File:Tippi Hedren and her husband Noel Marshall.jpg

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Tippi_Hedren_and_her_husband_Noel_Marshall.jpg(451 × 600 pixels, file size: 46 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)

Summary

Description
English: Tippi Hedren, then 46, with her husband Noel Marshall in 1982.
Date
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eBay

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Author Press Association Photos
Permission
(Reusing this file)

The photo has no copyright markings on it (as can be seen in the link above). This is because it is a publicity photo taken to promote a film actor. As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honthaner in The Complete Film Production Handbook, (Focal Press, 2001 p. 211.):

"Publicity photos (star headshots) have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary."

Nancy Wolff, includes a similar explanation:

"There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them." (The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook By Nancy E. Wolff, Allworth Communications, 2007, p. 55.)

Film industry author Gerald Mast, in Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989) p. 87, writes:

"According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible."
Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference with cinema scholars and editors, that they "expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements ... [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs." ("Fair Usage Publication of Film Stills" by Kristin Thompson, Society for Cinema and Media Studies)

Licensing

Public domain
This work is in the public domain because it was published in the United States between 1978 and March 1, 1989 without a copyright notice, and its copyright was not subsequently registered with the U.S. Copyright Office within 5 years. Unless its author has been dead for several years, it is copyrighted in the countries or areas that do not apply the rule of the shorter term for US works, such as Canada (50 pma), Mainland China (50 pma, not Hong Kong or Macau), Germany (70 pma), Mexico (100 pma), Switzerland (70 pma), and other countries with individual treaties. See this page for further explanation.

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3 July 1982

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Date/TimeThumbnailDimensionsUserComment
current03:41, 7 April 2020Thumbnail for version as of 03:41, 7 April 2020451 × 600 (46 KB)NowIsntItTimeUploaded a work by Press Association Photos from [https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/ZK8AAOSwurZZFCEk/s-l500.jpg eBay] with UploadWizard
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