Extinction risk from climate change: Difference between revisions

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Extinction risks of the Adelie penguin are being reported because of global warming. The [[Adélie penguin|Adelie penguin (''Pygoscelis adeliae'')]] species is declining and data analysis done on the breeding colonies is used to estimate and project future habitat and population sustainability in relation to warming sea temperatures. By 2060, one-third of the observed Adelie penguin colony along the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) will be in decline. The Adelie penguins are a circumpolar species, used to the ranges of Antarctic climate, and experiencing population decline. Climate model projections predict sanctuary for the species past 2099. The observed population is similarly proportional to the species-wide population (one-third of the observed population is equal to 20% of the species-wide population).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cimino MA, Lynch HJ, Saba VS, Oliver MJ | title = Projected asymmetric response of Adélie penguins to Antarctic climate change | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 6 | pages = 28785 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27352849 | pmc = 4926113 | doi = 10.1038/srep28785 | bibcode = 2016NatSR...628785C }}</ref>
Extinction risks of the Adelie penguin are being reported because of global warming. The [[Adélie penguin|Adelie penguin (''Pygoscelis adeliae'')]] species is declining and data analysis done on the breeding colonies is used to estimate and project future habitat and population sustainability in relation to warming sea temperatures. By 2060, one-third of the observed Adelie penguin colony along the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) will be in decline. The Adelie penguins are a circumpolar species, used to the ranges of Antarctic climate, and experiencing population decline. Climate model projections predict sanctuary for the species past 2099. The observed population is similarly proportional to the species-wide population (one-third of the observed population is equal to 20% of the species-wide population).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cimino MA, Lynch HJ, Saba VS, Oliver MJ | title = Projected asymmetric response of Adélie penguins to Antarctic climate change | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 6 | pages = 28785 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27352849 | pmc = 4926113 | doi = 10.1038/srep28785 | bibcode = 2016NatSR...628785C }}</ref>


Sex ratios for sea turtles in the Caribbean are being affected because of global warming. Environmental data was collected from the annual rainfall and tide temperatures over the course of 200 years and showed an increase air temperature (mean of 31.0 degree Celsius). This data was used to relate the decline of the sex ratios of sea turtles in the North East Caribbean and climate change. The species of sea turtles include the ''[[Leatherback sea turtle|Dermochelys coriacea]], [[Green sea turtle|Chelonia myads]]'', and ''[[Hawksbill sea turtle|Eretmochelys imbricata]].'' Extinction is a risk for these species as the sex ratio is being afflicted causing a higher female to male ratio. Projections estimate the declining rate of male ''Chelonia myads'' as 2.4% hatchlings being male by 2030 and 0.4% by 2090.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Laloë JO, Esteban N, Berkel J, Hays GC |doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2015.09.015 |title=Sand temperatures for nesting sea turtles in the Caribbean: Implications for hatchling sex ratios in the face of climate change |journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology |volume=474 |pages=92–99 |year=2016 |url=https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa23842 }}</ref>
Sex ratios for sea turtles in the Caribbean are being affected because of global warming. Environmental data was collected from the annual rainfall and tide temperatures over the course of 200 years and showed an increase in air temperature (mean of 31.0 degree Celsius). This data was used to relate the decline of the sex ratios of sea turtles in the North East Caribbean and climate change. The species of sea turtles include the ''[[Leatherback sea turtle|Dermochelys coriacea]], [[Green sea turtle|Chelonia myads]]'', and ''[[Hawksbill sea turtle|Eretmochelys imbricata]].'' Extinction is a risk for these species as the sex ratio is being afflicted causing a higher female to male ratio. Projections estimate the declining rate of male ''Chelonia myads'' as 2.4% hatchlings being male by 2030 and 0.4% by 2090.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Laloë JO, Esteban N, Berkel J, Hays GC |doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2015.09.015 |title=Sand temperatures for nesting sea turtles in the Caribbean: Implications for hatchling sex ratios in the face of climate change |journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology |volume=474 |pages=92–99 |year=2016 |url=https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa23842 }}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 05:25, 9 September 2019

The extinction risk of global warming is the risk of species becoming extinct due to the effects of global warming. This may be Earth's sixth major extinction, often called the Anthropocene or Holocene extinction.[1]

Latest consensus on projections

The scientific consensus in the 2014 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report is that:

"A large fraction of both terrestrial and freshwater species faces increased extinction risk under projected climate change during and beyond the 21st century, especially as climate change interacts with other stressors, such as habitat modification, over-exploitation, pollution, and invasive species (high confidence). Extinction risk is increased under all RCP scenarios, with risk increasing with both magnitude and rate of climate change. Many species will be unable to track suitable climates under mid- and high-range rates of climate change (i.e., RCP4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) during the 21st century (medium confidence). Lower rates of change (i.e., RCP2.6) will pose fewer problems."

— IPCC, 2014

[2]

Extinction risks reported

2004

In one study published in Nature in 2004, between 15 and 37% of 1103 endemic or near-endemic known plant and animal species will be "committed to extinction" by 2050.[3] More properly, changes in habitat by 2050 will put them outside the survival range for the inhabitants, thus committing the species to extinction.

Other researchers, such as Thuiller et al.,[4] Araújo et al.,[5] Person et al.,[6] Buckley and Roughgarden,[7] and Harte et al.[8] have raised concern regarding uncertainty in Thomas et al.'s projections; some of these studies believe it is an overestimate, others believe the risk could be greater. Thomas et al. replied in Nature [9] addressing criticisms and concluding "Although further investigation is needed into each of these areas, it is unlikely to result in substantially reduced estimates of extinction. Anthropogenic climate change seems set to generate very large numbers of species-level extinctions." On the other hand, Daniel Botkin et al. state "... global estimates of extinctions due to climate change (Thomas et al. 2004) may have greatly overestimated the probability of extinction..."[10]

Mechanistic studies are documenting extinctions due to recent climate change: McLaughlin et al. documented two populations of Bay checkerspot butterfly being threatened by precipitation change.[11] Parmesan states, "Few studies have been conducted at a scale that encompasses an entire species"[12] and McLaughlin et al. agreed "few mechanistic studies have linked extinctions to recent climate change."[11]

2008

In 2008, the white lemuroid possum was reported to be the first known mammal species to be driven extinct by man-made global warming. However, these reports were based on a misunderstanding. One population of these possums in the mountain forests of northern Queensland is severely threatened by climate change as the animals cannot survive extended temperatures over 30 °C. However, another population 100 kilometres south remains in good health.[13]

2012

According to research published in the January 4, 2012 Proceedings of the Royal Society B current climate models may be flawed because they overlook two important factors: the differences in how quickly species relocate and competition among species. According to the researchers, led by Mark C. Urban, an ecologist at the University of Connecticut, diversity decreased when they took these factors into account, and that new communities of organisms, which do not exist today, emerged. As a result the rate of extinctions may be higher than previously projected.[14]

2014

According to research published in the 30 May 2014 issue of Science, most known species have small ranges, and the numbers of small-ranged species are increasing quickly. They are geographically concentrated and are disproportionately likely to be threatened or already extinct. According to the research, current rates of extinction are three orders of magnitude higher than the background extinction rate, and future rates, which depend on many factors, are poised to increase. Although there has been rapid progress in developing protected areas, such efforts are not ecologically representative, nor do they optimally protect biodiversity. In the researchers' view, human activity tends to destroy critical habitats where species live, warms the planet, and tends to move species around the planet to places where they don’t belong and where they can come into conflict with human needs (e.g. causing species to become pests).[15][16]

2016

In 2016 the Bramble Cay melomys, which lived on a Great Barrier Reef island, was reported to probably be the first mammal to become extinct because of sea level rises due to human-made climate change.[17]

Extinction risks of the Adelie penguin are being reported because of global warming. The Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) species is declining and data analysis done on the breeding colonies is used to estimate and project future habitat and population sustainability in relation to warming sea temperatures. By 2060, one-third of the observed Adelie penguin colony along the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) will be in decline. The Adelie penguins are a circumpolar species, used to the ranges of Antarctic climate, and experiencing population decline. Climate model projections predict sanctuary for the species past 2099. The observed population is similarly proportional to the species-wide population (one-third of the observed population is equal to 20% of the species-wide population).[18]

Sex ratios for sea turtles in the Caribbean are being affected because of global warming. Environmental data was collected from the annual rainfall and tide temperatures over the course of 200 years and showed an increase in air temperature (mean of 31.0 degree Celsius). This data was used to relate the decline of the sex ratios of sea turtles in the North East Caribbean and climate change. The species of sea turtles include the Dermochelys coriacea, Chelonia myads, and Eretmochelys imbricata. Extinction is a risk for these species as the sex ratio is being afflicted causing a higher female to male ratio. Projections estimate the declining rate of male Chelonia myads as 2.4% hatchlings being male by 2030 and 0.4% by 2090.[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ward, Peter D (2009). Under a Green Sky. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0061137921. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)[page needed]
  2. ^ Field, Christopher B., editor. Climate change 2014 : impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. ISBN 9781107641655. OCLC 928427060. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Thomas CD, Cameron A, Green RE, Bakkenes M, Beaumont LJ, Collingham YC, Erasmus BF, De Siqueira MF, Grainger A, Hannah L, Hughes L, Huntley B, Van Jaarsveld AS, Midgley GF, Miles L, Ortega-Huerta MA, Peterson AT, Phillips OL, Williams SE (January 2004). "Extinction risk from climate change". Nature. 427 (6970): 145–8. Bibcode:2004Natur.427..145T. doi:10.1038/nature02121. PMID 14712274.
  4. ^ Thuiller W, Araújo MB, Pearson RG, Whittaker RJ, Brotons L, Lavorel S (July 2004). "Biodiversity conservation: uncertainty in predictions of extinction risk". Nature. 430 (6995): 1 p following 33, discussion following 33. doi:10.1038/nature02716. PMID 15237465.
  5. ^ Araújo MB, Whittaker RJ, Ladle RJ, Erhard M (2005). "Reducing uncertainty in projections of extinction risk from climate change". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 14 (6): 529–538. doi:10.1111/j.1466-822X.2005.00182.x.
  6. ^ Pearson RG, Thuiller W, Araújo MB, Martinez-Meyer E, Brotons L, McClean C, Miles L, Segurado P, Dawson TP, Lees DC (2006). "Model-based uncertainty in species range prediction". Journal of Biogeography. 33 (10): 1704–1711. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01460.x.
  7. ^ Buckley LB, Roughgarden J (July 2004). "Biodiversity conservation: effects of changes in climate and land use". Nature. 430 (6995): 2 p following 33, discussion following 33. doi:10.1038/nature02717. PMID 15233130.
  8. ^ Harte J, Ostling A, Green JL, Kinzig A (July 2004). "Biodiversity conservation: climate change and extinction risk". Nature. 430 (6995): 3 p following 33, discussion following 33. doi:10.1038/nature02718. PMID 15237466.
  9. ^ Thomas CD, Williams SE, Cameron A, Green RE, Bakkenes M, Beaumont LJ, Collingham YC, Erasmus BF, Ferriera de Siqueira M, Grainger A, Hannah L (2004). "Uncertainty in predictions of extinction risk/Effects of changes in climate and land use/Climate change and extinction risk (reply)". Nature. 430 (6995): 34. doi:10.1038/nature02719.
  10. ^ Botkin DB, Saxe H, Araujo MB, Betts R, Bradshaw RH, Cedhagen T, Chesson P, Dawson TP, Etterson JR, Faith DP, Ferrier S (2007). "Forecasting the Effects of Global Warming on Biodiversity". Bioscience. 57 (3): 227–236. doi:10.1641/B570306.
  11. ^ a b McLaughlin JF, Hellmann JJ, Boggs CL, Ehrlich PR (April 2002). "Climate change hastens population extinctions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (9): 6070–4. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.6070M. doi:10.1073/pnas.052131199. PMC 122903. PMID 11972020.
  12. ^ Parmesan, Camille (2006). "Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 37: 637–669. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110100. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Nowak, Rachel (31 March 2009). "Rumours of possum's death were greatly exaggerated". New Scientist. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Parry, Wynne (6 January 2012). "Climate change models flawed, extinction rate likely higher than predicted". csmonitor.com. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Pimm SL, Jenkins CN, Abell R, Brooks TM, Gittleman JL, Joppa LN, Raven PH, Roberts CM, Sexton JO (May 2014). "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection". Science. 344 (6187): 1246752. doi:10.1126/science.1246752. PMID 24876501.
  16. ^ Sreenivasan H, Pimm S (1 June 2014). "New report suggests Earth on the brink of a great extinction". PBS NewsHour.
  17. ^ Smith, Lauren (2016-06-15). "Extinct: Bramble Cay melomys". Australian Geographic. Retrieved 2016-06-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Cimino MA, Lynch HJ, Saba VS, Oliver MJ (June 2016). "Projected asymmetric response of Adélie penguins to Antarctic climate change". Scientific Reports. 6: 28785. Bibcode:2016NatSR...628785C. doi:10.1038/srep28785. PMC 4926113. PMID 27352849.
  19. ^ Laloë JO, Esteban N, Berkel J, Hays GC (2016). "Sand temperatures for nesting sea turtles in the Caribbean: Implications for hatchling sex ratios in the face of climate change". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 474: 92–99. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2015.09.015.

External links

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