Homoisoflavonoid

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Chemical structure of the 3,4-dihydroxyhomoisoflavan sappanol.

Homoisoflavonoids (3-benzylidenechroman-4-ones) are a type of phenolic compounds occurring naturally[1] in plants.

Chemically, they have the general structure of a 16-carbon skeleton, which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and heterocyclic ring (C).

Synthesis[edit]

Homoisoflavones can be synthesized from 2'-hydroxydihydrochalcones.[2]

Homoisoflavanones can be synthesized[3] from 3,5-methoxy phenols via chroman-4-one in three steps[4] or from phloroglucinol.[5]

Conversion

Homoisoflavanes can be obtained from the conversion of homoisoflavonoids.[6]

Natural occurrences[edit]

The homoisoflavonoids portulacanones A, B, C and D can be found in Portulaca oleracea (common purslane, Caryophyllales, Portulacaceae).[7]

The 3,4-dihydroxyhomoisoflavans sappanol, episappanol, 3'-deoxysappanol, 3'-O-methylsappanol and 3'-O-methylepisappanol can be found in Caesalpinia sappan.[8]

The homoisoflavones scillavones A and B can be isolated from the bulbs of Scilla scilloides (Barnardia japonica).[9]

Homoisoflavanones[edit]

Chemical structure of sappanone A.

Homoisoflavanones (3-Benzyl-4-chromanones[10]) can be found in various plants,[11] notably in Hyacinthaceae (Scilloideae).[12]

Sappanone A can be found in Caesalpinia sappan.[13]

C-Methylated homoisoflavanones (3-(4'-methoxy-benzyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-8-methoxy-chroman-4-one, 3-(4'-methoxy-benzyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethyl-chroman-4-one, 3-(4'-hydroxy-benzyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethyl-chroman-4-one, 3-(4'-hydroxy-benzyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-8-methoxy-chroman-4-one and 3-(4'-hydroxy-benzyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-chroman-4-one) can be found in the rhizomes of Polygonum odoratum.[14]

5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-chroman-4-one, a homoisoflavanone extracted from Cremastra appendiculata (Orchidaceae), has anti-angiogenic activities and inhibits UVB-induced skin inflammation through reduced cyclooxygenase-2 expression and NF-?B nuclear localization.[15]

In Asparagaceae[edit]

3-(4'-Methoxybenzyl)-7,8-methylenedioxy-chroman-4-one, a homoisoflavanone with antimycobacterial activity, can be isolated from Chlorophytum inornatum (Asparagaceae, Agavoideae).[6]

5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-chroman-4-one, 7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-chroman-4-one and 4’-demethyl-3,9-dihydro-punctatin can be isolated from Agave tequilana (Asparagaceae, Agavoideae).[16]

in Scilloideae (Hyacinthaceae)

7-O-α-Rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-glucopiranosyl-5-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-chroman-4-one, 7-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-glucopiranosyl-5-hydroxy-3-(4′-hydroxybenzyl)-chroman-4-one, 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4′-methoxybenzyl)-chroman-4-one (3,9-dihidroeucomin), 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-3-(4′-methoxybenzyl)-chroman-4-one, 5,7-dihydroxy 3-(4′-hydroxybenzyl)-chroman-4-one (4,4′-demethyl-3,9-dihydropuctatin), 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4′-hydroxybenzyl)-6-methoxy-chroman-4-one (3,9-dihydroeucomnalin) and 7-hydroxy-3-(4′-hydroxybenzyl)-5-methoxy-chroman-4-one can be isolated from the bulbs of Ledebouria floribunda (tribe Hyacintheae).[17] Other compounds can be found in Ledebouria revoluta, a plant widely used as an ethnomedicinal in southern Africa.[10]

The homoisoflavanone glycosides (-)-7-O-methyleucomol 5-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, (-)-7-O-methyleucomol 5-O-beta-rutinoside and (-)-7-O-methyleucomol 5-O-beta-neohesperidoside can be isolated from the bulbs of Ornithogalum caudatum (tribe Ornithogaloideae).[18]

Scillascillin-type homoisoflavanones (3-hydroxy-type homoisoflavonoids) can be isolated from Drimiopsis maculata (tribe Hyacintheae, Massoniinae).[19]

Eucomin, eucomol,[20] (E)-7-O-methyl-eucomin, (—)-7-O-methyleucomol, (+)-3,9-dihydro-eucomin and 7-O-methyl-3,9-dihydro-eucomin[21] can be isolated from the bulbs of Eucomis bicolor (tribe Hyacintheae, Massoniinae). 4′-o-Methyl-punctatin, autumnalin and 3,9-dihydro-autumnalin can be found in Eucomis autumnalis.[22]

Five homoisoflavanones, 3,5-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-3-(3',4'-dimethoxybenzyl)-4-chromanone, 3,5-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(3',4'-dimethoxybenzyl)-4-chromanone, 3,5-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-3-(3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxybenzyl)-4-chromanone, 3,5,6-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxybenzyl)-4-chromanone and 3,5,7-trihydroxy-3-(3'-hydroxy-4'methoxybenzyl)-4-chromanone, can be isolated from the dichloromethane extract of the bulbs of Pseudoprospero firmifolium (tribe Hyacintheae, subtribe Pseudoprospero).[23]

A homoisoflavanone can also be found in Albuca fastigiata (tribe Ornithogaleae).[24]

The same molecule, 5,6-dimethoxy-7-hydroxy-3-(4′-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone, can be found in the bulbs of Resnova humifusa and Eucomis montana (tribe Hyacintheae, subtribe Massoniinae).[25]

Uses[edit]

The homoisoflavonoids portulacanones A, B, C and D show in vitro cytotoxic activities towards four human cancer cell lines.[7]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Roshanak Namdar and Shohreh Nafisi (December 2013). Study on the interaction of homoisoflavonoids with nucleic acids Comparative study by spectroscopic methods. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH KG. ISBN 978-3-659-49924-1.
  2. ^ Rao, Vallabhaneni Madhava; Damu, Guri Lakshmi Vasantha; Sudhakar, Dega; Siddaiah, Vidavaluri; Rao, Chunduri Venkata (2008). "New efficient synthesis and bioactivity of homoisoflavonoids". Arkivoc. 2008 (11): 285–294. doi:10.3998/ark.5550190.0009.b28. hdl:2027/spo.5550190.0009.b28.
  3. ^ Jain, Amolak C.; Anita Mehta (née Sharma), (Mrs) (1985). "A new synthesis of homoisoflavanones (3-benzyl-4-chromanones)". Tetrahedron. 41 (24): 5933–5937. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)91433-4.
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  6. ^ a b Zhang, L; Zhang, W. G.; Kang, J; Bao, K; Dai, Y; Yao, X. S. (2008). "Synthesis of (+/-) homoisoflavanone and corresponding homoisoflavane". Journal of Asian Natural Products Research. 10 (9–10): 909–913. doi:10.1080/10286020802217499. PMID 19003606.
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  13. ^ Chang, T. S.; Chao, S. Y.; Ding, H. Y. (2012). "Melanogenesis Inhibition by Homoisoflavavone Sappanone a from Caesalpinia sappan". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 13 (8): 10359–10367. doi:10.3390/ijms130810359. PMC 3431864. PMID 22949866.
  14. ^ Wang, D; Li, D; Zhu, W; Peng, P (2009). "A new C-methylated homoisoflavanone and triterpenoid from the rhizomes of Polygonatum odoratum". Natural Product Research. 23 (6): 580–9. doi:10.1080/14786410802560633. PMID 19384735.
  15. ^ Hur, Seulgi; Lee, Yun Sang; Yoo, Hyun; Yang, Jeong-Hee; Kim, Tae-Yoon (2010). "Homoisoflavanone inhibits UVB-induced skin inflammation through reduced cyclooxygenase-2 expression and NF-κB nuclear localization". Journal of Dermatological Science. 59 (3): 163–169. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.07.001. PMID 20724116.
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  25. ^ Koorbanally, Neil A.; Crouch, Neil R.; Harilal, Avinash; Pillay, Bavani; Mulholland, Dulcie A. (2006). "Coincident isolation of a novel homoisoflavonoid from Resnova humifusa and Eucomis montana (Hyacinthoideae: Hyacinthaceae)". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 34 (2): 114–118. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2005.08.003.