the needs of the narrative. If it was going to pick up a guy and bite his head off, it was going to need thumbs". Trevorrow wanted the Indominus to look like it could be an actual dinosaur, while Horner was disappointed that the dinosaur did not look more extreme, saying that he "wanted something that looked really different".[197]

In an earlier draft of the script, the film's dinosaur antagonist was depicted as being a real animal, despite being a fictional species in reality. Trevorrow chose to make the antagonist a genetically modified hybrid dinosaur named Indominus rex, to maintain consistency with the earlier films, which had generally incorporated the latest paleontological discoveries. He said, "I didn't wanna make up a new dinosaur and tell kids it was real".[198] Fans were initially concerned upon learning that the film would feature a hybrid dinosaur,[199] but Trevorrow said that the concept was "not tremendously different" from dinosaurs in earlier films, in which the animals were partially recreated with frog DNA. He described a hybrid dinosaur as "the next level",[47] and said "we aren't doing anything here that Crichton didn't suggest in his novels".[199] Horner considered the concept of transgenic dinosaurs to be the most realistic aspect of the film, saying it was "more plausible than bringing a dinosaur back from amber".[197] However, a hybridized dinosaur made of various animals' DNA would still be exceedingly difficult to create, due to the complexity of altering the genomes.[200]

Trevorrow said the behavior of the Indominus was partially inspired by the 2013 film Blackfish, saying that the dinosaur "is kind of out killing for sport because it grew up in captivity. It's sort of, like, if the black fish orca got loose and never knew its mother and has been fed from a crane".[201] In the film, it is stated that there were initially two Indominus individuals, and that one cannibalized its sibling. Fifth-scale maquettes of the Indominus rex were created for lighting reference.[50] Motion capture was initially considered for portraying the Indominus, although Trevorrow felt that the method did not work well for the dinosaur.[110] The animal sounds used to create the Indominus roars included those from big pigs, whales, beluga whales, dolphins, a fennec fox, lions, monkeys, and walruses.[202][203]

The name Indominus rex is derived from the Latin words indomitus meaning "fierce" or "untameable" and rex meaning "king".[196][204][205] The creature is sometimes referred to as the I. rex for short, although producer Frank Marshall stated that the film crew abbreviated the name as simply Indominus.[47] Among the public, the Indominus rex was occasionally known during production as Diabolus rex, a name that Trevorrow made up to maintain secrecy on the film prior to its release.[206]

In the film, the character Hoskins proposes making miniature versions of the Indominus as military weapons. The Indominus rex is later killed during a battle with a T. rex, a Velociraptor, and a Mosasaurus. In the sequel, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, DNA is retrieved from a fragment of the Indominus rex skeleton and is used alongside more Velociraptor DNA to create the Indoraptor. The bone sample is later destroyed by the T. rex following the death of Eli Mills.

Indoraptor[edit]

Indoraptor is a fictional hybrid dinosaur antagonist in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. It is made by combining the DNA from the Indominus rex and more Velociraptor. In the film, it is created by Dr. Henry Wu on behalf of Eli Mills as a weaponized animal. The creature escapes at Benjamin Lockwood's estate and kills several people, before battling Blue, a velociraptor. The Indoraptor eventually falls to its death when it is impaled on the horn of a ceratopsian skull, on display in Lockwood's library of dinosaur skeletons.[207]

The Indoraptor has long human-like arms,[130] which Spielberg considered to be the animal's scariest trait.[208][209] It is depicted as a facultative biped[59] with a height of approximately 10 ft (3.0 m) tall while standing on two legs.[15] It is portrayed as 23 feet (7.0 m) long and weighing about 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg).[112][210][211] The front teeth and long claws were inspired by Count Orlok in Nosferatu.[212] Bayona chose black for the dinosaur's color to give the appearance of a black shadow, saying "it's very terrifying when you see the Indoraptor in the dark because you can only see the eyes and the teeth".[130] Initially, the film was to feature two Indoraptors,[213] one black and one white. The black Indoraptor would kill the white one, in what Bayona considered similar to Cain and Abel. The white Indoraptor was ultimately removed from the script as the story was considered detailed enough without it.[164]

The Indoraptor was primarily created through CGI, although close-up shots used a practical head, neck, shoulders, foot and arm.[112] Neal Scanlan provided the animatronics.[10][59] An inflatable Indoraptor stand-in, operated by two puppeteers on set, was used for some scenes, with CGI replacing it later in production.[214] David Vickery, ILM's visual effects supervisor, said that Bayona wanted the Indoraptor to look "malnourished and slightly unhinged".[208][209] The Indoraptor vocal sounds were created by combining noises from various types of animal, including chihuahua, pig, cougar, and lion. The sound of dental drills was also used.[215]

Bayona incorporated elements from the 1931 film Frankenstein as he wanted to give the Indoraptor the feel of a "rejected creature". Bayona said: "There's something of that in the way we introduce the character, the Indoraptor, this kind of laboratory in the underground facilities at the end of a long corridor, inside a cell. It has this kind of Gothic element that reminds me a little bit of the world of Frankenstein, this kind of Gothic world. And we have also references of people with mental illness, like this kind of shake you see from time to time. It's kind of like a nervous tic that the Indoraptor has, and it's taken from real references of mentally ill people".[112][208][209]

The Indoraptor is the last hybrid dinosaur of the Jurassic World trilogy.[216]

Mosasaurus[edit]

Mosasaurus appears in Jurassic World, as the first aquatic reptile in the films. Earlier drafts for Jurassic Park III and Jurassic Park IV (later Jurassic World) had featured the aquatic reptile Kronosaurus.[43][217][218][219] The Mosasaurus was suggested by Trevorrow, as part of a theme-park feeding show in which park-goers watch from bleachers as the animal leaps out of a lagoon and catches its prey: a shark hanging above the water. The park guests are then lowered in the bleacher seats for a view of the mosasaur's aquatic habitat.[220][221]

The Mosasaurus was designed to resemble the dinosaurs designed by Winston for the earlier films. Trevorrow said: "We made sure to give her a look and a kind of personality in the way we designed her face that recalled Stan Winston's designs for many of the other dinosaurs in this world. She looks like a Jurassic Park dinosaur".[14] Legacy Effects developed the original design for the Mosasaurus and ILM refined it. The animators referenced crocodiles for the creature's swimming pattern.[222]

The Mosasaurus was originally designed as a 70-foot (21 m)-long animal, but Spielberg requested that it be enlarged after seeing the initial design. ILM was concerned about making the animal appear too large, but the team was advised by Horner that an increased length would fit within the realm of possibility, as larger aquatic reptiles were consistently being discovered. The animal's length was increased to nearly 120 feet (37 m).[222][223] Some criticized the Mosasaurus for appearing to be twice the size of the largest known species.[31][94][224] Horner said "the size of this one is a little out of proportion, but we don't know the ultimate size of any extinct animal".[74] The film inaccurately depicts the Mosasaurus with scutes along its back, a trait that was based on outdated depictions of the creature.[3] Audio recordings of a walrus and a beluga whale provided the Mosasaurus roars.[202][203]

The Mosasaurus returns in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom,[219] in the opening and ending sequences.[225][226] Compared with the previous film, the Mosasaurus is depicted as being larger in Fallen Kingdom. ILM animation supervisor Glen McIntosh cited this as an example of how "we sometimes have to fudge reality to make something work. From shot to shot, the mosasaurus often changed size slightly to make best use of each frame composition". Although Mosasaurus was thought to have had a forked tongue, McIntosh said that the fictional animal was given a regular tongue to make it "more believable to most filmgoers", saying that "we'd played with its scale so much that we felt giving it a forked tongue would be too much".[227]

For Jurassic World and its sequel, ILM referenced footage of breaching whales, which helped the team determine how to create realistic shots where the Mosasaurus leaps from the water.[222][227] The Mosasaurus makes a brief return in the short film Battle at Big Rock,[228] and in Jurassic World Dominion, where she is shown sinking a fishing boat. This scene consists entirely of footage from the television program Deadliest Catch. The show's 16 seasons were evaluated for ideal shots that could be used in Dominion, with the Mosasaurus added in through CGI.[67] Footage from the show was used after COVID-19 lockdowns forced alterations in the filming plans.[69]

Pachycephalosaurus[edit]

Pachycephalosaurus appears in The Lost World and its film adaptation. For the film, it was created as a 5-foot (1.5 m) dinosaur measuring eight feet long, though the real animal was 16 feet (4.9 m) long. Three versions of the Pachycephalosaurus were created for filming: a full hydraulic puppet, a head, and a head-butter. The latter was built to withstand high impact for a scene in which the dinosaur head-butts one of the hunter vehicles using its domed skull. The puppet version was one of the most complex created for the film, and was used for a scene in which the dinosaur is captured. The legs of the puppet were controlled through pneumatics.[7] Among the public, Pachycephalosaurus is the best-known member of the Pachycephalosauria clade, in part because of its appearance in The Lost World: Jurassic Park.[229] Later research suggested that the animal's skull was not used for head-butting.[230]

In Jurassic World, a Pachycephalosaurus briefly appears on a surveillance screen inside the park's control room.

Pteranodon[edit]

Pteranodon, a pterosaur, makes a brief appearance at the end of The Lost World: Jurassic Park.[217][19] Earlier drafts of the script had featured Pteranodon in a larger role,[231][44][7] and Spielberg insisted to Jurassic Park III director Joe Johnston that he include the creature in the third film.[217][19] Pteranodon is prominently featured in Jurassic Park III, although it is a fictionalization of the actual animal,[8] and it has a different appearance to those seen in The Lost World: Jurassic Park. In the third film, a group of Pteranodons are kept in an aviary on Isla Sorna.[44] The idea of a pterosaur aviary had originated in Crichton's original Jurassic Park novel.[140] An earlier draft of the film had included a storyline about Pteranodons escaping to the Costa Rican mainland and killing people there.[232][233]

The Pteranodons in Jurassic Park III were created through a combination of animatronics and puppetry.[8] Winston's team created a Pteranodon model with a wingspan of 40 feet (12 m), although the creatures are predominantly featured in the film through CGI. To create the flight movements, ILM animators studied footage of flying bats and birds, and also consulted a Pteranodon expert.[43] Winston's team also designed and created five rod puppets to depict baby Pteranodons in a nest, with puppeteers working underneath the nest to control them.[8] The third film ends with a shot of escaped Pteranodons flying away from the island. Johnston wanted an ending shot of "these creatures being beautiful and elegant". He denied, then later suggested, that the fleeing Pteranodons would be included in the plot for a fourth film.[41][234] Promotional material for the Jurassic World films later explained that the escaped Pteranodons were killed off-screen after reaching Canada.[235][236]

Another variation of Pteranodon is featured in Jurassic World, which also depicts them living in an aviary. They are later inadvertently freed by the Indominus rex and wreak havoc on the park's tourists.[173] For Jurassic World, the Pteranodon vocal effects were created using audio recordings of a mother osprey, defending her chicks against another individual.[122]

Pteranodons make an appearance in a post-credits scene for Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. The scene is set at the Paris Las Vegas resort, where escaped Pteranodons land atop the resort's Eiffel Tower.[237][164]

A Pteranodon makes a brief appearance in the short film Battle at Big Rock,[228] and several individuals appear in the Jurassic World Dominion prologue,[238] as well as the main film.[239]

The films depict Pteranodon with the ability to pick up humans using its feet, although the actual animal would not have been able to do this.[3][4][240]

Pyroraptor[edit]

Pyroraptor appears in Jurassic World Dominion, becoming one of the first fully feathered dinosaurs in the film series.[191] Designer John Nolan created an animatronic model representing the head and neck, covered in real, red-colored feathers.[241][169] Various research and efforts were dedicated to properly simulating feather movements. This included the use of wind machines, foam latex, and silicone.[191][169][242] The animal is depicted swimming underwater at one point, and research went into various feathers to determine which looked best in such a scene.[241] The feathers were dyed and hand woven onto a net which wrapped over the head, making the feathers move and react with the animatronic.[169]

In another scene, the Pyroraptor jumps out of the water with its feathers soaked, presenting a challenge for CGI artists. According to David Vickery, ILM's visual effects supervisor, feather and water effects are very difficult to achieve digitally, and the two together presented "a perfect storm of technological complexity". To resolve this, ILM used the 3D software Houdini to adequately depict the feathers.[169][69] Trevorrow considered Pyroraptor the most difficult dinosaur to create, due to the amount of work that went into its feathers.[243]

Quetzalcoatlus[edit]

The pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus makes appearances in Jurassic World Dominion, including a sequence in which a group attack a cargo plane.[67] Despite its light bodyweight, Quetzalcoatlus is depicted with the exaggerated ability to tear the plane apart.[244] Trevorrow was inspired to include such a scene after viewing footage of a sparrowhawk attacking a model airplane in flight. A particular shot in the film shows one of the animal's claws crashing into the plane's windshield. This was achieved through a special-effects rig and cantilever, releasing the claws and slamming them into the windshield.[67] The animal's CGI model proved to be a challenge, due to skin and muscle simulations in the wings, as well as the presence of fur along its back.[67]

Spinosaurus[edit]

Skeletal reconstruction of Spinosaurus compared to a human skeleton.

Spinosaurus is introduced in Jurassic Park III and appears throughout the film, which popularized the animal.[245] After the two previous films, the filmmakers wanted to replace the T. rex with a new dinosaur antagonist. Baryonyx was originally considered,[45] before Horner convinced the filmmakers to go with his favorite carnivorous dinosaur: Spinosaurus, an animal larger than the T. rex.[97] Spinosaurus had a distinctive sail on its back; Johnston said: "A lot of dinosaurs have a very similar silhouette to the T-Rex ... and we wanted the audience to instantly recognize this as something else".[246]

Winston's team created the Spinosaurus over a 10-month period, beginning with a 1/16 maquette version. This was followed by a 1/5 scale version with more detail, and eventually the full-scale version.[8] The Spinosaurus animatronic was built from the knees up,[247] while full body shots were created through CGI.[248] The animatronic measured 44 feet long,[43] weighed 13 tons, and was faster and more powerful than the 9-ton T. rex. Winston and his team had to remove a wall to get the Spinosaurus animatronic out of his studio. It was then transported by flatbed truck to the Universal Studios Lot, where a sound stage had to be designed specifically to accommodate the large dinosaur. The Spinosaurus was placed on a track that allowed the creature to be moved backward and forward for filming.[8][247] Four Winston technicians were required to fully operate the animatronic.[249] It had 1,000 horsepower, compared to the T. rex which operated at 300 horsepower. Johnston said: "It's like the difference between a family station wagon and a Ferrari".[250] For a scene in which the Spinosaurus stomps on a crashed airplane, Winston's team created a full-scale Spinosaurus leg prop, controlled by puppeteers. The leg, suspended in the air by two poles, was slammed down into a plane fuselage prop for a series of shots.[8]

The film's Spinosaurus was based on limited records suggesting what the actual animal had looked like.[8] A scene in the film depicts the Spinosaurus swimming, an ability that the real animal was believed to have possessed at the time. Later research proved this theory,[251][252] suggesting that the animal was primarily an aquatic dinosaur, whereas the film version was depicted largely as a land animal.[253][254] The roars of the Spinosaurus in the film were created by mixing the low guttural sounds of a lion and an alligator, a bear cub crying, and a lengthened cry of a large bird that gave the roars a raspy quality.[255]

In Jurassic Park III, the Spinosaurus kills a T. rex during battle. Some fans of the Jurassic Park series were upset with the decision to kill the T. rex and replace it.[256] Horner later said that the dinosaur would not have won against a T. rex, believing it was likely that Spinosaurus only ate fish.[34][97] An early script featured a death sequence for the Spinosaurus near the end of the film, as the character Alan Grant would use a Velociraptor resonating chamber to call a pack of raptors which would attack and kill it.[257]

A skeleton of Spinosaurus is featured in Jurassic World, on display in the theme park. The skeleton is later destroyed when a T. rex is set free and smashes through it, meant as revenge for the earlier scene in Jurassic Park III.[258][256][259][260]

A Spinosaurus appears in the fourth and fifth seasons of the animated television series Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous, premiered in 2021 and 2022. The dinosaur serves as one of several threats to the main characters. Executive producer Scott Kreamer suggested it is the same Spinosaurus featured in Jurassic Park III.[261][262] Fellow executive producer Colin Trevorrow, when asked if it is the same one, responded "My instinct is actually, no, because it sounds different, but I'm a nerd. So what I don't want to do is mess it up for everyone making Camp Cretaceous. I'm going to screw this up for them. I found it to be a slightly different animal, like on sight and on sound".[263] In the fifth season, the Spinosaurus engages in battles with a T. rex, providing fans a long-awaited rematch between the two dinosaurs. In the final battle, the Spinosaurus retreats when a second T. rex starts beating the Spinosaurus together with the first T.rex.[264]

Stegoceratops[edit]

Stegoceratops is a hybrid dinosaur made from the DNA of a Stegosaurus and a Triceratops.[265][266] It makes only a brief appearance near the end of Jurassic World, when an image of the dinosaur is visible on a computer screen in Dr. Henry Wu's laboratory.[266] An early draft of the film had a scene where Owen and Claire came across the Stegoceratops in the jungle on Isla Nublar. The Stegoceratops would have joined the Indominus rex as a second hybrid dinosaur.[267] However, Trevorrow decided to remove the animal from the final script after his son convinced him that having multiple hybrids would make the Indominus less unique.[220]

Although the dinosaur is largely removed from the film, a toy version was still released by Hasbro, which produced a toyline based on Jurassic World. Trevorrow, discussing his decision to remove the Stegoceratops, said: "The idea that there was more than one made it feel less like the one synthetic among all the other organics, and suddenly it seemed entirely wrong to have it in the movie. I suddenly hated the idea but the toy still exists as a kind of remnant because Hasbro toys are locked a year out".[267] The dinosaur also appears in the video games Jurassic World: The Game (2015), Jurassic World Alive (2018) and Jurassic World Evolution (2018).[266][268]

Stegosaurus[edit]

Stegosaurus appears in the Jurassic Park novel but was replaced by Triceratops for the film adaptation.[269] The dinosaur's name (misspelled as "Stegasaurus") is seen on an embryo cooler label in the film, but the dinosaur is otherwise absent.[270] Stegosaurus instead made its film debut in The Lost World: Jurassic Park, after writer David Koepp took a suggestion from a child's letter to include the dinosaur.[13][271] According to Spielberg, Stegosaurus was included due to "popular demand".[35] In the film, a group of adult Stegosaurus attack Dr. Sarah Harding when they spot her taking pictures of their baby, believing that she is trying to harm it. Stegosaurus is among other dinosaurs that are captured later in the film.

Full-sized versions of an adult and infant Stegosaurus were built by Winston's team, although Spielberg later opted for a digital version of the adults, so they could be more mobile.[35][272] Winston's adult stegosaurs were 26 feet (7.9 m) long and 16 feet (4.9 m) tall. The adults were not used due to mobility issues and safety concerns. Winston's adult Stegosaurus is only shown in a brief shot, in which the animal is caged. The baby Stegosaurus was 8 feet (2.4 m) long and weighed 400 pounds (180 kg).[44]

Stegosaurus has appeared briefly in each film since then.[14][166] For Jurassic World, ILM studied the movements of rhinos and elephants, and copied their movements when animating the Stegosaurus.[50][14] The film inaccurately depicts Stegosaurus dragging its tail near the ground, unlike previous films.[5]

The dinosaur makes a brief return in the short film Battle at Big Rock.[228]

Stygimoloch[edit]

Stygimoloch is introduced in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, and was included for comic relief.[273][215] Its vocal sounds were a combination of dachshund, camel, and pig noises. Sound designer Al Nelson said: "It created this sweet, gurgling kind of thing that fits perfectly with this funny little creature".[215] Horner was surprised by the inclusion of Stygimoloch, whose existence was considered doubtful by him and other paleontologists; they believed the animal to actually be a juvenile form of Pachycephalosaurus rather than a separate dinosaur.[98][34] Like Pachycephalosaurus, the Stygimoloch had a domed skull, which it uses in the film to smash through a brick wall.[274]

For its return in Dominion, animatronic designer John Nolan studied modern animals which also headbutt. This inspired a scene in which the Stygimoloch is captive in an anti-ramming cage; the animal's front half was constructed and visible, while a puppeteer performed its thrashing movements from behind.[191]

Therizinosaurus[edit]

Therizinosaurus is introduced in Jurassic World Dominion,[275] becoming one of the first fully feathered dinosaurs to appear in the film series.[191] The Therizinosaurus is partially blind due to cataracts and uses echolocation to get around, producing a series of clicking noises that reverberate in its environment.[67][189] The animal's appearances include a sequence in which it stalks Claire in a forest.[276]

Trevorrow was initially excited to include the animal, but had second thoughts upon learning that it was an herbivore. Co-writer Emily Carmichael said that "the rest of us were like, 'It might still have its territory threatened. It might still be formidable and dangerous. Just because it's vegetarian doesn't mean it's a pushover!'"[193] Being an herbivore, Trevorrow considered it challenging to present the Therizinosaurus as a scary animal.[276] The filmmakers relied on paleontological discoveries for the animal's design, but also sought to have it resemble Winston's dinosaur animatronics.[277] The dinosaur's feathers, movements, and stalking behavior were based on research into various birds, including ostriches, emus, and cassowaries.[67] Nolan created an animatronic head for the Therizinosaurus, while the rest was portrayed through CGI.[177]

Triceratops[edit]

Triceratops makes an appearance in the first film as a sick dinosaur, taking the place of the novel's Stegosaurus. Triceratops was a childhood-favorite of Spielberg's.[269] The Triceratops was portrayed through an animatronic created by Winston's team. Winston was caught off-guard when Spielberg decided to shoot the Triceratops scene sooner than expected.[278] It took eight puppeteers to operate the animatronic. The Triceratops would end up being the first dinosaur filmed during production.[279] Aside from the adult Triceratops, a baby had also been created for the character of Lex to ride around on, but this scene was cut to improve the film's pacing.[280][44] To create the Triceratops vocals, sound designer Gary Rydstrom breathed into a cardboard tube and combined the sound with that of cows near his workplace at Skywalker Ranch.[183]

Triceratops makes brief appearances in each of the subsequent films. In The Lost World: Jurassic Park, a baby Triceratops was created by Winston's team for a shot depicting the animal in a cage.[44] For its appearance in Jurassic World, the ILM animators studied rhinos and elephants, as they did with the Stegosaurus.[50][14] In the film, Triceratops is depicted galloping, although the real animal was sluggish and would not have been able to do so.[5]

An adult and baby Triceratops appear in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom.[281]

Tyrannosaurus rex[edit]

Rexy[edit]

A 1917 Tyrannosaurus skeletal diagram, which was the basis for the cover of the novel and subsequently the logo of the films[282]

Tyrannosaurus rex is the primary dinosaur featured in the novels and throughout the film series. For the first film, Winston's team created an animatronic T. rex that stood 20 feet (6.1 m), weighed 17,500 pounds (7,900 kg), and was 40 feet (12 m) long.[283][284] The same T. rex individual appears throughout the Jurassic World trilogy,[285] and has since become commonly known as "Rexy" among fans.[286]

Others[edit]

A Tyrannosaurus family is featured in The Lost World: Jurassic Park.[35] The original T. rex animatronic from the first film was reused for the sequel, and Winston's team also built a second adult.[143] The animatronics were built from head to mid-body, while full body shots were created through CGI.[287] The animatronics weighed nine tons each and cost $1 million apiece.[288][289]

Michael Lantieri, the film's special effects supervisor, said, "The big T. rex robot can pull two Gs of force when it's moving from right to left. If you hit someone with that, you'd kill them. So, in a sense, we did treat the dinosaurs as living, dangerous creatures".[39] The animatronics were used for a scene in which the dinosaurs smash their heads against a trailer, causing authentic damage to the vehicle rather than using computer effects.[287][290] As part of this sequence, an 80-foot track was built into the sound stage floor, allowing the T. rexes to be moved backward and forward.[287]

The T. rexes could not be moved from their location on the sound stage, so new sets had to be built around the animatronics as filming progressed.[143][35] Animatronics were primarily used for a scene in which the T. rexes kill the character Eddie, with the exception of two CGI shots: when the animals emerge from the forest and when they tear Eddie's body in half. Otherwise, animatronics were used for shots in which the animals tear the vehicle apart to get to Eddie. Filming the scene with the animatronics required close collaboration with a stunt coordinator. An animatronic T. rex was also used in scenes depicting the deaths of Dr. Robert Burke and Peter Ludlow.[44]

As in the novel The Lost World,[37] a baby T. rex is also depicted in the film adaptation, through two different practical versions, including a remote-controlled version for the actors to carry. A second, hybrid version was operated by hydraulics and cables; this version was used during a scene in which the dinosaur lies on an operating table while a cast is set on its broken leg.[35] Weeks before filming began, Spielberg decided to change the ending to have an adult T. rex rampage through San Diego looking for its baby, saying, "We've gotta do it. It's too fun not to".[37]

A T. rex appears only briefly in Jurassic Park III, which instead uses Spinosaurus as its main dinosaur antagonist. In the film, a T. rex is killed in a battle against a Spinosaurus.[45][256]

Velociraptor[edit]

Blue in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom

Velociraptor is depicted in the franchise as an intelligent pack hunter. It has major roles in the novels and the films, both of which depict it as being bigger than its real-life counterpart.[32] The franchise's Velociraptors are actually based on the larger Deinonychus,[291] although Crichton used the name Velociraptor because he thought it sounded more dramatic.[292]

For their on-screen appearances, the raptors were created using a variety of production methods, including animatronics, CGI, and men in suits.[59][293][294] Since the first film's release, it has been discovered that Velociraptors had feathers, although later films such as Jurassic World have ignored such traits, maintaining consistency with the designs used in earlier films.[31][92][93] At Spielberg's suggestion, Jurassic World introduced the concept of a dinosaur researcher, Owen Grady (portrayed by Chris Pratt), who has a close relationship with velociraptors.[295] One such individual, named Blue, appears in the subsequent Jurassic World films and has become a fan favorite,[296] along with her younger sisters, Delta, Echo and Charlie, only for them to be killed by the Indominus rex in the 2015 film.

Other creatures[edit]

In the first film, a replica skeleton of Alamosaurus is present in the Jurassic Park visitor center.[297][298][299] Parasaurolophus made a brief debut in the first film[300][301] and has appeared in each one since then, including the short film Battle at Big Rock.[228][302]

Mamenchisaurus appears briefly in The Lost World: Jurassic Park as one of the dinosaurs chased by Peter Ludlow's group. The Mamenchisaurus design was based on a maquette created by Winston's team. ILM then took the Brachiosaurus model from the first film and altered it to portray the Mamenchisaurus, which was fully computer-generated.[7]

Ceratosaurus and Corythosaurus are introduced in Jurassic Park III, through brief appearances.[44]

Allosaurus, Baryonyx, Carnotaurus, and Sinoceratops are introduced in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom.[273] Baryonyx and Carnotaurus were among dinosaurs created through CGI.[59] The Carnotaurus vocal sounds were made from orangutan noises, as well as Styrofoam, which was scraped with a double-bass bow.[215] Sinoceratops makes several appearances in the film,[166] including a scene in which the dinosaur is shown licking Owen after he has been sedated. Animator Jance Rubinchik described this as the dinosaur's motherly instinct to save Owen. The scene was shot using a prop tongue.[303]

In Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, the skull of an unnamed ceratopsian is kept on display in Benjamin Lockwood's estate. Production designer Andy Nicholson said: "When it came to the ceratopsian skull which takes centre stage in Lockwood Manor, we were quite conscious that it couldn't be a Triceratops because it wouldn’t have been big enough to kill the Indoraptor. With that in mind, we created a new genus which was an amalgamation of two different ceratopsians".[207] Several creatures appear in the film as dioramas, on display in Lockwood's estate. These include Concavenator and Mononykus.[166][167][304]

Allosaurus returns in Battle at Big Rock, which also introduces Nasutoceratops.[305]

Jurassic World Dominion introduces several new creatures, including Atrociraptor, which Trevorrow described as more vicious than the Velociraptors.[306] Another new creature is Lystrosaurus, a therapsid rather than a dinosaur,[307] which is portrayed with the use of an animatronic handled by five puppeteers.[67][177] Microceratus, a favorite dinosaur of Trevorrow's,[120][308][309] also makes its series debut in Dominion.[190] Returning dinosaurs include Allosaurus,[239] Baryonyx,[241] Carnotaurus,[126] and Nasutoceratops.[242][310]

The prologue for Dominion introduces several other new creatures, including Dreadnoughtus, Iguanodon, and Oviraptor. It also features Moros, a small, feathered member of the tyrannosaur family that was described in 2019.[311][238] Moros also appears in the film itself,[119][306] along with Dreadnoughtus,[126][239] and Iguanodon.[312] Dreadnoughtus appears several times, and is depicted through CGI.[313][314] An Oviraptor appears in a deleted scene in Dominion, in which it is forced to fight a Lystrosaurus which bites its head off and wins the fight.[241]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Wakeman, Gregory (July 25, 2020). "Colin Trevorrow had to persuade Steven Spielberg to rename 'Jurassic Park' franchise 'Jurassic World'". Yahoo!.
  2. ^ Hill, Kyle (November 26, 2014). "The Best Dinosaur in the Jurassic World Trailer Isn't Actually a Dinosaur". Nerdist. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d Phillips, Ian (June 12, 2015). "Here's how the 'Jurassic World' dinosaurs looked in real life". Business Insider. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d Montanari, Shaena (June 12, 2015). "A Paleontologist Reviews 'Jurassic World'". Forbes. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  5. ^ a b c Barrett, Paul (June 18, 2015). "Jurassic World: What a noted dinosaur expert thinks". BBC. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
  6. ^ a b c Effron, Lauren; Gowen, Gwen (May 22, 2018). "'Jurassic Park' turns 25: Behind-the-scenes moments you may not have known about the iconic summer thriller". ABC. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Duncan, Jody (1997). The Making of The Lost World: Jurassic Park. Ballantine Books. pp. 25, 58. ISBN 978-0-345-40734-4. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Jurassic Park 3: Production Notes". Cinema.com. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
  9. ^ "Building a Better Dinosaur with Stan Winston". IGN. July 18, 2001. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  10. ^ a b c d Zemler, Emily (April 26, 2018). "'Jurassic World 2' creature designer Neal Scanlan takes us on a dinosaur tour". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Jones, James Earl (Host) (1995). The Making of Jurassic Park (VHS). Universal.
  12. ^ a b Failes, Ian (April 4, 2013). "Welcome (back) to Jurassic Park". FX Guide. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
  13. ^ a b c Notbohm, Brent; Friedman, Lester D. (2019). Steven Spielberg: Interviews, Revised and Updated. Univ. Press of Mississippi. pp. 131, 136–138, 140. ISBN 978-1-4968-2404-2. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Truitt, Brian (June 10, 2015). "A visitor's guide to 'Jurassic World' dinosaurs". USA Today. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
  15. ^ a b c d e f "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom–Production Information" (PDF). Universal Pictures. May 2018. pp. 2–4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 18, 21, 26, 28, 30–34. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2020.
  16. ^ a b c d Sears, Rufus (August 1993). "How Jurassic Park Became The Biggest Movie Of All Time". Empire. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  17. ^ a b MacManus, Christopher (April 10, 2013). "Making the dinosaurs of 'Jurassic Park'". CNET. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  18. ^ a b c d e Browne, Malcolm W. (June 6, 1993). "Film; Visiting 'Jurassic Park' For Real". The New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  19. ^ a b c "The Ultimate Guide to Jurassic Park". Entertainment Weekly. Time Home Entertainment. June 15, 2018. pp. 65, 78–80. ISBN 978-1-5478-4368-8. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  20. ^ Gray Painter, Alysia (January 20, 2021). "Dino-Cool 'Jurassic Park' Tech Will Go on Display in LA". NBC. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  21. ^ "Making Digital Dinosaurs". Academy Museum of Motion Pictures. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  22. ^ "Return to Jurassic Park: Making Prehistory". Jurassic Park (Blu-ray ed.). 2011.
  23. ^ a b Britton, P. (1993). "The WOW Factor". Popular Science: 86–91.
  24. ^ Sciretta, Peter (June 16, 2014). "Jurassic Park Special Effects Before and After". Slashfilm. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  25. ^ "Jurassic Park (1993)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. 11 June 1993. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  26. ^ "Rex n' Effects". Entertainment Weekly. June 18, 1993. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
  27. ^ Freer, Ian (April 30, 2004). "The 15 Most Influential Films Of Our Lifetime". Empire. p. 120.
  28. ^ Shone, Tom (2004). Blockbuster: How Hollywood Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Summer. Free Press. pp. 213, 217. ISBN 0-7432-3568-1.
  29. ^ Alexander, Bryan (April 3, 2013). "20 years later, 'Jurassic Park' reopens in 3-D". USA Today. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  30. ^ Feltman, Rachel; Ohlheiser, Abby (June 13, 2015). "Why paleontologists love the noisy, featherless, inaccurate dinosaurs of 'Jurassic Park'". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h Waxman, Olivia B. (June 22, 2018). "The Real Scientific History Behind the 'Jurassic Park' Dinosaurs". Time. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  32. ^ a b c d e Franklin-Wallis, Oliver (June 9, 2015). "We asked a paleontologist how accurate Jurassic World really is..." Wired UK. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  33. ^ "Many Paleontologists Today Are Part Of The 'Jurassic Park' Generation". NPR. July 10, 2018. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g Woodward, Aylin (July 10, 2020). "The 'Jurassic Park' franchise got many dinosaurs wrong. The venomous Dilophosaurus was actually 20 feet long and poison-free". Business Insider. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h "Return to Jurassic Park: Finding The Lost World", The Lost World: Jurassic Park Blu-Ray
  36. ^ "Encore section". www.Lost-World.com. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
  37. ^ a b c Warren, Bill; Shapiro, Marc (September 1997). "Writer of Rampages". Starlog. pp. 70–73. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  38. ^ "Making Info". Lost-World.com. Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  39. ^ a b Crisafulli, Chuck (May 11, 1997). "How to Build a Better Dino". Los Angeles Times. pp. 1–3. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  40. ^ Ressner, Jeffrey (May 19, 1997). "Cinema: I Wanted to See a T. rex Stomping Down a Street". Time. Retrieved November 12, 2015.(subscription required)
  41. ^ a b c Bonin, Liane (July 18, 2001). "Dino Might". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on July 21, 2001.
  42. ^ "Macy Gets Fired Up Over Jurassic Park Dinosaurs". Zap2It. July 6, 2001. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  43. ^ a b c d Hockensmith, Steve (July 15, 2001). "Dino vs. dino: Grudge match". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Berry, Mark F. (2015). "Jurassic Park III". The Dinosaur Filmography. McFarland. pp. 171–178. ISBN 978-1-4766-0674-3. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  45. ^ a b c The Making of Jurassic Park III (DVD). Universal Pictures. 2005.
  46. ^ Davidson, Paul (April 11, 2005). "Status of Jurassic Park IV". IGN.com. Archived from the original on November 2, 2014. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h de Semlyen, Nick (June 8, 2015). "Access All Areas: Jurassic World". Empire. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
  48. ^ "Stan Winston Talks Jurassic Park IV!". .ComingSoon.net. April 14, 2003. Archived from the original on April 22, 2003.
  49. ^ a b "See How the Jurassic World Apatosaurus Came to Life". Slashfilm. 21 June 2015. Archived from the original on October 4, 2015.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Failes, Ian. "A whole new Jurassic World" Archived September 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. FX Guide, June 17, 2015
  51. ^ a b c d Garza, Frida (April 29, 2015). "The Truly Frightening T-Rex From 'Jurassic Park' Coming Back". Complex. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
  52. ^ a b "50 Things I Learned on the Set of Jurassic World (page 4)". Slashfilm. April 28, 2015. Archived from the original on June 22, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
  53. ^ a b c Turney, Drew (June 16, 2015). "Colin Trevorrow – Jurassic World". MovieHole. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015.
  54. ^ Weintraub, Steve (December 8, 2017). "Colin Trevorrow Says 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' is 'The Impossible' Meets 'The Orphanage' with Dinosaurs". Collider. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
  55. ^ a b Anderton, Ethan (April 23, 2018). "'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Has More Animatronic Dinosaurs Than Any 'Jurassic Park' Sequel". Slashfilm. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  56. ^ Trumbore, Dave (December 6, 2017). "'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Behind-the-Scenes Video Features a Lot of Dinosaurs". Collider. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
  57. ^ Evangelista, Chris (May 18, 2018). "New 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Featurette Has Bryce Dallas Howard Riding A T-Rex". Slashfilm. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
  58. ^ King, Darryn (June 13, 2018). "In 'Jurassic World,' Old-School Effects Make a Comeback". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  59. ^ a b c d e Robertson, Barbara (July 3, 2018). "How ILM Blended Practical and Digital Effects for 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom'". Animation World Network. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  60. ^ "Behind the Magic: Battle at Big Rock". Industrial Light & Magic. October 28, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
  61. ^ Trevorrow, Colin [@colintrevorrow] (September 17, 2019). "Reference Maquettes by ILM" (Tweet). Retrieved October 30, 2019 – via Twitter.
  62. ^ Trevorrow, Colin [@colintrevorrow] (September 17, 2019). "Animatronic by John Rosengrant @LegacyEffects" (Tweet). Retrieved October 30, 2019 – via Twitter.
  63. ^ Williams, Hayley (July 23, 2020). "Jurassic World: Dominion Will Use More Practical Effects Than Previous Films". GameSpot. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  64. ^ Coggan, Devan (June 9, 2021). "Colin Trevorrow teases 'Jurassic World: Dominion' as 'a culmination of six movies'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  65. ^ Anderson, Corey (September 17, 2019). ""Dark Crystal" Animatronic Creator John Nolan Heads to Jurassic World 3". Jurassic Outpost. Archived from the original on September 25, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  66. ^ Hewitt, Chris (September 16, 2019). "Empire Podcast #381: Live From The London Podcast Festival Ft. Colin Trevorrow". Empire. Archived from the original on September 18, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  67. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Weiss, Josh (August 22, 2022). "From killer dinosaurs to giant locusts: A guide to the CG and practical creatures of 'Jurassic World Dominion'". Syfy. Retrieved May 21, 2023.
  68. ^ a b c Hogg, Trevor (September 7, 2022). "The Seamless Animatronics–CG Integration of 'Jurassic World Dominion'". Animation World Network. Retrieved May 21, 2023.
  69. ^ a b c Hogg, Trevor (July 5, 2022). "Exclusive: 'Jurassic World Dominion' VFX Supe David Vickery Unleashes the Dinosaurs Again". Animation Magazine. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023.
  70. ^ Evans, Chris (October 29, 2021). "Case Study – Jurassic World: Dominion". Kemps Film TV Video. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  71. ^ a b c d Desowitz, Bill (June 25, 2022). "'Jurassic World: Dominion': How the Giganotosaurus Became the Joker of the Franchise". IndieWire. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  72. ^ Hailu, Selome (November 23, 2021). "'Jurassic World: Dominion' Prologue: T-Rex Crashes Drive-In Movie Theater in Special Footage". Variety. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  73. ^ Knapp, Alex (September 14, 2013). "Scientists Show That Jurassic Park-Style Dinosaur Cloning Couldn't Happen". Forbes. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  74. ^ a b c d Kutner, Max (December 2, 2014). "The Scientist Behind "Jurassic World", Jack Horner, Breaks Down the Movie's Thrilling Trailer". Smithsonian. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  75. ^ Wu, Katherine J. (June 12, 2018). "Five Ways Real Science Would Make the New Jurassic World So Much Better". Smithsonian. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  76. ^ Ryan, Jackson (April 8, 2021). "No, Elon Musk's Neuralink doesn't have tech to 'build Jurassic Park'". CNET. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  77. ^ Ward, Cassidy (September 23, 2020). "Could you keep Jurassic Park dinosaurs alive in today's world? Science says..." Syfy Wire. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  78. ^ a b Duggins, Alexi (February 22, 2021). "Reality bites: Could Jurassic Park actually happen?". The Guardian. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  79. ^ Brookes, Martin (April 26, 1997). "Review : First, find your dinosaur flesh". New Scientist. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  80. ^ a b Long, John (April 13, 2015). "Creating dinosaurs: why Jurassic World could never work". The Conversation. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  81. ^ Sterbenz, Christina (July 29, 2013). "Mosquito Expert Calls Out A Big Problem In The Plot Of Jurassic Park". Business Insider. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
  82. ^ Ross, John (October 15, 2013). "Mosquito fossil 'won't yield dino DNA'". The Australian. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
  83. ^ "The dino-sized scientific issues behind 'Jurassic Park'". Newsweek. May 28, 2018. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
  84. ^ Black, Riley (August 6, 2012). "An Australian Jurassic Park?". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  85. ^ a b Griffin, Darren; O'Connor, Rebecca (June 6, 2018). "Jurassic World: Can We Really Resurrect a Dinosaur?". Scientific American. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
  86. ^ Browne, Malcolm W. (May 11, 1993). "In New Spielberg Film, a Dim View of Science". The New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  87. ^ a b c d Cahlan, Sarah (June 21, 2018). "'Jurassic World': Paleontologist who inspired Alan Grant role talks real-life dino science". NBC News. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  88. ^ Blitz, Matt (June 20, 2018). "The Real Science of Bringing Back the Dinosaurs". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  89. ^ Epstein, Sonia (June 14, 2016). "Science on Screen: Interview with Jack Horner, Jurassic World". Sloan Science & Film. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  90. ^ Halton, Mary (June 4, 2018). "Does Jurassic Park make scientific sense?". BBC. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  91. ^ Montanari, Shaena (June 8, 2015). "What We've Learned About Dinosaurs Since Jurassic Park Came Out". Forbes. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  92. ^ a b c Qiu, Linda; Vergano, Dan (November 26, 2014). "'Jurassic World' Dinosaurs Stuck in the 1980s, Experts Grumble". National Geographic. Archived from the original on December 6, 2014.
  93. ^ a b c Jess Denham (May 11, 2015). "Jurassic World: Scientists criticise 'dumb monster movie' for lack of feathers on dinosaurs". The Independent. (Alexander Lebedev). Archived from the original on May 13, 2015. Retrieved May 11, 2015.
  94. ^ a b Kelly, Stephen (June 5, 2018). "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom and the long history of dodgy dinos". Wired UK. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  95. ^ King, Darryn (August 26, 2018). "Jurassic Park's Dinosaurs: How Realistic Were They?". History. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  96. ^ Phipps, Keith (June 22, 2018). "How Jurassic Park Changed the Way Movies Looked at Dinosaurs". Vulture. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  97. ^ a b c d e Brown, Simon Leo (March 20, 2016). "Jurassic World dinosaur expert Jack Horner details where movies got the science wrong". ABC Online. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  98. ^ a b Potenza, Alessandra (June 19, 2018). "Were real dinosaurs as bulletproof as they are in Jurassic World?". The Verge. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  99. ^ a b Michaud, Nicolas; Watkins, Jessica (2014). Jurassic Park and Philosophy: The Truth Is Terrifying. Open Court. pp. 25, 58. ISBN 978-0-8126-9850-3. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  100. ^ "Jurassic World May Be the Most Gonzo Dinosaur Movie Ever". National Geographic. May 20, 2014. Archived from the original on October 17, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  101. ^ Misra, Ria (December 1, 2014). "The Point People Are Still Missing About Jurassic World". io9. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  102. ^ Milner, Sarah Bea (June 23, 2021). "How Jurassic World 3 Can Have Feathered Dinosaurs Without Creating A Plot Hole". ScreenRant. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  103. ^ Bressan, David (June 11, 2021). "Jurassic World: Dominion Trailer Finally Features Feathered Dinosaurs". Forbes. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  104. ^ Elser, Daniela (November 9, 2011). "Jurassic Park scientist: 'Give me $1m and a chicken and I'll make you a dinosaur'". News.com.au. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  105. ^ a b c "'Jurassic Park' paleontologist offers advice on ways of dinosaurs". Los Angeles Times. March 31, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  106. ^ Geggel, Laura (December 29, 2014). "'Jurassic World' Guesses On Dinosaur Sounds, Experts Say". Yahoo!. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  107. ^ John Conway (December 4, 2014). "Scientists disappointed Jurassic World dinosaurs don't look like dinosaurs". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 4, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
  108. ^ Geggel, Laura (June 16, 2015). "'Jurassic World' Has Awesome Dinos, Iffy Science". Live Science. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  109. ^ Leake, Jonathan; Dean, Jonathan (May 10, 2015). "Monster mistakes: Jurassic film ruffles dinosaur experts' feathers". The Sunday Times. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
  110. ^ a b Kaye, Don (June 10, 2015). "Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow: 'These movies are in my blood.'". Syfy. Archived from the original on December 14, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  111. ^ Lytal, Cristy (December 10, 2015). "To make new dinosaurs for 'Jurassic World,' the effects team looked back to the last 'Jurassic' period". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  112. ^ a b c d Alexander, Bryan (June 22, 2018). "Indoraptor kills it as the villainous new dinosaur of 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom'". USA Today. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  113. ^ Kroschel, Matt (May 31, 2018). "Dinosaur Lover Hopes To Pass Along Love Of Fossils To Next Generation". CBS. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  114. ^ a b Anderton, Ethan (June 10, 2021). "'Jurassic World: Dominion' Finally Has Feathered Dinosaurs – Here's How They Got the Details Right". /Film. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  115. ^ Brusatte, Steve (February 19, 2020). "Yes it's true: I'm delighted to be working with @colintrevorrow & his superstar team as science consultant for the next @JurassicWorld (2021)". Twitter. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  116. ^ Bui, Hoai-Tran (February 19, 2020). "'Jurassic World 3' Casts 'Altered Carbon' Star Dichen Lachman, Hires New Dinosaur Consulting Team". /Film. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  117. ^ Seddon, Gem (June 10, 2021). "New Jurassic World: Dominion image features dinosaurs – and this time, they have feathers". Total Film. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  118. ^ Thompson, Simon (June 9, 2021). "Jurassic World: Dominion Extended Preview Will Span 65 Million Years". IGN. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  119. ^ a b c Purslow, Matt (23 November 2021). "Jurassic World Dominion Prologue Breakdown with Director Colin Trevorrow". IGN. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  120. ^ a b c "'Jurassic World' Director Colin Trevorrow On Dinosaurs & Jumping From Independent To Hollywood". The Source. June 10, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
  121. ^ Wenz, John (June 23, 2015). "How They Made a Moving Apatosaurus Head for 'Jurassic World'". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  122. ^ a b c Silber, Emily (June 16, 2015). "Jurassic World's Dinosaurs Roar to Life, Thanks to Bird Calls". National Audubon Society. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  123. ^ Romano, Nick (2015). "Watch Jurassic World Build One Of Its Most Amazing Dinosaurs". CinemaBlend. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
  124. ^ Rodgers, Blake (June 21, 2015). "Building the Jurassic World Apatosaurus". Nerdist. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  125. ^ "All the Dinosaurs That Appear in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom". CBR. June 20, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
  126. ^ a b c Sasaguay, Chris (February 11, 2022). "'Jurassic World Dominion' Trailer Breakdown: Why Do They Always Have to Go Bigger?". Collider. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
  127. ^ "50 Most Magical Movie Moments". Empire. November 28, 2003. p. 122.
  128. ^ a b "Jurassic Park's Brachiosaurus Animatronic Puppet Rehearsal". Stan Winston School of Character Arts. January 23, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  129. ^ a b Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 144–6.
  130. ^ a b c d Travis, Ben; De Semlyen, Nick (July 3, 2018). "18 Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom Secrets from JA Bayona and Colin Trevorrow". Empire. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  131. ^ Cotter, Padraig (July 3, 2018). "Fallen Kingdom Features the Death of the Original Jurassic Park Brachiosaurus". Screen Rant. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  132. ^ Weintraub, Steve (October 6, 2018). "Exclusive: J.A. Bayona on 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' and That Tragic Brachiosaurus Shot". Collider. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  133. ^ Couch, Aaron (June 23, 2018). "'Jurassic World' Director on the Shot Making Audiences Tear Up". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  134. ^ Burwick, Kevin (June 23, 2018). "'Jurassic World 2' Director on the Callback That Left Everyone Crying". MovieWeb. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  135. ^ Roberts, Andrew (June 24, 2018). "'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Features A Tearful Callback To 'Jurassic Park' That Has Fans Emotional". Uproxx. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  136. ^ Carbone, Gina (June 25, 2018). "'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Fans Traumatized by That Brachiosaurus Scene". Moviefone. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  137. ^ Gleiberman, Owen (June 5, 2018). "Film Review: 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom'". Variety. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
  138. ^ Travers, Peter (June 18, 2018). "'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Review: Welcome to Steaming Dino-Poop". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 26, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
  139. ^ Soans, Neil (June 6, 2018). "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom Movie Review". The Times of India. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
  140. ^ a b Vlastelica, Ryan (June 4, 2015). "In Jurassic Park, Spielberg made a family favorite from an adult book". A.V. Club. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
  141. ^ Grubbs, Jefferson (June 11, 2015). "12 Un-Adapted Scenes From Michael Crichton's Novels That Should Totally Be In 'Jurassic World'". Bustle. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
  142. ^ Silliman, Brian (May 29, 2018). "The Lost World: Jurassic Park is a rare instance of the movie being far better than the book". Syfy Wire. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  143. ^ a b c "Pre-Production section". www.Lost-World.com. Archived from the original on October 19, 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
  144. ^ "Jurassic Park 2: The Lost World – Compy Dinosaur Attack". Stan Winston School of Character Arts. February 8, 2014. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  145. ^ "Making Info (Compy)". Lost-World.com. Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  146. ^ Bennington, J Bret (1996). "Errors in the Movie "Jurassic Park"". American Paleontologist. 4 (2): 4–7.
  147. ^ Chand, Neeraj (August 14, 2020). "The Compy Horde Returns in New 'Jurassic World 3: Dominion' Photos". MovieWeb. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  148. ^ "Did any dinosaurs have poisonous saliva, as in Jurassic Park?". Scientific American. February 10, 2003. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  149. ^ a b Pickrell, John (July 7, 2020). "'Jurassic Park' got almost everything wrong about this iconic dinosaur". National Geographic. Archived from the original on July 7, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  150. ^ a b Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 35-36.
  151. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 24.
  152. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 113.
  153. ^ a b Duncan, J. (2007). The Winston Effect: The art and history of Stan Winston studio. London, UK: Titan Books. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-1-84576-150-9.
  154. ^ a b c d "Jurassic Park's Spitter Attacks Nedry". Stan Winston School of Character Arts. August 17, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  155. ^ MacManus, Christopher (March 15, 2013). "Video reveals secrets of a 'Jurassic Park' Spitter". CNET. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  156. ^ a b "Jurassic Park's Spitter – Building the animatronic Dilophosaurus dinosaur puppet". Stan Winston School of Character Arts. April 5, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  157. ^ "Jurassic Time Memoirs: How The Spitter Got Its Frill (From The Vision Of John Gurche: Jurassic Park)". YouTube. June 19, 2020. 5:38. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  158. ^ "Jurassic Time Interviews Creature Artist Rick Galinson About The Dilophosaurus' Hidden Venom Sacs". Jurassic Outpost. September 3, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  159. ^ "How Dilophosaurus Became a Rock Star". National Geographic. January 28, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  160. ^ Anderton, Ethan (June 15, 2015). "'Jurassic World' Easter Eggs: Did You Catch These 'Jurassic Park' References?". Slashfilm. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  161. ^ Donnelly, Matt (June 11, 2015). "5 Times 'Jurassic World' Shouts Out to Original 'Jurassic Park'". TheWrap. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
  162. ^ Boone, John (June 12, 2015). "11 'Jurassic Park' References and Easter Eggs in 'Jurassic World'". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
  163. ^ McKnight, Brent (June 11, 2015). "Jurassic World: 8 Cool References To The First Movie". CinemaBlend. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
  164. ^ a b c Weintraub, Steve (September 29, 2018). "Exclusive: J.A. Bayona on 'Fallen Kingdom' and Why the Blu-ray Doesn't Have Any Deleted Scenes". Collider. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  165. ^ Weintraub, Steve (June 21, 2018). "'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Director J.A. Bayona on Why He Thanked Guillermo del Toro in the Credits". Collider. 2:26. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
  166. ^ a b c d de Semlyen, Nick (May 17, 2018). "How is Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom planning to top its astonishingly lucrative predecessor?". Empire. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  167. ^ a b c Fishenden, Thomas (February 11, 2019). "On the Set of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (Part Two)". Jurassic Park Podcast. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  168. ^ Ettenhofer, Valerie (June 7, 2022). "One Jurassic World Dominion Dino Was Too Famous For CGI". /Film. Retrieved June 16, 2022.
  169. ^ a b c d e Katwala, Amit (June 10, 2022). "The Real Story Behind the Dino Feathers in 'Jurassic World Dominion'". Wired. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  170. ^ Elfring, Mat (August 19, 2022). "Jurassic World: Dominion – Here's What The Dinosaur Spit Was Made Of". GameSpot. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  171. ^ Angielczyk, Kenneth D. (June 2009). "Dimetrodon Is Not a Dinosaur: Using Tree Thinking to Understand the Ancient Relatives of Mammals and their Evolution". Evolution: Education and Outreach. 2 (2): 257–271. doi:10.1007/s12052-009-0117-4. S2CID 24110810.
  172. ^ a b c Connellan, Shannon (June 11, 2022). "The scariest dinosaur in 'Jurassic World: Dominion' isn't actually a dinosaur". Mashable. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  173. ^ a b Polowy, Kevin (June 15, 2015). "The Scoop on 'Jurassic World's' High-Flying Death Scene (Spoilers)". Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
  174. ^ Alexander, Bryan (October 20, 2015). "Chris Pratt battles a guy named Marty in this exclusive 'Jurassic World' clip". USA Today. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  175. ^ Harris, Rob (June 18, 2015). "Chris Pratt Almost Killed a Stuntman Pretending to Be a Dinosaur". Movie Pilot. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  176. ^ Montalbano, Dave (June 18, 2015). "Jurassic World". Observer Newspaper Online. Florida. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  177. ^ a b c d Marshall, Rick (September 4, 2022). "A chat with Jurassic World's live-action dinosaur wrangler". Digital Trends. Retrieved May 21, 2023.
  178. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 135.
  179. ^ Baird, R. (1998). "Animalizing Jurassic Park's dinosaurs: Blockbuster schemata and cross-cultural cognition in the threat scene". Cinema Journal. 37 (4): 82–103. doi:10.2307/1225728. JSTOR 1225728.
  180. ^ "Return to Jurassic Park: The Next Step in Evolution", Jurassic Park Blu-ray (2011)
  181. ^ Sosa, J.L. (June 12, 2015). "'I Was a Failed Gallimimus': Jurassic Park Through The Eyes of One of Its Magic Creators". Film School Rejects.
  182. ^ Galvan, Patrick (June 29, 2020). "5 franchises that owe Ray Harryhausen a kraken-size debt on his 100th birthday". Syfy Wire. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  183. ^ a b Buchanan, Kyle (September 4, 2013). "You'll Never Guess How the Dinosaur Sounds in Jurassic Park Were Made". Vulture. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
  184. ^ Anderton, Ethan (June 15, 2015). "'Jurassic World' Easter Eggs: Did You Catch These 'Jurassic Park' References? (page 3)". /Film. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
  185. ^ Evangelista, Chris (June 10, 2021). "The 'Jurassic World: Dominion' Villain is a Dinosaur Director Colin Trevorrow Has Been Saving for the Third Movie". /Film. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  186. ^ Mithaiwala, Mansoor (June 10, 2021). "Colin Trevorrow Interview – Jurassic World: Dominion". ScreenRant. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  187. ^ Li, Michael (April 30, 2022). "Jurassic World's Alan Grant Makes Claims About the World's Biggest Dino – Is He Right?". CBR. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  188. ^ Docter-Loeb, Hannah (June 10, 2022). "Jurassic World's New Big Bad Dinosaur Was Supposedly the Biggest Carnivore Ever. The Truth Is Much More Complicated". Slate. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  189. ^ a b Marshall, Rick (August 25, 2022). "Jurassic World Dominion's VFX made old dinosaurs new again". Digital Trends. Retrieved May 21, 2023.
  190. ^ a b c Davis, Derrick (April 1, 2022). "New Animatronic Images From 'Dominion' Featured In Upcoming Fangoria Magazine Issue". Jurassic Outpost. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  191. ^ a b c d e Tangcay, Jazz (June 11, 2022). "'Jurassic World Dominion': Meet the Franchise's New Dinosaurs, From Its Biggest Ever Foe to Feathered Predators". Variety. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  192. ^ Travis, Ben (April 9, 2022). "Jurassic World Dominion's Huge New Dinosaur The 'Giga' Is 'Like The Joker', Says Colin Trevorrow – Exclusive Image". Empire. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  193. ^ a b c Salazar, Andrew J. (June 11, 2022). "Colin Trevorrow and Emily Carmichael on Legacy Tropes and the New Dinos of 'Jurassic World Dominion' – Exclusive Interview". DiscussingFilm. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  194. ^ a b c Errico, Marcus (21 June 2015). "Inside 'Jurassic World': Here's the Freaky Real Dinosaur Indominus Rex Is Based On". Yahoo Movies. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  195. ^ a b Erickson, Sean (February 20, 2015). "Jurassic World: A Closer Look at the Indominus Rex DNA!". MoviePilot. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
  196. ^ a b "Indominus rex". Jurassic World. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  197. ^ a b Wagstaff, Keith (June 12, 2015). "How 'Jurassic World' Created a Terrifying New Dinosaur". NBC News. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  198. ^ "What's It Like to Have a Job Interview with Steven Spielberg?". IGN. July 5, 2015. Archived from the original on July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  199. ^ a b Sciretta, Peter (May 28, 2014). "Exclusive: 'Jurassic World' Director Colin Trevorrow Talks Plot Details and Recent Leaks". Slashfilm. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  200. ^ Gross, Rachel E. (June 16, 2015). "How Impossible, Actually, Is the Dinosaur DNA Splicing in Jurassic World?". Slate. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  201. ^ Yahr, Emily (June 15, 2015). "Does 'Jurassic World' remind you of 'Blackfish'? How a dinosaur movie tackled animal rights". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  202. ^ a b Edwards, Phil (June 20, 2015). "Jurassic World's dinosaur roars include sounds from whales, walruses, and foxes". Vox. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  203. ^ a b Coggan, Devan (June 18, 2015). "'Jurassic World' sound designers used pigs, whales, and dolphins to create dinosaur roars". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  204. ^ Lewis, Charlton Thomas; Short, Charles (1879). "indomitus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  205. ^ Lewis, Charlton Thomas; Short, Charles (1879). "rex". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  206. ^ Sampson, Mike (June 9, 2015). "Colin Trevorrow on the Three Things Steven Spielberg Said Had to Be in 'Jurassic World'". ScreenCrush.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
  207. ^ a b Fishenden, Thomas (February 4, 2019). "On the Set of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (Part One)". Jurassic Park Podcast. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  208. ^ a b c Eisenberg, Erik (June 21, 2018). "The Classic Horror Monster That Helped Inspire the Indoraptor in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom". Retrieved August 20, 2018.
  209. ^ a b c Desowitz, Bill (June 25, 2018). "'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom': How J. A. Bayona and the VFX Team Channeled Classic Horror Movies". IndieWire. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
  210. ^ Abrams, Bryan (June 22, 2018). "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom's Production Designer Takes on the Indoraptor". Motion Picture Association of America. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  211. ^ Lewman, David (2018). Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom Dinosaur Survival Guide. Random House. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-525-58083-6.
  212. ^ Bui, Hoai-Tran (September 13, 2018). "Exclusive: 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Blu-ray Clip Shows How the VFX Team Built the Indoraptor". /Film. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  213. ^ Pugh, Chris (September 28, 2018). "New Concept Art Shows Alternative Opening, Second Indoraptor, the Spinosaurus, and Early Designs in Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom". Jurassic Outpost. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  214. ^ Failes, Ian (July 9, 2018). "The Unexpected Techniques 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Used to Create Super-Realistic FX". Thrillist. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  215. ^ a b c d Hart, Hugh (June 29, 2018). "Sound Designer Gives Voice to the Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom Dinosaurs". Motion Picture Association. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  216. ^ Evangelista, Chris (May 7, 2018). "'Jurassic World 3' won't feature hybrid dinosaurs". Slashfilm. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  217. ^ a b c "Johnston on Underwater Dinos, Spielberg's JP3 Idea". DansJP3Page.com. Movieline. June 10, 2001. Archived from the original on June 28, 2001.
  218. ^ Lamble, Ryan (June 16, 2015). "Examining the Jurassic Park 4 script that was never filmed". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  219. ^ a b Lamble, Ryan (June 21, 2018). "Jurassic World 3: How a 2004 Script Holds the Future's Answers". Den of Geek. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
  220. ^ a b Sciretta, Peter (April 30, 2015). "Extensive Jurassic World Interview with Director Colin Trevorrow". /Film.com. pp. 1–3. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
  221. ^ de Semlyen, Nick (November 25, 2014). "Empire's Jurassic World Trailer Tour". Empire. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  222. ^ a b c "Jurassic World". Cinefex. July 2015. Archived from the original on September 9, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  223. ^ "Making the Mosasaurus". YouTube. September 6, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  224. ^ Ohlheiser, Abby (November 29, 2014). "A Smithsonian paleontologist fact-checked the 'Jurassic World' trailer. His take? 'Meh'". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  225. ^ Squires, John (April 25, 2018). "First 5 Minutes of 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Attack CinemaCon; Footage Description". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  226. ^ Evangelista, Chris (June 26, 2018). "'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Trailers Spoiled the Ending and the Filmmakers Aren't Happy About It". Slashfilm. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  227. ^ a b "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom". Cinefex. August 2018. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  228. ^ a b c d Whalen, Andrew (September 16, 2019). "All 7 Dinosaurs in 'Battle at Big Rock', Including Nasutoceratops, New to 'Jurassic Park' Series". Newsweek. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  229. ^ "Paleontologists Uncover the Tiniest Bonehead Dinosaur". National Geographic. March 30, 2016. Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved September 24, 2020. Pachycephalosaurus stands out in the dinosaur pantheon as the largest, last, and, thanks to The Land Before Time and Jurassic Park: The Lost World, most famous of the "bonehead" dinosaurs.
  230. ^ Fleur, Nicholas St (June 12, 2015). "A Paleontologist Deconstructs 'Jurassic World'". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  231. ^ "Return to Jurassic Park: Something Survived", The Lost World: Jurassic Park Blu-Ray
  232. ^ "Jumanji's Joe Johnston Joins Jurassic". About.com. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original on March 5, 2006. Retrieved July 27, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  233. ^ "Evolution of the dinos – Ten questions with Joe Johnston". DVDFile.com. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original on January 3, 2002.
  234. ^ Pearlman, Cindy (July 23, 2001). "'Jurassic 3' delivers crushing blow". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on July 25, 2001.
  235. ^ Anderton, Ethan (2015-06-14). "'Jurassic World' Smashes the Box Office, Chris Pratt Already Signed for Inevitable Sequels". SlashFilm.com. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
  236. ^ Lewman, David (8 May 2018). Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom Dinosaur Survival Guide. Random House Children's Books. ISBN 978-0-525-58085-0. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  237. ^ Armitage, Hugh (June 8, 2018). "Does Jurassic World 2 have a post-credits scene?". Digital Spy. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  238. ^ a b De Semlyen, Nick (June 9, 2021). "Exclusive: Colin Trevorrow Talks Jurassic World: Dominion IMAX Preview". Empire. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  239. ^ a b c Thomas, Deshawn (February 12, 2022). "Every Dinosaur In The Jurassic World Dominion Trailer". /Film. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
  240. ^ Ohlheiser, Abby (June 12, 2015). "'I enjoyed the whole absurdity of it': Paleontologists review 'Jurassic World'". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  241. ^ a b c d Weintraub, Steve (June 11, 2022). "'Jurassic World Dominion' Director Colin Trevorrow on Which Dinosaur is the Strongest, Deleted Scenes & Easter Eggs". Collider. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  242. ^ a b Jones, Tamera (June 11, 2022). "'Jurassic World Dominion's Colin Trevorrow Introduces New Historically Accurate Dinosaurs". Collider. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  243. ^ Giardina, Carolyn; Couch, Aaron (June 16, 2022). "'Jurassic World Dominion' Director Reveals Most Challenging Dinosaur to Create". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  244. ^ "Dino-mite! Meet The Real Stars of 'Jurassic World: Dominion'". NPR. June 23, 2022. 6:40. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  245. ^ Kambli, Kunal (September 22, 2020). "Villain Dinosaur from Jurassic Park III, the Spinosaurus, Was a River Monster: New Study". The Weather Channel. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  246. ^ "Production Notes". Cinema Review. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
  247. ^ a b "Jurassic Park III's T-rex killer: Spinosaurus". Stan Winston School of Character Arts. September 29, 2012. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  248. ^ Spelling, Ian (July 2001). "Jurassic Sky". Starlog. pp. 58–61. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  249. ^ Goodale, Gloria (July 20, 2001). "An all-too-real dinosaur 'puppet'". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  250. ^ Steinhart, Daniel (2001). "Dinosaur Legacy". Film Journal. Archived from the original on January 15, 2002.
  251. ^ Weiss, Josh (April 29, 2020). "New Spinosaurus fossil proves the villain of Jurassic Park III could indeed swim". Syfy Wire. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  252. ^ Elliott, Josh K. (April 30, 2020). "Spinosaurus tail shows 'Jurassic Park III' dinosaur was a swimming 'monster'". Global News. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  253. ^ Libbey, Dirk (September 23, 2020). "Turns Out Jurassic Park III's Villain Dinosaur Isn't Very Accurate At All". CinemaBlend. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  254. ^ Ciaccia, Chris (September 24, 2020). "'Jurassic Park' dinosaur was a 'river monster,' new study says". Fox News. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  255. ^ "How Jurassic Park III Created The Roar Of The Spinosaurus". /Film. August 19, 2022.
  256. ^ a b c Romano, Nick (2015). "Jurassic World Snuck In A Sweet Nod To Jurassic Park 3". CinemaBlend. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  257. ^ Kennedy, Michael (July 21, 2021). "How The Spinosaurus Was Supposed To Die In Jurassic Park 3". ScreenRant. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  258. ^ "Building the Spinosaurus Skeleton Time Lapse". Jurassic World YouTube account. September 13, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  259. ^ Bradley, Bill (June 19, 2015). "8 Behind-The-Scenes Facts You Didn't Know About 'Jurassic Park,' From The Real-Life Dr. Grant". The Huffington Post. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  260. ^ Scott, Mike (June 8, 2015). "Where was 'Jurassic World' filmed? Plus more tidbits about the dino-sequel". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  261. ^ Romano, Nick (November 10, 2021). "Camp Cretaceous season 4 trailer reveals a previously unseen island in Jurassic canon". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  262. ^ Motamayor, Rafael (November 26, 2021). "'Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous' Showrunner on Planting Seeds for 'Dominion' in Season 4 and Bringing Back the Spinosaurus". Collider. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  263. ^ Weintraub, Steve (June 11, 2022). "'Jurassic World Dominion' Director Colin Trevorrow on Which Dinosaur is the Strongest, Deleted Scenes & Easter Eggs". Collider. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  264. ^ Orquiola, John (July 23, 2022). "Jurassic World Finally Has A Proper T-Rex vs Spinosaurus Rematch". ScreenRant. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  265. ^ Schaefer, Sandy (May 29, 2020). "Jurassic World Concept Art Confirms Other Hybrid Dinosaur Planned For Movie". ScreenRant. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  266. ^ a b c Bellotto, Adam (June 17, 2015). "8 Jurassic World Plot Threads We'll See in the Inevitable Sequel". Film School Rejects. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  267. ^ a b de Semlyen, Phil (October 28, 2015). "Empire Spoiler Podcast: Ten Secrets Of Jurassic World". Retrieved August 22, 2018.
  268. ^ Peel, Jeremy (November 15, 2018). "Jurassic World Evolution – Secrets of Dr. Wu: the Stegoceratops". PCGamesN. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  269. ^ a b Crow, David (June 26, 2019). "Jurassic Park: Still the Best Use of CGI in a Movie". Den of Geek. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  270. ^ Gray, Ali (June 13, 2013). "Jurassic Park: 10 flaws you never noticed". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
  271. ^ Anderson, Dennis (May 24, 1997). "'Lost World' is latest special-effects bonanza". Associated Press. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  272. ^ "The Lost World: Jurassic Park". VFX HQ. 1997. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  273. ^ a b Davis, Erik (May 31, 2018). "Exclusive Interview: 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Director J.A. Bayona Teases New Dinosaurs and Action". Fandango. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
  274. ^ Wagstaff, Keith (June 22, 2018). "The real hero of 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' was this cute headbutting dinosaur". Mashable. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  275. ^ Browne, Ed (June 10, 2022). "Therizinosaurus: Jurassic World's "scythe lizard" that could kill a T. Rex". Newsweek. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  276. ^ a b Chappell, Caitlin (June 15, 2022). "Jurassic World Dominion Director Dives Into the Film's Real-World Parallels". CBR. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  277. ^ Weiss, Josh (June 20, 2022). "Was the T. rex 'weak' in 'Jurassic World Dominion'? Colin Trevorrow defends our favorite dino". Syfy. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  278. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 83.
  279. ^ "Return to Jurassic Park: Dawn of a New Era". Jurassic Park (Blu-ray ed.). 2011.
  280. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 64.
  281. ^ Squires, John (May 25, 2018). "Snuggling Baby Triceratops in New 'Fallen Kingdom' Clip Might Make You Feel Stuff". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  282. ^ Caron, Craig (December 21, 2018). "The Hidden History of the Jurassic Park Logo". Toronto International Film Festival. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020.
  283. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 95–105.
  284. ^ Corliss, Richard (April 26, 1993). "Behind the Magic of Jurassic Park". Time. Archived from the original on June 14, 2008.
  285. ^ Bui, Hoai-Tran (June 10, 2021). "'Jurassic World: Dominion' Will Complete the Original T-Rex's Franchise-Long Journey". /Film. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  286. ^ Scott, Ryan (December 13, 2018). "Jurassic Park T-Rex Has a Name and It's Not Rexy". MovieWeb. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  287. ^ a b c "The Lost World Jurassic Park 2's T-Rexes". Stan Winston School of Character Arts. May 29, 2012. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  288. ^ "Chase, Crush and Devour". American Society of Cinematographers. June 1997. pp. 1–4. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
  289. ^ Stein, Ruthe (May 18, 1997). "Summer Movie Guide". SFGate. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  290. ^ "Making Info (T. rex)". Lost-World.com. Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  291. ^ Black, Riley (November 7, 2008). "You say "Velociraptor", I say "Deinonychus"". Smithsonian. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  292. ^ Cummings, Mike (June 18, 2015). "Yale's legacy in 'Jurassic World'". Yale News. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  293. ^ MacManus, Christopher (October 23, 2012). "Watch the making of a 'Jurassic Park' Velociraptor suit". CNET. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  294. ^ Sciretta, Peter (December 24, 2014). "'Jurassic Park:' The Evolution of a Raptor Suit". /Film. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  295. ^ Smith, Jeremy (June 9, 2015). "Colin Trevorrow Guides Jeremy Through the Creation of Jurassic World". AintItCoolNews. Archived from the original on November 1, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
  296. ^ Aucoin, Joey (June 21, 2018). "The Surprising Love Affair with Blue the Raptor". Talk Film Society. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  297. ^ Switek, Brian (March 25, 2009). "See Tyrannosaurus Take a Bite out of Alamosaurus". Smithsonian. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  298. ^ Shay, Don; Duncan, Jody (1993). The Making of Jurassic Park. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-38122-4. Retrieved June 9, 2022.
  299. ^ Mottram, James (2021). Jurassic Park: The Ultimate Visual History. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-68383-545-5. Retrieved June 9, 2022.
  300. ^ Nelson, Ray (November 1996). "Jurassic Park". Popular Science. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
  301. ^ Buchanan, Kyle (March 29, 2013). "Every Single Dinosaur in Jurassic Park, From Worst to Best". Vulture. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  302. ^ Romanchick, Shane (December 17, 2021). "Colin Trevorrow Shares Image of 'Real' Dinosaur Used in 'Jurassic World: Dominion'". Collider. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
  303. ^ Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (film; Blu-ray edition): VFX Evolved (special features)
  304. ^ Fishenden, Thomas (February 19, 2019). "On the Set of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (Part Three)". Jurassic Park Podcast. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  305. ^ Weintraub, Steve (September 11, 2019). "Exclusive: Colin Trevorrow on How He Secretly Made the 'Jurassic World' Short Film 'Battle at Big Rock'". Collider. Retrieved September 11, 2019.
  306. ^ a b Kemp, Ella (December 20, 2021). "Jurassic World Dominion: Meet The 'Brutal, Vicious' New Atrociraptors – Exclusive Image". Empire. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
  307. ^ Where on Earth? Dinosaurs and Other Prehistoric Life: The Amazing History of Earth's Most Incredible Animals. Penguin. 2019. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4654-9970-7. Retrieved October 12, 2020. Lystrosaurus is not a dinosaur but belonged to a group called dicynodont therapsids, a group closely related to mammals.
  308. ^ Warner, Kara (June 11, 2015). "'Jurassic World' Director Explains Spielberg's Involvement & Sequel Ideas". ScreenRant. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  309. ^ @colintrevorrow (February 6, 2018). "I have a few. By size...T-Rex, Ankylosaurus, Microceratus. Also amazed by the Dreadnaughtus and the Titanosaurs discovered recently" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  310. ^ Gurrister, Tim (October 18, 2022). "Utah native has sizable role in latest Jurassic Park movie". Gephardt Daily. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  311. ^ Lane, Carly (June 9, 2021). "'Jurassic World: Dominion': New Dinosaurs, Cretaceous-Era Prologue, and Everything Else We Learned From the IMAX Preview Footage". Collider. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  312. ^ Orquiola, John (June 14, 2021). "Jurassic World Dominion's 11 New Dinosaur Species Explained". ScreenRant. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  313. ^ Avril, Tom (June 18, 2022). "A new star in 'Jurassic World Dominion' has a very Philly backstory". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  314. ^ Furst, Camille (June 20, 2022). "Mega-sized dinosaur found by N.J. guy now starring in new 'Jurassic World' film". NJ.com. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
Bibliography
  • Crichton, Michael (1990) Jurassic Park. ISBN 9780099282914
  • Shay, Don; Duncan, Jody (1993). The Making of Jurassic Park: An Adventure 65 Million Years in the Making. Boxtree Limited. ISBN 1-85283-774-8.

External links[edit]