Agnès Sorel
Agnès Sorel | |
|---|---|
 Agnès Sorel as Madonna Lactans | |
| Born | 1422 Fromenteau (Yzeures sur Creuse), Touraine, France |
| Died | 9 February 1450 (aged 28) |
| Occupation | Maid of honour |
| Known for | Royal mistress |
| Partner | Charles VII of France |
| Children |
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| Parents |
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Agnès Sorel (French pronunciation: [aɲɛs sɔʁɛl]; 1422 – 9 February 1450), known by the sobriquet Dame de beauté (Lady of Beauty), was a favourite and chief mistress of King Charles VII of France, by whom she bore four daughters.[1] She is considered the first officially recognized royal mistress of a French king. She was the subject of several contemporary paintings and works of art, including Jean Fouquet's Virgin and Child Surrounded by Angels.
Life in the royal court[edit]
(depiction of Sorel by Jean Fouquet)
Born in 1422, Agnes was the daughter of Jean Soreau, Châtelain of Coudun, and his wife Catherine de Maignelais,[2] She was 20 or 21 years old when she was introduced to King Charles. At that time, Agnes was holding a position in the household of Rene I of Naples, as a maid of honour to his consort Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine. She then went on to serve as the lady-in-waiting for Marie d'Anjou, Charles VII of France's wife and Isabella's sister in law. Agnes would soon become his mistress.[3] The King gave her the Château de Loches (where he had been persuaded by Joan of Arc to be crowned King of France) as her private residence.
Soon, Agnes' presence was felt at the royal court in Chinon where her company was alleged to have brought the king out of a protracted depression. Her influence on the court was first felt when she succeeded in convincing the poor king to rally his troops and drive English invaders from French soil. Agnes had a very strong influence on the king, and that, in addition to her extravagant tastes, earned her powerful enemies at court. She would become the first officially recognized royal mistress of a French king.[4]
Agnes generated scandal at court, particularly for popularizing the fashion of low-cut gowns. This behavior was both imitated and scorned. Jean Juvénal des Ursins, the archbishop of Reims, counseled the king to correct such fashions as "front openings through which one sees the teats, nipples, and breasts of women" (ouvertures de par devant, par lesquelles on voit les tetins, tettes et seing des femmes).[5]
Further scandal was brought to court when painter Jean Fouquet used her in his painting, the Melun Diptych, which depicted Agnes as the Mother of God. Courtiers were appalled that the king's mistress and the mother of Charles' illegitimate children was likened to Mary when her status was much less than holy.[6]
Children and death[edit]
Agnès gave birth to four daughters fathered by the king:
- Marie, possibly born the summer of 1444[7]
- Charlotte, who married Jacques de Brézé[8] (their son, Louis de Brézé, seigneur d'Anet, in turn married Diane de Poitiers, a future royal mistress)
- Jeanne
While pregnant with their fourth child, she journeyed from Chinon in midwinter to join Charles on the campaign of 1450 in Jumièges, wanting to be with him as moral support. There, she suddenly became ill, and after giving birth, she and her daughter died on 9 February 1450.[9] She was 28 years old.[10] While the cause of death was originally thought to be dysentery, French forensic scientist Philippe Charlier suggested in 2005 that Agnès died of mercury poisoning.[11] He offered no opinion about whether she was murdered.[11] Mercury was sometimes used in cosmetic preparations or to treat worms, and such use might have brought about her death. She was interred in the Church of St. Ours, in Loches. Her heart was buried in the Benedictine Abbey of Jumièges.[12]
Charles' son, the future King Louis XI, had been in open revolt against his father for the previous four years. It has been speculated that he had Agnès poisoned in order to remove what he may have considered her undue influence over the king. It was also speculated that French financier, noble and minister Jacques Cœur poisoned her, though that theory is widely discredited as having been an attempt to remove Coeur from the French court.
Her cousin Antoinette de Maignelais took her place as mistress to the king after her death.
Legacy[edit]
Sorel plays a main part in Voltaire's poem La Pucelle.[13] She is the subject of an 1836 opera named after her. Two Russian operas from the late 19th century also portray her, along with Charles VII: Pyotr Tchaikovsky's The Maid of Orleans and César Cui's The Saracen.[14][15]
She is also a featured figure on Judy Chicago's installation piece The Dinner Party, being represented as one of the 999 names on the Heritage Floor.[16] Two garments use Sorel's name in their descriptors, Agnes Sorel bodice, Agnes Sorel corsage and a fashion style named after her as well, Agnes Sorel style, which is described as a "princess" style of dressing.[17]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Wellman 2013, p. 44.
- ^ Wellman 2013, p. 39.
- ^ Wellman 2013, p. 40.
- ^ Wellman 2013, p. 25.
- ^ Delany 1998, pp. 108–109.
- ^ Herman, Eleanor (2004). Sex With Kings: 500 Years of Adultery, Power, Rivalry, and Revenge (1st ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-0-06-058544-0.
- ^ Vale 1974, p. 92.
- ^ Wellman 2013, p. 191.
- ^ Wellman 2013, p. 46.
- ^ Monks 1990, p. 10.
- ^ a b Charlier 2006.
- ^ Le Maho 2012, p. 22.
- ^ Severin, Nelly H. (1976). "Voltaire's Saint Joan: A Burlesque on Saints and Chastity". The South Central Bulletin. 36 (4): 150–152. doi:10.2307/3188316. JSTOR 3188316.
- ^ Haegeman, Marc (2013). "Tchaikovsky - The Maid of Orleans". Classical Net. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
- ^ Neff, Lyle (July 1996). "The Saracen". Opera Glass. Stanford University. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
- ^ Sackler 2007.
- ^ Cumming, Cunnington & Cunnington 2010, p. 2.
Sources[edit]
- Charlier, Philippe (14 February 2006). "Europe, Joan of Arc 'relics' to be tested". BBC News. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- Cumming, Valerie; Cunnington, C. W.; Cunnington, P. E. (2010). The Dictionary of Fashion History. Berg. ISBN 978-1-84788-738-2.
- Delany, Sheila (1998). Impolitic Bodies: Poetry, Saints, and Society in Fifteenth-Century England. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510988-0.
- Herman, Eleanor (2004). Sex With Kings: 500 Years of Adultery, Power, Rivalry, and Revenge (1st ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-0-06-058544-0.
- Le Maho, Jacques (2012). Jumieges Abbey. editions du patrimoine. ISBN 978-2-85822-397-8.
- Monks, Peter Rolf (1990). The Brussels Horloge de Sapience: Iconography and Text of Brussels. Brill.
- Sackler, Elizabeth A. (2007). "Agnes Sorel". Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art: The Dinner Party: Heritage Floor:Agnes Sorel. Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
- Vale, Malcolm Graham Allan (1974). Charles the Seventh. Yale University Press.
- Wellman, Kathleen (2013). Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France. Yale University Press.
Further reading[edit]
- Henry Gardiner Adams, ed. (1857). "Agnes Sorel". A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography: 14–15. Wikidata Q115376488.
- Autheman, Marc. (2008). Agnès Sorel: l'inspiratrice. ISBN 978-2-84114-952-0
- Desmondes, Tim. (2009). Agnes Sorel: The Breast And Crotch That Changed History. Austin: The Nazca Plains Corporation. ISBN 1-934625-71-X
- D'Orliac, Jehanne. (1931). The Lady of Beauty: Agnes Sorel. First Royal Favourite of France. J.B. Lippincott Company. Translated by M.C. Darnton
- Duquesne. (1909). Vie et Aventures galantes de la belle Sorel. Paris
- Goldsmid, Edmund. (2010). A King's Mistress: Or, Charles Vii. & Agnes Sorel and Chivalry in the Xv. Century, Volumes 1–2. Charleston: Nabu Press. ISBN 1-146-95205-8
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